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Necesitatea implementării unui sistem de moralitate inteligențelor artificiale

Author(s): Cristian Radu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2020

In this article, I argue that there is a necessity of implementing a moral system for artificial intelligence platforms. I will bring arguments for this requirement by analyzing examples of artificial intelligence already in use in the field of armed warfare, healthcare and day to day life. I will also talk about examples of systems that are advanced enough and capable of being implemented with a moral or ethical system. In the end, I will talk about real-life a.i. accidents that could have been prevented by having in use such a system.

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Пандемията: три студентски фокуса

Author(s): Vyara Iskrova,Deyana Nedeva,Zora Todorova,Iliyana Semerdzhieva,Maya Silyamova,Stanislava Ivanova,Stafani Nikolova,Hristina Georgieva,Tsvetoslava Radovenska,Tsvyatko Yashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2021

The text presents three media studies of students from the specialties "European Studies" and "Journalism" at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski", held at three time points from the battle of the world with Kovid-19. Each of the studies has its own purpose, methodological specifics and specific results, as well as its own name: Kovid in "Good News", Between "Second" and "Third Wave" and "For" and "Against" Vaccination. Collecting them together and in temporal sequence expands the information about the behavior of the media and, at the same time, outlines specific excitements and tendencies in different phases of the development of the disease until today.

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Подходи към темата за коронавирус в български и чуждоезични медии (17.02.2020-17.04.2020 Г.)

Author(s): Dorotea Tsvetanova,Iliyana Marinkova,Denitsa Dyankova,Tereza Kantcheva,Emiliya Kircheva,Kristina Yordanova,Viktor Nikolov,Lyuba Garkova,Borislav Valov,Maria Stancheva,Elmira Dzhoma / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2021

The text presents the results of a student study on the ways in whichmedia and journalists act in the first months of the emerging healh andhumanitarian crisis in 2020, conducted in the beginning of February 2020. Thecontext of this choice is important, as in February Bulgarian media still speak of a"virus like any other", the primary messages of the experts were: "no place forpanic", "no serious danger", "a virus, which is less dangerous than the seasonalflu". The study presents the results of approaches to subjects and speaking figuresin different media and shows, through which they informed society in the firstmonths of the crisis. The authors of the study are the fourth year students from the‘Radio’ profile, FJMK, SU. Authors: Dorotea Tsvetanova, Iliyana Marinkova,Denitsa Dyankova, Tereza Kancheva, Emiliya Kircheva, Kristina Yordanova,Viktor Nikolov, Lyuba Garkova, Borislav Valov, Maria Stancheva, ElmiraDzhoma.

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Разпространението на корейската културна вълна чрез медиите като част от стратегията за мека сила на Южна Корея

Author(s): Emilia Kircheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2021

allyu, also known as the Korean Wave has been on the rise since the late 1990s, boosting the popularity of all things Korean, from fashion and cinema to music and cuisine. As a result of this phenomenon and the measures taken by the Korean government, South Korea is gaining more and more soft power on the international stage. The media environment in the context of which the Korean cultural wave was born and developed, not only shaped it, but is also one of the reasons for its existence. Based on an in-depth analysis of the role of the media in the spread of Korean culture in the country and around the world, the present study explores on the use of culture as soft power resource by the state with key media involvement.

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Role Of Payments Allocated By The Common Agricultural Policy Towards Bulgarian Farms

Author(s): Nicola Galluzzo / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2017

For the new member States part of the European Union, as a consequence of the enlargement in 2004 and in 2007, financial subsidies allocated by the Common Agricultural Policy have been pivotal in reducing socio-economic marginalization on rural areas. Bulgaria is characterized by lots of small rural villages and modest plots of lands able to produce just enough commodities and food for the family farms. The purpose of this paper was to assess by a quantitative methodology the impact of payments and other financial supports allocated by the CAP on the level of farm net income in a sample of farms part of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database from 2007 to 2013. Findings have emphasized the positive effect of payments disbursed by the first and second pillar of the CAP. Financial aids towards farms placed in disadvantaged rural areas have had no effect to the income of Bulgarian farmers.

