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Migration, Diasporisierung und der Zerfall Jugoslawiens Eine vergleichende Analyse

Author(s): Robert Pichler / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

This paper draws the attention on the role of diaspora nationalism for the disintegration of Yugoslavia. From a comparative perspective it focuses on the significance of diaspora groups in the Serbian, Croatian and Albanian context. With regard to the divergent political constellations it discusses government strategies to mobilize Diaspora, modes of institutionalization, the role of historical legacies and the various initiatives taken by Diaspora groups in order to support the respective ethno-national community. It also shows that Diaspora is not a natural given but always a community in the making with divergent interests, motives and aspirations. Overall, it can be stated that the relationship across the state borders and the political commitment to the country of origin depend crucially on the political developments in the region.

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Cinema Balkanica im frühen 20. Jahrhundert – ein Amalgam westlicher und regionaler Modernen

Author(s): Karl Kaser / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

One of the most significant challenges of an historical anthropology of the visual with regard to Balkan countries has to be seen in the study and analysis of the amalgamous concurrence of various forms of Balkan visual cultures and those of ‘the West’ in the second half of the 19th and in the first half of the 20th century. This was the period when processes of secularization intensified in the Balkans, and Western visual modernity became an alternative to previously religiously coined ways of seeing. This was especially the case with the early popular media of photography and cinema. // My article focuses on the short period of time between the first film presentations in the region (1896) to the outbreak of the Balkan Wars (1912-13) because these 16 years were the formative ones of Cinema Balkanica. The initial two sections look at the appearances of the mobile and the permanent cinema in the Balkans, the third one focuses at the urban population by asking whether or not it was already affected by a ‘culture of modern life’ and therefore prepared for the new visual adventure of the cinema. The fourth section investigates the emerging European cinema business and the role of the Balkans in it. // One of the article’s conclusions is that early cinema met the Balkans unprepared, although the auditory was already familiar with cinema-like visual pleasures such as the theatre or the panopticon. However, mobile cinema-shows were almost exclusively organized by foreigners from Central Europe, France or Italy; the technical equipment for the establishment of permanent cinemas as well as cameras had to be purchased in Western countries and also cameramen and film projectionists had to be hired abroad. In other words: Western technology and technicians amalgamated with expectations and desires of regional cinemagoers and actors.

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Компенсациите на паметта

Author(s): Evgenia Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The Pomaks’ ‘fluctuating’ identity has so far been the subject of numerous interpretations, starting with the fabrications and speculations rooted in the Bulgarian Revival – about the forced and large-scale nature of the ‘conversion to Islam’ – to the newly created ‘theories’ of their Arab, Turkish, Thracian or proto-Bulgarian origin. In fact, it is exactly this ‘fluctuating’ identity that gives rise to the hypotheses of the Pomaks’ origin, and not vice versa, as it would only be reasonable to assume. Among this proliferation of ‘scientific’ theories, the specific documental aspect of the ‘Pomak’ phenomenon, based on reliable sources (above all, the Ottoman tax records), remains somehow unnoticed, seemingly meant for a rather narrow academic community. The ‘war’ of interpretations, nourished not so much by scholarly precision but by legendary images most often serving particular political interests, continues to this day. This ‘war’ is reflected not only in a further exacerbation of such ‘fluctuating’ identity, but also in tendentious (and again politically motivated) disputes on the notion itself. The result of all this is the ever growing encapsulation and marginalization of this rather interesting cultural and religious community, as well as the emerging tendency toward bringing forward an ethnic self-awareness of its own.

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Mobile Lives, Reconfiguration of Space, and the Twilight of Empire in 19th/20th-Century Southeastern Europe

Author(s): Ulf Brunnbauer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This article discusses the connection between mobility, ideas, and the reconfiguration of loyalties in the last phase of the Ottoman Empire. It does so by focusing on the life stories of three important actors that represent three different patterns of subjective and political change: Şemseddin Sami (Sami Frashëri), Ljuben Karavelov, Eqrem Bey Vlora. These personalities developed new languages of belonging and new visions of the political collective. While their visions differed, their lives displayed important similarities, such as a very high degree of mobility and the upbringing in a multi-lingual setting. Mobility, which was conditioned by the functional logic of the empire, shaped their ideas. I argue that a biographic approach can highlight the ways, how the Empire impacted on life courses and identifications. A biographic approach can also elucidate the realities of the extensive and multi-dimensional imperial as well as extra-imperial connections that made up a state formation like the Ottoman Empire. Such a refreshed biographic approach restores agency in the bigger picture of political change, while at the same time not losing sight of the importance of imperial and international structures that shape life courses.

