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Polityka równouprawnienia w relacjach UE-Afryka. Wybrane aspekty

Polityka równouprawnienia w relacjach UE-Afryka. Wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Anna Cichecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The consequences of the negotiations undertaken between the EU and Africa constitute important determinants for shaping economic, political, and social relations in the coming years, and therefore deserve special attention. The results of this discussion will also be crucial to the women’s status and gender agenda, especially in the context of recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, the underlying goal of this article is to discuss the areas of cooperation between the EU and Africa that are important to gender initiatives undertaken during the ongoing negotiations. The paper first gives an overview of the evolution of the gender agenda in Euro-African relations. In the second section, the institutional and legal framework of the EU-Africa cooperation is characterized. And the third part discusses the status of the gender agenda during the ongoing negotiations. The last part of the paper is devoted to a conclusion. It has been concluded that the gender agenda is not a new idea and that it has been a part of the EU-Africa partnership in the past. It was also noted that the concept of women’s rights has evolved over the years – from marginal to constitutive. It was observed that EU and AU perceive gender agenda differently and that these different approaches are the continuation of the trends visible in the past. The paper is based on: a critical analysis of existing sources, i.e., subject literature, press releases, and the information published by the EU and AU, and content analysis, i.e., political speeches and official documents.

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Националната и регионална идентичност в проекти, свързани с културния туризъм

Националната и регионална идентичност в проекти, свързани с културния туризъм

Author(s): Stela Dermendzhieva,Petya Sabeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

Cultural tourism as an object of cognition presumes interdisciplinarity. Of key importance become the problems of preservation and tourist interpretation of the world and the national natural and cultural heritage, the organization and using of the recreational territories, environmental friendliness of the types and forms of cultural tourism and their sustainable development and planning. An attempt has been made to be substantiated the fact that the projects, connected with cultural tourism, are a combination of purposeful activities (merged around the solving of particular tasks of problematic or unknown character or the fulfillment of particular aim; with real practical character and projection of the end product; require complicated, complex activities, which bring high degree of motivation and give opportunity for development) with strongly expressed integrative character of the scientific and social cognition.

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MACEDONIAN AND GREEK REFUGEE CHILDREN IN EASTERN EUROPE: LANGUAGE, POLITICS AND IDENTITIES

MACEDONIAN AND GREEK REFUGEE CHILDREN IN EASTERN EUROPE: LANGUAGE, POLITICS AND IDENTITIES

Author(s): Riki Van Boeschoten / Language(s): English Issue: 18-19/2019

The paper uses life stories and archival evidence to explore the relations between Macedonian and Greek refugee children who escaped the violence of the Greek Civil War and grew up in children’s homes in Eastern Europe. More in particular it examines the dominant role of the Greek Communist Party on the refugees’ lives, the organization of Macedonian-language education and the tensions created by the anti-Tito campaign launched by the Cominform countries. It discusses the short-lived establishment of an autonomous Macedonian organization in Poland during the early 1960s. And finally, it analyzes the oral memories of both Greek and Macedonian refugee children about their mutual – largely harmonious - relations. The paper argues that the recovery of such memories in light of contemporary conflicts between the two countries might be an important resource for the future.

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За автоимунните заболявания на отвореното общество
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За автоимунните заболявания на отвореното общество

Author(s): Nikolay Tsenkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Our paper is a comparative analysis of Alexander Dugin's The Fourth Way and Karl Popper's The Open Society. Both works of the two thinkers are viewed as completely concrete (and real) conceptual frameworks, offering two radically different models of perception of the world, the individual and community relations, of the international relations. Our analysis takes into consideration both the internal, that is the “intimate enemies of democracy”, and the new (old) enemies of the open society that “relapse” through the Fourth Way. Our theoretical research is focused on the parallel between the negative starting premises for the functioning of the Open Society – historicism, utopian social engineering, collectivism and chieftainism – studied in relation to the same principles, which, respectively, are the foundation of the Fourth Political Theory. The article also considers another important problem: the thesis, that the internal, autoimmune diseases of the Open Society, are in fact the preconditions, on which the doctrines of its external opponents are based.