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The Phenomenon Of Labour Force Migration In Romania, As Member State Of The European Union

Author(s): Andreea-Gabriela Dănciulescu,Nicea Mergeani / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2017

The most important component of Romanian migration in recent years has been the migration for employment, particularly outside the country. Romania, like any other country, needs very well prepared people with a high educational level and professionally qualified, but, unfortunately, there is no investment in them. The economic and financial crisis in recent years has led the Romanians to flee the country temporarily or definitively, encouraged by the right of free movement aquired with the integration into the European Union. This article is studying international migration issues in terms of employment, which continues to be a controversial phenomenon, even though there has been progress regarding measures and policies aimed at the migration and integration of migrants.

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Corectitudinea Politică în Traducere

Author(s): Emanuel-Daniel Sărmășan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Through this work, we do not intend to convey the idea that prejudices or any other kind of judgement will disappear completely, as long as freedom plays an essential role in the age in which we live. Even this sort of broad-mindedness about judging certain groups should be pointed out in an intelligent manner. And without any further doubt, translators and interpreters alike should not be allowed to leave room for interpretation concerning the proper choice of a term. The selection of appropriate terms is also dependent on the translator’s cultural knowledge, which is an advanced level of culture in relation to the language from which it is translated, and in order to achieve this, every translator should be well rooted in society’s contemporary times, because they are, in fact, the brains that adapt most quickly to the new trends.

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Religia și revoluțiile est-europene din 1989: de la aprehensiune la siguranță

Author(s): Roxana Pavel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

In this paper, we started from relatively simple ideas, often superficially treated, but with strong meanings. Is religion a taboo subject? Many commentators and political scientists don`t talk about the relationship between religion and politics, considering them as two totally opposite things. In the first phase, this is the answer that each of us would give, but approaching the subject in a broader spectrum, we will notice that things are different. It is true that religion has always been a universal factor in shaping human history and shouldn’t be associated with political controversies and disputes.

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Thomas Hobbes’–Georg Hegel’s Ideas of Knowledge in Development Narratives and the Challenge of Human Security in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author(s): Felix Olatunji,Oni Adetunji / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The understanding of Thomas Hobbes’s analysis on the importance of reason signifies the essence for the establishment of human capacity project, which will be rooted and reckoned with in the quest for the development of human thoughts. The quest for right reason in Hobbes is a necessary point in Georg Hegel, which stipulates reason as the determinant of development in Hegel’s dialectism that development can only be realised in union with the ultimate realisation of the Spirit as reason rules the world. This is the fact that the principle of development enables a being to produce and reproduce itself, and by making itself actually what it already was potentially. It is pertinent to understand from the outset the significance of knowledge-based society as the foundation for security in the quest towards the attainment of authentic development. This means that security of lives and property is founded on the establishment of adequate knowledge necessary for action. Thus, human security for development is based on the level, attainment and utilisation of knowledge in human society. This paper will, therefore, employ analytic methodology to thematise that human security is a conditio sine qua non in the attainment of authentic development among societies of the Global South particularly sub-Sahara Africa. It is expected that the intent of the paper will interrogate the extent and the ways human security would be struggled for, in order for development to be guaranteed, which would be premised and thematised from the stand-points of Hobbes and Hegel.

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Философията на модернизма в архитектурата на БАУХАУС

Author(s): Iskra Dandolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

After 1989, the construction of industrially built residential blocks in residential complexes in Sofia was stopped. Until then, for two or three decades, they were the most important production for the construction of residential buildings in the capital according to the principles of modernism. Thousands of homeless people eagerly awaited them to be sheltered. Confusion ensued after the political changes in 1989, when attempts were made to implement the laws on the restitution of agricultural land within the complexes, despite the fact that these were “projects with implementation” and according to the Restitution Law no changes could be made there. The complexes, as well as the other constructions in progress, only had to be completed according to their designs. But it did not happen. In many places, “illegal restitution” of private agricultural land has begun, as well as spontaneous “privatization” of municipal and state lands and new construction in violation of the projects for the development of residential complexes. Their physical and social environment has changed radically and as a result the quality of life in them has deteriorated sharply. Thirty years after 1989, the residential complexes of Sofia have dramatically moved away from the principles of modernism and are almost everywhere in spatial and social degradation. An intensive process of anti-modernism is under way. Only recently the Sofia Municipality decided to introduce a policy to improve the living conditions of citizens in these territories – will it be able to realize and develop it and is it not too late?