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„In den Schluchten des Balkan“. Sabine Hering im Gespräch mit der bulgarischen Wohlfahrtshistorikerin Kristina Popova

Author(s): Kristina Popova,Sabine Hering / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

INTERVIEW

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Германия в България и България в Германия (Гео Милев и Димитър Гочев)

Author(s): Evelina Kelbecheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The article offers a comparison of the two great Bulgarian intellectuals of the XX th century – Geo Milev and Dimitar Gotcheff, especially in the field of theater. The text is based on an extensive interview with Gotcheff taken by the author in 2007. They both educated in Germany, and they both returned back to work in Bulgaria. They both became flagmen for the leading avant-garde artistic trends of their time. They were both subject of persecution by the political establishment in Bulgaria, Geo Milev lost his life, and Dimitar Gotcheff was openly menaced by the Secret Services. Still, the introduction of Expressionism in poetry and theater after World War One in Bulgaria was greatly due to to the artistic activities af Geo Milev. Thus a new trend was created in Bulgarian culture, synchronic to the Western European developments. As a sharp contrast – the translations of German theater plays and the performances done by Gotcheff were never accepted by the official critique, and most of them were banned and the director was subject of constant surveillance and negation during Communist era. Geo Milev and Dimitar Gotcheff, each in his own time period influenced deeply Bulgarian culture and facilitated greatly the reception of German culture in Bulgaria. In the case of Gotcheff, who was three times awarded the title "Theater Director of the Year" in Germany, one can observe a new phenomenon – the unprecedented presence of a Bulgarian artist in Germany.

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ЗА КРИСТИНА ПОПОВА, БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Miscellaneous languages Issue: 1/2015

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„За спомен“. Значения и „приложения“ на ранния студиен портрет в България (до Първата световна война)

Author(s): Anelia Kassabova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The article based on a specific portrait aims to give a possible interpetation of the role studio photography in Bulgaria till the World War I played in the process of modernization. Studio portraits are regarded as normative representations. Essential part of the process of education and disciplinying, studio photography changed the culture of(self-) representation and (self-) perception and leads to an increase of(self-) control. This process was connected with (ethnic, class and gender) differentiations, taboos and “making invisible” ofeverything that remains outside the "norm".

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Humour as Anti-Ideological Weapon in the British Women's Suffrage Struggle: the Early Journalism of Rebecca West

Author(s): Timothy Ashplant / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Women campaigning for the vote in Britain, c.1900-14, faced ideological constructions about the nature of womanhood and appropriate female behaviour. Suffrage authors adopted a range of rhetorical and generic strategies. They advanced direct critique of dominant ideas about woman's nature and place in society, but also employed more oblique strategies, ranging from allegory and melodrama to humour. Much of the humour used was gentle, to weaken the defences of an audience (rather than alienate them), and leave them more open to persuasion. This article contrasts such humour with the early journalism of the suffragist and socialist Rebecca West (1892-1983). Writing for the radical press (including The Clarion and The Freewoman), she used sharper and more polemical humour. Her literary techniques may be compared with the photomontages of John Heartfield, aiming to generate 'semantic explosions' through which new insight might become possible.

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Историци, жертви, кодификации

Author(s): Liliana Deyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The text builds upon a question asked by Kristina Popova with regard to the post-1989 wave of memoirs (‘Тhis is how some people started to speak in the language of memory who used to speak in the language of power before. But is the voice not just the same?). The focus here, however, is only on the narratives of memory experts, historians and other researchers of the ‘totalitarianisms of the 20th century’. Describing several minor occurrences within the debate on the ‘70th anniversary of the salvation of Jews in Bulgaria’, the author raises the question of the causes of the rise of ‘memory’ (an amorphous, rather than analytic, category which the author strives to deconstruct, because ‘memory’ – just as ‘nostalgia’ – explains nothing, it itself must be explained). The author is interested in the problem of the autonomy of historical knowledge (incl. the expanding memory studies) and of the specifics of the historical studies in the times of ‘denationalization of history’ and ‘deinstitutionalization of history’. The analysis reveals an unexpected and completely new consensus in the official public space on the issue of the responsibility of the Bulgarian state for the deportation of Jews from Aegean Thrace and Vardar Macedonia – a nationalist and populist consensus visible not only in the mass nationalist mobilization (in response to the Macedonian interpretation of the Bulgarian occupation and to the supranational pressure to take responsibility for the deportations. This is how one can see the symptoms of a ‘new regime of writing history’, of the offer ofhistorical expert knowledge and of ‘memory politics’.

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Inter- und transdisziplinäres Tun als interkulturelles Unterfangen

Author(s): Gert Dressel / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

„The world has problems, but universities have departments.” Therefore inter- and transdisciplinary research teams are focussing on societal problems for creating potentials of solutions. Representatives of several academic disciplines are cooperating in an interdisciplinary team. In a transdisciplinary team representatives of several academic disciplines are cooperating with exponents outside the scientific area. Every interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary team is a mixture of truths, mental maps, thinking, theories, meanings of terms, methods, interests etc. Inter- and transdisciplinarity is an intercultural challenge. That is why such research teams not only have to reflect on the topics of a project but also on the practice of project communication for creating mutual understanding and confidence. Usually researches are reflecting on “the others”. In contrast, self-reflection and dialogue in inter- and transdisciplinary research teams are methods for creating knowledge.