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Les efforts de la Bulgarie pour surmonter les restrictions à ses échanges avec le Marché commun dans le cadre des relations CAEM – CEE (années 1960 – années 1980)
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Les efforts de la Bulgarie pour surmonter les restrictions à ses échanges avec le Marché commun dans le cadre des relations CAEM – CEE (années 1960 – années 1980)

Author(s): Irina Grigorova / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2023

The study presents Bulgaria’s business relations with the European Economic Community during the Cold War. The reasons for establishing informal contacts and negotiating more favourable commercial terms are explained. The presentation reveals that the Bulgarian foreign economic policy aimed to protect the national interests, at the same time by maintaining the image of the most loyal Soviet ally as well as by borrowing from other Eastern European countries advantageous practices in the trade with the Community. Their implementation was adjusted and altered according to the varying attitudes of the Soviet leadership – through open or confidential actions.

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ზაქარია ჭიჭინაძე და ქართველთა დენაციონალიზაციის პრობლემები (სომეხ კათოლიკეთა ანტიქართული საქმიანობა)

ზაქარია ჭიჭინაძე და ქართველთა დენაციონალიზაციის პრობლემები (სომეხ კათოლიკეთა ანტიქართული საქმიანობა)

Author(s): Sergo Vardosanidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

In the lengthy history of the Georgian people, the XV and XVIII centuries were especially hard because of the division of the country into small political units, such as the provincial kingdoms and principalities and the isolation of the patriarchates of Mtskheta and Likht-Imereti, as well as Samtskhe church from the unified Georgian Church. At that time two conquerors from the south, Iran and the Ottomans, were conquering Georgian territories and forcibly converted the Georgian population to Islam. The desperate population, hoping for help from Europeans, converted to the Catholic faith on the advice of papal missionaries, although they could still praise God in Georgian with the Georgian Typicon. The situation changed in the sixteenth century when Pope Paul III entrusted the Georgian parish to the Armenian UNITOR Catholics. Historian Zakaria Chichinadze exposed the perfidies of the Catholic Armenians, who forbade the Georgians to worship in the Georgian language and started the ‘Armenization’ of the Georgians.The Catholic Armenians almost completely Armenianized the Georgian Catholics of Artvin, Ardagan and Nigali valleys and for this purpose, used even threats, terror, bribery, slander, presented the history of the Caucasus and Georgia in a crooked mirror. This is particularly true with the members of the Congregation of the Mechitarists, who successfully convinced European scholars and Roman popes with their fabricated fantastic stories. Zakaria Chichinadze, together with Mikheil Tamarashvili, Ivane Gvaramadze and Petre Kharischirashvili, fought against this treacherous policy of Armenian Catholicism, whose goal was to denationalize the Georgian nation, and protected the identity of the Georgian nation.

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OVERLAPPING COMMUNICATION LOGIC FOR GLOBALIZING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: THE CASE OF JORDAN

OVERLAPPING COMMUNICATION LOGIC FOR GLOBALIZING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: THE CASE OF JORDAN

Author(s): Emad Ayasreh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper explored how Jordan used overlapping communication logic to enhance its global public diplomacy. Few studies have examined Jordan’s public diplomacy, so this research presents vital information about Jordan’s diplomacy nationally, regionally, and internationally. Because of the dynamic cultures, values, and norms brought about by globalization, nations need to use effective communication strategies to promote public diplomacy. In this case, the public referred to both the domestic and foreign public. The three main communication logics explored were individual, relational, and holistic logic. The research adopted a qualitative systematic literature review, and a sample of ten articles was obtained from Google Scholar and Z-Library. The study found that Jordan has used overlapping communication logic to enhance its public diplomacy domestically, in the Middle East, and globally on different occasions. The limitation of this research was its small sample size. Comprehensive quantitative analysis research is recommended to learn how satisfied Jordanians are with their country’s public diplomacy.

