Zaplatiť či nechať zoštátniť? Spor o nadlacké evanjelické školy v zrkadle publicisticky z roku 1913

Author(s): Karol Hollý / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2017

Author of this text deals with history of evangelical school system in Nădlac in 1910 – 1913. Main attention is focused on journalistic discussion about Nădlac schools in 1913. Dispute over Nădlac schools had followed from evaluation of church representation decision to let close schools because of state financial claims (or teacher’s demands). The reason is that they had right to receive regular quinquennial addition to to their salary on the basis of Law No. 26/1893. On the ground of teachers‘ written waiver of that money, Nădlac Church had not paid it. Paying of sum owed after issuing of Law No. 27/1907 or more precisely after its coming into force in 1910 had become a necessity. Nădlac Church thus decided that schools would be closed. Although it had not happened, the main motive of discussion in the press in 1913 was evaluation of this decision. Result of analysed discussion is that there was a fundamental contradiction between that part of church representatives who were not willing to agree with decision to close school and the other one who would admit it. The whole debate was characterized by emotional and strict manners. Author had put the case of Nădlac into historical context, pointing to analogical, similar examples of other Slovak church societies. Thus he had analysed the whole situation in the context of history of Slovak evangelical attitude towards state school politics during that period.

A Syriac Christology and Polemics Against the Jews: a theology of Aphrahat

Author(s): Ábrahám Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2009

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it sets the historical context in which Aphrahat wrote his Demonstrations and deals with the interesting relationship between his writings, ‘against the Jews’ and the Sassanian persecution of Christians. It also treats his refutation of the Jewish charges. Secondly, it addresses his ‘unique’ view of christology which is not in line with the Nicene decision concerning one aspect yet at the same time it is congruent with it. The paper also tries to point out that his view on christology was ‘unique’ but not exceptional in the Early Church.

K nejstarší ikonografii sv. Jeronýma na českých památkách doby posledních Přemyslovců a jejím pramenům

Author(s): Martin Slepička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The article deals with the oldest known iconography of St. Jerome on the medieval Bohemian monuments of the last Přemyslid and the previous iconography of St. Jerome on early and high medieval European monuments. St. Jerome represents one of the Four Great Latin Church Fathers and the famous Doctor of The Church. The study corrects the mistakes of older research and in the broader context of the age and previous iconographic tradition in the Early and High medieval European art deals in detail with the seven oldest known depictions of St. Jerome in the Bohemian art in the winter and lost summer part of Albert Míšeň's Lectionary and the "Gigantic" Bible of Vyšší Brod. These variable and innovative depictions from the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries distinguish from the St. Jerome's later iconography (including the newly arrived iconographic types) in the second half of the 14th and 15th centuries. The study also develops the knowledge on the occasion of the 1600th anniversary of the death of St. Jerome.

A therapeuták himnuszéneklése Philón De vita contemplativa című munkája alapján

Author(s): Zoltán Adorjáni / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2007

The Therapeutae’s ascetic devotion is characterized not only by searching the scriptures, meditation and prayer but also by singing of hymns and psalms. Hymns were composed by the principals of the community, they were those who taught the community members to sing them and they continually enriched the hymnal with new ones. The Essenes’ and Therapeutae’s psalm-singing indicates first of all the common Old Testament origin. However these religious communities had different self-identity from that of the normative Jews and this identity required for a special psalm-poetry to be accomplished. The Therapeutae’s psalms remind us of the church psalm-tradition characterized, just like the Essene hymns, by responsive singing and refrains. This singing of hymns developed outside the church is due not only to the distance from the Sanctuary or to the estrangement from the priesthood, but also to the prophetical preaching criticizing sacrifice. The Essenes considered their community to be like a spiritual temple and this spiritual worship is very striking in the case of the Therapeutae as well.

Od redakcji

Author(s): Leszek Poleszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Editorial "Sympozjum" 1(38) (2020).