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Euroatlantycki Ośrodek Koordynacji Reagowania w przypadku Katastrof jako mechanizm zarządzania kryzysowego NATO wobec pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Marlena Rybczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

In the international environment, the importance of non-military security issues such as global health, migration, and natural disasters is growing. Therefore, the subject of research in this article is the tasks of the Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre (EADRCC), which is NATO's main crisis management tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the research was to identify those EADRCC activities that have contributed to improving NATO's response to the pandemic. The article mainly uses the method of critical analysis (reports, documents, literature on the subject, scientific articles, press materials) and historical analysis. Several research questions were answered. 1) What role can the EADRCC play in the face of new threats to NATO? 2) What is the significance, role, and scope of crisis management in the functioning of NATO? 3) What steps should the North Atlantic Alliance undertake to improve the use of the EADRCC's potential in crisis situations? The results of the research presented in the article indicate that the exchange of information, coordination of tasks, as well as solidarity and distribution of aid between NATO member and partner countries improved the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is that NATO should develop its capabilities and crisis management instruments, including the EADRCC; the need to build resilience to non-military threats in allies' military and civil spheres was also pointed out.

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Strukturalne zmiany na rynku ropy naftowej w Stanach Zjednoczonych

Author(s): Jacek Suder / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The shale revolution that began in 2008 caused structural changes in the crude oil sector in the United States. The article aims to try to identify the most important factors influencing the development of unconventional crude oil in the U.S. In addition, the author researches the changes in the volume of U.S. oil production. The lifting of export restrictions led to a reduction in the volume of imported crude oil from abroad and a significant increase in the volume of exported petroleum products. Consequently, the United States became a net exporter of crude oil in 2019, which was reflected in the structure of the international crude oil trade. The last part described that demand and supply shock has started in the oil markets, and it has slowed the development of the shale revolution in the U.S. The reduction in the number of cases contributed to the partial unblocking of economic activity; however, the demand for petroleum products, including mainly for jet fuel, did not return to pre-pandemic levels. The coming months will show in which direction the further development of the shale revolution in the U.S. would go. This could largely depend on the potential development of the next wave of coronavirus.

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Kompetencje kulturowe w siłach zbrojnych państw NATO w XXI wieku. Stan badań

Author(s): Marta Nowakowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Culture and heritage preservation in the context of military missions in the education of officers of allied forces is a topic dating back to antiquity. At the same time, in connection primarily with operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, interest in this issue has increased at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The importance of knowing the enemy's culture to achieve success in military operations is emphasized in strategic studies. To meet the new challenges, the U.S. Army created the so-called Human Terrain System, which relied on the cooperation of cultural anthropologists with the military. The article aims to characterize the current state of research on cultural competence in the military and systematize the subject based on Polish studies in security sciences. There appears the concept of cultural competence, shaped on the psychological ground, denoting problems with the adaptation of war veterans to the civilian environment, reflecting the issue of modern armed conflicts and the associated contact of different cultures. The research for this article was based primarily on the analysis of the literature on the subject with the help of a statistical review. This allowed the author to develop systematics and show the direction of implementing research results to the practice and military organization; to show the changes in the researched subject at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries with emphasizing the differences between Western and Polish science, revealing the fragmentary nature and causal character of the latter. On the other hand, regardless of the Polish or Western science, there is a noticeable lack of research and studies with a practical dimension in building programs in cultural competence. The discussed publications do not exhaust the topic of cultural competence. One can even say that the scope of meanings and competencies is still being built.

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Obszary handlowej i inwestycyjnej współpracy Polski i Republiki Korei Południowej. Stan obecny i perspektywy

Author(s): Michał Jezioro / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Republic of South KoreaThe article tries to show the increasingly important role of the Republic of Korea and the East Asia region in the foreign and economic policy of the Republic of Poland. The study tried to prove that the region of East Asia, especially the Republic of Korea, is beginning to play an increasingly important role in Poland's foreign policy and Polish decision-makers are beginning to move the region and this country higher on the list of active foreign policy priorities. This policy aims mainly to activate and increase trade, open new markets and cooperate in the acquisition and development of new technologies. In the context of economic cooperation, the paper pays special attention to the enormous potential of Korea and the East Asia region in the field of innovation, research and development of new technologies. The cooperation platform remains for mutual investments in areas such as the electronics industry, production in the field of electromobility, high-speed railways, transport and aviation infrastructure, nuclear electricity, military and shipbuilding industry, and on the Polish side, the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food and computer games industries. In addition, the article deals with the challenges that this economic cooperation has to face. The lack of educated brands of products associated with Poland, staff shortages (lack of language qualifications and cultural competences), geographical distance, high costs of running a business, reluctance or lack of capital opportunities to incur long-term costs related to product promotion are the main challenges for the Polish entrepreneur.