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COMPETITION OF STRATEGY BETWEEN CHINA AND INDIA IN THE INDIAN OCEAN NOWADAYS

COMPETITION OF STRATEGY BETWEEN CHINA AND INDIA IN THE INDIAN OCEAN NOWADAYS

Author(s): Tran Long,Yen Tran,Hien Huynh,Hiep Tran / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In recent years, the Indian Ocean Region has become central to the strategies of major global powers due to a series of geoeconomic and geopolitical factors. While China increased its influence in this region by opening up connections within the framework of the BRI, offering loans, and constructing infrastructures, India, with its “neighborhood first” policy, also preserved its traditional sphere of influence. Due to the rising strategic competition by powers, Indian Ocean Region was at the crossroads of great power competition, especially the strategic competition between China and India. The article was based on a comparative approach and simultaneously compared India and China’s influence in each field in the Indian Ocean region. The analysis showed that competition between China and India in the context of the two countries still has many tensions, leading to each country’s efforts to strengthen military control over the Indian Ocean region. However, this competition tends to serve as a balance between the two countries, motivating them to develop regional power rather than allowing a single dominant state to become a hegemon.

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Social and Information Determinants of Modern Non-Classical Methods of Changing Political Regimes (Strategic Dimensions)
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Social and Information Determinants of Modern Non-Classical Methods of Changing Political Regimes (Strategic Dimensions)

Author(s): Stoyan Denchev,Steliana Yordanova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The erosion of strategic geopolitical stability in all parts of the world is definitely having a strong negative impact on the social sustainability of our planet. Lack of clear rules of political and economic behavior and the growth of confrontation in international relations lead to a total disorientation of global modern social system. Dominant in this direction are not only current wars and permanent threats of local and global conflict situations, but also the non-conventional (information) technologies, methods and means of changing the political regimes. Despite the terminological diversity in this field, in the last few years there has been a need to fill the „blank space“ in understanding their nature and metrics. The need for a new meaningful definition of the specific political and economic, technological, social and information solutions and implications appeared mostly in social practice. In the present analysis, our attempt is to give a new interpretation to this specific measuring mechanism of the relations between individual states, which has an extraordinary degree of influence on contemporary social, economic and political relations and processes. In our opinion, the appropriate linguistic construction of this “benchmark" is “Saltation diffusion penetrationˮ (SDP). SDP is a “phenomenon that is becoming a dangerous tool for exerting and realizing socio-political and economic tension. Its real manifestations strike the determinants of a social system, its basic (democratic) state principles, and last but not least are a direct threat to its security.

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Próba refleksji nad reakcją państwa na pandemię COVID-19 – uwagi o porządku prawnym czasu epidemii i jego wpływie na prawa i wolności człowieka

Próba refleksji nad reakcją państwa na pandemię COVID-19 – uwagi o porządku prawnym czasu epidemii i jego wpływie na prawa i wolności człowieka

Author(s): Sławomir Czarnow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article concerns the relevant legal aspects of the state of epidemics, the state of epidemic emergency and the state of natural disaster, as well as the permissible procedures for restricting rights and freedoms during these states in light of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. In particular, the vagueness of the prerequisites for the introduction of these states and the arbitrariness of the application of solutions, including anti-epidemic restrictions through ordinances are pointed out. The issue of punishing violations of anti-epidemic prohibitions and orders is also raised, with emphasis on the low effectiveness of administrative penalties. Excessive powers of the executive and responding to an emergency without parliamentary control are also pointed out.

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TOWARDS WELL-BEING, THROUGH EDUCATION AND CULTURAL INTEGRATION. A CASE STUDY OF ROMANIAN WHITE-COLLAR IMMIGRANTS IN BRUSSELS

Author(s): NICOLA Sanda / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2022

The decision to emigrate is almost always preceded by a period of unhappiness, and those who leave their homeland rely on this major change to improve their well-being. The strategies used by immigrants to integrate socially in the host country differ depending on several factors, such as: age, education, marital status, religion, connection to pre-existing support networks between compatriots, language proficiency or their long-term projections. In this paper we deliver a case study revealing a new pattern of migration: exponents of the Romanian middle class who choose emigration in their mid-life considering that Brussels, more than any other potential destination, ensures favourable conditions to reach their wellbeing aspirations. The study is a qualitative research based on data obtained through semistructured interviews and questionnaires, correlated with official quantitative data provided by Statbel, Eurostat, the European Commission, and the European Parliament on the migration of Romanians, particularly focusing on those with tertiary education. The findings of this research define the highly skilled Romanian immigrants in Brussels as a population that capitalizes on 1) European citizenship 2) tertiary achievement and 3) multilingualism, thus obtaining a transnational lifestyle and a stage of well-being that was still inaccessible in their country of origin, regardless of social status.