An x-ray of a genocide: Persecution of Catholic Church during the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)

Author(s): Pablo de la Fuente de Pablo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

One of the biggest genocides in the history of Spain has been the religious persecution during the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil War. Nowadays, the politically correct discourse tries to present those facts as a result of actions undertaken by uncontrolled people in a situation that was very difficult for the authorities to monitor. The truth is very different. Assassinations, tortures, rapes were committed in the majority of cases by militias formed and supervised by Republican authorities.

PREZENTĂRI BIBLIOGRAFICE

Author(s): Sorin Cosma,Vasile Muntean,Vasile Rojneac,Cristian Băleanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01-03/2020

Familia și căsătoria în societatea bizantină. Perspective legislative și istorice sumare din primul mileniu creștin

Author(s): Claudiu Țârulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-3/2019

The purpose of this article is to analyse the family and marriage in the Byzantium of the first Christian millennium, both from the perspective of civil law and ecclesiastical canons. In order to achieve this, the main sources and collections of Byzantine laws from that period were analysed, as well as the Orthodox canons of the Holy Fathers which had as a central topic the marriage and the family. By examining these resources and tracking the evolution of civil law, the article reveals the importance of the teaching of the Orthodox Church, which has imposed its mark on the life of Byzantine society, by promoting the sanctity of Christian marriage and woman’s importance in society, but also the efforts of Byzantine emperors in this direction, by promulgating laws, which are in conformity with the ecclesiastical teaching. Until these facts happened, the society disregarded the woman and her rights and the act of marriage as well.

KARAKTERISTIKAT E BAZILIKAVE ME TRI NEFE NË TERRITORIN E KOSOVËS

Author(s): Zana Hoxha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 49/2019

Based on the historical facts known to this day it is clear that Early Christianity in the territory of Dardania was at the point where ecclesiastical organization and structure was needed. Moreover, the need to accommodate such a group of people coming into the presence of God was clear. In addition to meeting the needs of believers as a gathering place, early medieval Christian architecture has special characteristics. The most typical buildings of this period throughout the world, as well as on the territory of Kosovo, are the basilicas. Basilicas are rectangular buildings, which are usually divided by columns in naves. The most common number of naves is three, but there are also spectacular basilicas with five, seven, or up to nine naves. This paper will analyze the basilica with three naves, with special focus on those on the territory of Kosovo. Based on current research and publications of archaeologists, a summary of this typology will be presented. This paper will include basilicas in Ulpiana, Harilaq, Studenica, Kastrc and the traces of the three-nave basilica in Pastasella. The analyzes carried out in these basilicas will serve to create a clear picture of this typology in the territory of Kosovo.

Franjo Asiški i Martin Luther. Prilog receptivnom ekumenizmu

Author(s): Ivan Šarčević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 52/2020

Franjo Asiški i Martin Luther karakterom su i djelovanjem dva različita čovjeka, ali jedni su od najvećih religioznih genija zapadnoga kršćanstva iz dvaju ne posve, ali ipak različitih povijesnih konteksta. Franjo živi na vrhuncu moći srednjovjekovne Crkve, s papom kao središtem i simbolom jedinstva zapadnoga kršćanstva, na početku visokoga srednjeg vijeka, u vremenu urbanizacije (Italije komunā), prve univerzitetizacije i monetarne revolucije, u vremenu progona heretika i križarskih vojni, ratova s muslimanima, većinom u prostoru Sredozemlja.

Nastanak i arhitektura franjevačkog samostana Rama-Šćit

Author(s): Miroslav Malinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 52/2020

The work presents the study on development and architecture of the Franciscan residence in Rama-Sćit near the central Bosnian town of Prozor-Rama. With a rich Christian history and the first convent dating back to the pre-Turkish times, this residence is especially prominent in the dawn of Turkish rule and after the establishment of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ensemble of the convent buildings is rich in architecture, dating from the vernacular Dinaric, through Austro-Hungarian to contemporary constructions. The church, built during the Austro-Hungarian period, although destroyed during World War II, has been revitalized and artistically decorated. What makes the complex unique is the value of landscape design, which in the natural environment is enriched by the works of prominent contemporary authors. The paper presents the emergence of a residence, the development of architecture and its valorisation, as well as the treatment of the whole complex in the context of genius loci. As research sources were used the archives of the convent, as well as the published bibliography of historical value and significance. The contribution of the work is distinguished by a comprehensive study of the architecture of the complex from its establishment to the present day and its critical evaluation in the contemporary context.