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Съотношението между правото на европейския съюз и спогодбите за избягване на двойното данъчно облагане

Author(s): Stoycho Dulevski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2021

The European Union law (EU law) and the international law are two different but complementary systems. The variety of cases, the dynamic matter, as well as the many legislative changes both from international and national perspective in the field of direct taxes, gives rise to the necessity to delineate the boundaries between the EU law and the international law. This would help to ensure the proper law enforcement and to limit the possible conflicts between them. In the present paper, through a comparative legal analysis of the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the scope of the EU law is derived, as well as its interaction with international law. This helps to draw conclusions about their relationship, and in particular in the observance of their hierarchy in practical cases.

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Българското списание „Роден глас” – комуникационно изкуство зад граница

Author(s): Anzhela Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2022

The article examines the processes of the development of the Bulgarian magazine, published in the Czech Republic, 'Roden glas' ('Native voice'), and its half-century history. The purpose of an article is to analyze the factors that led to the need of a migrant community to publish its own media and to reason the significance of this type of media products as main contributors to the cultural identity of the Bulgarian diaspora and the preservation of its history.

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Pojedynczy głos przechodni (STV): egzotyczna ciekawostka czy propozycja dla Polski?

Author(s): Jacek Haman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The Single Transferable Vote (STV), although it already has its place in Polish literature, does not appear in broader discussions as a serious alternative to the current electoral system used in Poland. STV – the oldest proportional system used – has, however, features that should be attractive both for supporters of proportional elections and supporters of FPTP. The article discusses the history and properties of the STV, with particular emphasis on the proportionality for solid coalitions. Due to this property, the STV may turn out to be particularly appropriate for countries where coalitions and alliances between parties are important already at the election stage, which is also the case of Poland. The further part of the article discusses the practical and organizational limitations of the possible introduction of STV in Poland.

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Dysfunkcjonalne oddziaływanie państwa w nauce

Author(s): Jerzy Marian Brzeziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The author analyses the process of restricting – by means of legal instruments exploited by the government – the autonomy of universities and research institutes in the domain of conducting scientific research. The limitation of rights is implemented resorting to the salami slicing method: in subsequent legal acts the government and the Ministryof Education and Science have introduced, over the last 20 years, regulations increasing the control of the state over scientific activity of research institutes and universities which are subordinate to the Ministry. The author presents examples of this ever increasing intervention of the state affecting not only the activity of research entities but also the activity of national scientists’ organisations. These restrictions fail to bring positive effects expected by the government.

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Szczepienia przeciw CoViD-19 jako problem sprawiedliwości dystrybutywnej

Author(s): Grzegorz Lissowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The distribution of COVID-19 vaccines is one of the so-called local justice problems,the purpose of which is to solve practical problems of allocating goods or burdens in specific situations. Vaccine distribution can be presented as zero-one allocation. The method of its determination can be a point system. The problem of the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines is distinguished by the fact that it has two dimensions: individual and social. The individual dimension consists in providing a person with a certain level of immunity to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or at least a milder course of the disease caused by it. The social dimension consists in creating an appropriate level of herd immunity that reduces the possibility of contracting this virus. A simplified vaccination model, a priority relation established in the National Vaccination Program and a hypothetical point system that determines such a priority relation, will be presented.

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Съдбата на здравната реформа в Съединените щати през 40-те години на ХХ век

Author(s): Ivana Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The article focuses on the attempts at healthcare reform by the Truman administration alongside the liberal wing of the Democratic party in the 1940s. The proposals of both the White House and different groups of congressmen are laid out in detail. The main reasons for the failure of healthcare reform, as proposed by the author, are the lack of coordination among the Democrats supporting healthcare reform, Truman’s poor influence on Congress, and the role some key professional organizations play in weakening public support for the administration’s initiatives.

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