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Без гняв и пристрастие за българите в Турция
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Без гняв и пристрастие за българите в Турция

Author(s): Iliyana Marcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Book Review

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Transitioning towards Sustainable Economic Development: Examining the Evolution of Social-Economic Structure, Industrial Upgrading, and Labor Market Dynamics in Sichuan Province

Transitioning towards Sustainable Economic Development: Examining the Evolution of Social-Economic Structure, Industrial Upgrading, and Labor Market Dynamics in Sichuan Province

Author(s): Ying Yan Yang / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This research paper examines the transition towards sustainable economic development in Sichuan Province, China, with a focus on the evolution of social-economic structure, industrial upgrading, and labor market dynamics. Sichuan’s journey from an agrarian-based economy to one driven by industrialization and innovation provides a compelling case study for understanding the interplay between economic development and sustainability. The paper reviews relevant theoretical frameworks, such as sustainable development theory and environmental economics, to provide a solid foundation for the analysis. It also explores the broader context of China’s economic transformation and its implications for sustainable development. The research highlights how Sichuan’s social-economic structure has evolved, the relationship between industrial upgrading and sustainable development, and the impact of labor market dynamics on sustainable development. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the complexities and opportunities associated with transition towards a more sustainable economy.

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Западните Балкани между балканизацията и интеграцията. Съвременни проблеми на региона

Западните Балкани между балканизацията и интеграцията. Съвременни проблеми на региона

Author(s): Martin Doykov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

At the beginning of the 21st century, two parallel and opposing processes took place – integration into the Euro-Atlantic structures and Balkanization. They are the result of the desire of the countries in the region to improve their socio-economic development and the ambition of some of them to strengthen their recently found identity. Along with this, a number of typical regional problems will determine the future of the countries in the long term. The lost identity of the people leads to internal weakness, the influence of external factors, unemployment, decreasing birth rate, quality of education, and emigration – these are some of the problems which have their specifics in the region and are of interest to the present research.

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Wpływ wojny na Ukrainie na międzynarodową pozycję Rosji

Wpływ wojny na Ukrainie na międzynarodową pozycję Rosji

Author(s): Marcin Koczan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Russia has been striving for a long to transform the post-Cold War world order based on the dominant position of the United States into a system with many mutually balancing poles. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 is part of this process. It will have far-reaching effects not only on relations between Moscow and Kyiv but also on a regional and global scale. The article aims to analyze the most important factors affecting Russia’s international position, directly and indirectly, in the context of the war in Ukraine. The author reviews them both regionally (Russia’s position in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the importance of Belarus) and globally (relations with the collective West, China, and countries of the Global South).

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ESTIMATING TAX REVENUES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

ESTIMATING TAX REVENUES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Luljeta Gllogjani,Esat A. Durguti / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The study aims to identify and empirically analyze the impact of direct tax and indirect tax revenues on economic growth in the transition countries of Southeast Europe, based on panel data for the period 2005-2019. Factors that are included in the study as independent variables are direct tax and indirect tax revenues. In contrast, the dependent variable is defined as the annual GDP growth in percentage, an indicator of economic growth. The econometric approach is OLS regression analysis, random effects regression, and fixed effects regression. The model’s reliability has been tested by applying diagnostic tests, such as autocorrelation, normal distribution, and heteroscedasticity. Moreover, the result of the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier and Hausman test suggests that the adequate model is a regression with fixed effects. Therefore, the findings with a regression with fixed effects confirm that the revenues from indirect taxes resulted in a positive and statistically significant effect. In contrast, direct tax revenues did not significantly affect economic growth but resulted in a positive sign. The analysis through the econometric model enabled the achievement of the aims set in this paper and the achievement of the final goal, providing observed evidence that the role of tax policy is crucial to encouraging economic growth.