Trapistička opatija Marija Zvijezda. Prosvjetno–kulturni svjetionik Banjaluke i Bosanske Krajine (1869–1946)

Author(s): Bratislav Teinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 52/2020

Trapisti predstavljaju reformisane cistercite i sami sebe nazivaju „cistercitima strogih običaja“. Nastali su u cistercitskom samostanu La Trappe, u kojem je 1664. godine Armand Jean Bouthillier Rancé sproveo reforme ovog reda. Samostan „La Trappe“ (u Orneu) nazvan je po romantičnoj i teško pristupačnoj dolini „la Trappe“ u Normandiji i na francuskom jeziku znači „Vučja jama“. Grof Rotrou podigao je samostan između 1120–1140. i predao ga na upravljanje benediktincima. Redu cistercita, osnovanog i uređenog prema načelu sv. Benedikta (VI. vijek), da „svaki samostan treba da bude vjerna slika jedne istinske kršćanske porodice ili nebeske zajednice“, priključio se ovaj samostan 1147. godine. Trapisti su se širili postepeno i tokom XVIII. vijeka u matičnoj Francuskoj osnovali su samo dva samostana.

Book reviews

Author(s): Emanuel Casvean,Iuliu-Marius Morariu,Mihai-Octavian Groza ,Dorin Ioan Salvan,Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan,George Niculescu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 15/2020

This section contains the book reviews published in the number.

Kościół św. Trójcy w miejscowości Grębień pow. Wieluń. Archeologia i architektura

Author(s): Zbigniew Lechowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2018

Wooden church of the St. Trinity in Grębień belongs to the so-called group of Wieluń wooden churches from the 16th century. Archaeological research of the temple was carried out in the years 1998-1999, making 11 excavations. The result of the research was the separation of the remodeling phases of the church, the discovery of burials in the interior of the temple and also the discover the churchyard cemetery and the relics of the former fence in the area adjoined to the temple. On the basis of archaeological research and analysis of written and cartographic sources, it was established that the church was probably erected at the end of the fifteenth on a small hill, in the watercourse valley, at the southern end of the today’s village. Earlier, there was a chapel there, built between the 2nd half. XIV century and the 3rd quarter of the 15th century (first mentioned in sources in 1470).

ADVOCATA POPULORUM, CZYLI MATKA LUDZKICH SPRAW W HISTORYCZNEJ INTERPRETACJI

Author(s): Jan Walkusz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2018

The past year, 2017, was a time of great anniversaries, reminding us of events that significantly influenced the shape of history, especially the history of the Church. On the one hand, the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther’s speech and the split of Christianity in the West, the 300th anniversary of the creation of Freemasonry and the 100th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and on the other – a clear revival of the Marian cult after the Council of Trent, the 100th anniversary of the coronation of the image of Our Lady of Częstochowa, the 100th anniversary of the Fatima apparitions, coronations of Marian images in many other sanctuaries and increased pilgrimage. All this proves that it is impossible to understand the history of human community without referring to it Christian interpretation, for in critical and extreme moments God in his mercy shows – mainly through intercession of the Mother of God – the path of conversion and healing relationships both interpersonal and those between Him and a man.

COELESTIN PATOCK, DIE EPARCHIEN DER RUSSISCHEN ORTHODOXEN KIRCHE UND DIE REIHENFOLGE IHRER HIERARCHEN IN DER ZEIT VON 1885-2005 (ÜBERARBEITETE UND AKTUALISIERTE NEUAUFLAGE)

Author(s): Krzysztof R. Prokop / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2018

Review of: KRZYSZTOF R. PROKOP - Coelestin Patock, Die Eparchien der Russischen Orthodoxen Kirche und die Reihenfolge ihrer Hierarchen in der Zeit von 1885-2005 (überarbeitete und aktualisierte Neuauflage) (Beihefte zur Reiche „Das östliche Christentum”, Bd. 1), Augustinus-Verlag bei Echter, Würzburg 20072, ss. 328 KRZYSZTOF R. PROKOP - Demetrius Kiminas, The Ecumenical Patriarchate. A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs (Orthodox Christianity, Vol. 1), The Borgo Press (An Imprint of Wildside Press LLC), [Rockville] 2009, ss. 260

Udział bernardynów w powstaniu listopadowym i popowstaniowe losy ich klasztorów

Author(s): Aleksander Krzysztof Sitnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

According to historians, the participation of the Order of Friars Minor in the November Uprising was significant. As historical sources show, a beautiful chapter in the history of national uprisings was written by the Franciscan Observants (known as Bernardines in Poland) in the Congress Kingdom and in the territories directly incorporated into the Russian Empire, where national oppression was high and where the bloody November Uprising broke out in 1830. The Bernardine community turned out to be sensitive to calls for freedom, which is why many monks participated in independence movements, though we need to bear in mind that the Holy See forbade the religious to take part in revolutions. Many Bernardines volunteered as chaplains of insurgent units or joined Colonel Józef Zaliwski’s partisan forces. Those who distinguished themselves in particular were Poncjan Brzeziński OFM and the preacher Benwenuty Mańkowski. An important role was played by Bernardine monasteries, which became transfer points for the insurgents, providing them with both spiritual and material support. The available information suggests that except for Brzeziński and Mańkowski, no Bernardine friar was arrested or exiled after the Uprising. However, fragmented pieces of information allow us to conclude that the role of these monastics during the Uprising was by no means insignificant. „The future generations”, as Charles Montalambert wrote, “will tell stories about this magnificent concord between the clergy and the people [...], about those Bernardines and village priests arriving on horseback with sabres in their hand to die leading their sheep”.

Kalendarium sanktuarium w Skrzatuszu 2019 r.

Author(s): Tadeusz Ceynowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2020

„Gwiazda świecąca, poranna” (Ap 22,16). O witrażach w koszalińskiej katedrze

Author(s): Henryk Romanik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2020

Writing about the cathedral Church requires combining reliable historical and conservation knowledge with the spiritual tradition of Christianity. Restoration works in the Koszalin cathedral, which have been ongoing for many years, also provide for the installation correction of stained glass windows in the Episcopal chancel of the Episcopal temple, make conversation about the presence, history and significance of these over a century-old elements of artistic and liturgical decor. The article gathers basic information related to the origin of stained glass and reflects on the historical and current context of stained glass, and also gave some suggestions for the iconographic program of the cathedral’s presbytery.

Chrześcijańscy kapelani w więzieniach II Rzeczypospolitej w świetle dokumentów archiwalnych (na przykładzie więzienia w Równem)

Author(s): Oleh Razyhrayev / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2020

The article is devoted to the legal foundations of pastoral work of chaplains in the Second Polish Republic on the example of the prison in Rowne (Równe). Namely, in the text is published contract of employment that was concluded in the second half of the 1930s between the prison head and chaplains: Roman Catholic – canon priest Ludwik Syrewicz and Orthodox – father mitrat Michał Jakowlew (Mychajło Jakowlew). Both pastors were employees and worked on the basis of separate contracts that actually did not differ much (except for the amount of salary). It was established that, in accordance with published contracts, chaplains were required to perform services in prison, deliver the sermon on Sundays and holidays, visit prisoners in cells, teach religious education in prison school, etc. All this undoubtedly had a positive educational, spiritual and cultural and educational impact on prisoners.