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EAST SEA POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES IN  THE CONTEXT OF THE US-CHINA COMPETITION

EAST SEA POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE US-CHINA COMPETITION

Author(s): Lan Anh Le,Anh Nguyen Tuan,Linh Phan Thuy / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The East Sea has a vital position for maritime powers worldwide and is a crucial point of strategic competition for significant countries. Currently, the East Sea is where many fierce disputes over sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction occur between coastal countries because the views and interests of each side are far apart, and they need help finding a consensus on how to solve the problem. The US interests in the East Sea include diverse interests in freedom of navigation, economics, politics, military, and security. The article aims to systematically analyze and explain the US policy towards the East Sea issue since the US Administration announced the Pivot to Asia-Pacific strategy. The US foreign policy towards the East Sea has changed in the direction of increased US involvement in response to rising tensions over disputes, especially towards increased interests of China in this region. Although the United States does not take sides in sovereignty claims, it nevertheless increases its involvement in the issue, focusing on peaceful control of claims and resolving disputes through peaceful negotiation measures.

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SOUTH KOREA AND THE INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY:  FROM STRATEGIC AMBIGUITY TO STRATEGIC AUTONOMY

SOUTH KOREA AND THE INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY: FROM STRATEGIC AMBIGUITY TO STRATEGIC AUTONOMY

Author(s): Yen Pham Thi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Despite being urged and called upon by the United States to develop an Indo-Pacific strategy since 2017, South Korea showed signs of reluctance until the end of 2020, only officially announcing its strategy in 2022. This article aimed to clarify the reasons for South Korea’s ambiguity from 2017 to 2020 and the factors behind its transformation in the subsequent period. Utilizing the comparative analysis method and autonomous strategic theory, the article argued that South Korea shifted from a “strategic ambiguity” to a “strategic autonomy” to reduce dependence on China and the United States, asserting its position as a middle power. The results showed that before 2020, challenges from North Korea and economic relations with China made South Korea cautious about participating in the Indo-Pacific strategy. However, staying on the sidelines risked isolating it within the US alliance network. Meanwhile, concessions created opportunities for China to extend its influence over South Korea, even in cultural and social domains. Based on this, the article concluded that South Korea’s shift in approach to the Indo-Pacific region was necessary to affirm its middle power status.

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NAVIGATING THE GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: REFLECTIONS AND CHALLENGES

NAVIGATING THE GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: REFLECTIONS AND CHALLENGES

Author(s): Elena Tilovska-Kechedji / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has enormously impacted everyday life’s economic, social, and political spheres. This impact is even more significant in today’s globalized world. Artificial Intelligence and new technologies influenced the geopolitical domain, shifting and influencing the balance of power. The power that excelled in governing, educating, and reproducing novelties in AI claimed the title. However, instead of aspiring to be the best, the great powers balanced out their antagonism and joined forces. They cooperated in the domain of new technologies and AI, aiming for the benefit of humanity. AI had to be adequately harvested to produce peace, prosperity, and stability, acting as a bridge in an interconnected, globalized world. The purpose of the research was to discuss and analyze, through qualitative research analysis, the present and future influences, effects, and policies of Artificial Intelligence and new technologies in the geopolitical domain and their impact on humanity.

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CHINA’S STRATEGIC PRESENCE IN EAST AFRICAN PORTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIAN OCEAN SECURITY

CHINA’S STRATEGIC PRESENCE IN EAST AFRICAN PORTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIAN OCEAN SECURITY

Author(s): Sharmistha Hazra,Pranav Bhaskar / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

This paper examines how China’s presence in the East African seaports has created a threat to the Indian Ocean’s security. In particular, the research empirically analyses whether China’s growing activities in the Western Indian Ocean along the East African coast have dismantled the security architecture of the Indo-Pacific. This paper aims to understand the responses of India and her allies in containing China’s rise in the region. The paper has taken three East African ports, Dar es Salaam, Lamu, and Doraleh port of Djibouti, as a case study to examine how Chinese presence in these three ports could dismantle the security architecture of Indo-Pacific in the Western Indian Ocean region. The paper demonstrates that the present competition of power projection in the Indian Ocean is a power maximization strategy for the national security of each state. Using primary and secondary data available on China, India, and other states’ policies and activities, the study finds that it is a policy failure of the Indo-Pacific, accelerating China’s rise in the region. However, the Indo-Pacific partners are revamping their policies to check China’s rise in the Indian Ocean region.

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