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Здравеопазване сред мюсюлманското население в Гоцеделчевско през втората половина на 1940-те и 1950-те г.

Author(s): Sergey Vuchkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

In the present paper the health Policy of communist rule in Bulgaria among the Muslim population in Gotse Delchev Region in the late 1940s and 1950s. This is poorly researched problem. My researched is based on archive materials, kept in the some founds have been preserved in the state, district, local and village Communist party and social organizations gathered in the State Archives of Blagoevgrad. First discussed the construction of a health network in the region, which is entirely a work of authority after 9 September 1944. Then monitored the activity itself of health workers and its specific manifestations locally. It focuses on the corruption of the population through the provision of social benefits in any case is a health, in order to impose control and winning the local population.

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„Пряк потомък на славяните и траките, а сега вече и на прабългарите“. Етническата антропология и възродителния процес в България

Author(s): Nurie Muratova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The article examines the development of the discipline of ethnic anthropology in the USSR and its implementation in Bulgaria. Major focus is the anthropological study of Pomaks (Bulgarian Muslim) and Turks in the Rhodopes Mountains, organized by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1980-1981. The conclusion of this study was that both Bulgarian Muslim and Turks were of Bulgarian origin and thus a new "Rhodopes Race " was discovered, as part of the Dynaric Race.

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Aktualitätsbezogene Wissenschaft. Austauschbeziehungen und Vermittlungssysteme

Author(s): Michael Mitterauer / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

A university's social responsibility is the starting point of this analysis. On the basis of personal experiences, the paper studies the form of exchange between society and the author's discipline, social history, at the University of Vienna. It focuses on the question of what was taken over from the social environment and what was offered in return. It is the aim of such a study in contemporary history to collect ideas for future scholarly research concentrating on contemporary social issues.

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“Racism under the Protection of Biology” – A Controversy among Bulgarian Scholars about “Race”, “Nation”, and „Biology” on the Eve of the Second World

Author(s): Christian Promitzer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

“Racism under the Protection of Biology” – A Controversy among Bulgarian Scholars about “Race”, “Nation”, and „Biology” on the Eve of the Second World War / The paper argues that the inquiry of 1937, where prominent Bulgarians of high esteem – actors, politicians, scholars – declared themselves opposed to anti-Semitism and racism, the repudiation of both hardcore and softer variants of Bulgarian racism by the philosopher Dimitar Mihalchev in 1938 and 1939, and the civilian protests against the deportation of the Bulgarian Jews in 1943 have to be viewed under a common framework. The core issue of the paper is a revised narration of the Bulgarian debate on race, nation and racism on the eve of the Second World War. Against the two other participants of the controversy – the biologist Metodiy Popov and Dimitar Mihalchev – the paper gives the third participant Stefan Konsulov, a biologist who was a proponent of racism and Fascism, a far higher share in the controversy, as has been acknowledged by historiography so far, because Konsulov did not only write brochures and articles under his own name, but also anonymously and under a pseudonym, respectively. The importance of the whole controversy is based on the circumstance that, as opposed to the situation in Germany, where the anti-racist side had been silenced or driven into emigration at a rather early stage, in Bulgaria – at least at inception – we encounter one of the few examples of an open debate between advocates of racism and anti-racists of which both fractions occupied important positions in academia in their country.

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Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

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Непознатите йезиди – между Слънцето и „Падналия ангел”. Йезидската общност в Южен Кавказ (Армения и Грузия)

Author(s): Milena Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The text aims at presenting the Yezidi community in the South Caucasus - Armenia and Georgia. Myths about the Yezdis abound. The epithet “devil-worshipper” – perhaps the most famous of the myths attributed to the Yezidis. The Yezidis are a small Kurmanji-speaking ethno-confessional group, the followers of an doctrine, called Yezidism or the Yezidi religion. They originate in northern Iraq and are distinguished from other Kurds by adherence to the Yezidi religion. The Yezidis of the South Caucasus form part of a larger Yezidi global community, located predominantly in the historic homeland of the Yezidi faith, northern Iraq, and also in Turkey, Syria and, increasingly, Western Europe. The Yezidis of the South Caucasus represent the second largest concentration of Yezidis worldwide.

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Военното духовенство в Руската империя по време на Руско – турската война 1877-1878

Author(s): Anastasiya Pashova,Petar Vodenicharov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The paper examines the tradition of priests serving in the Russian army during the wars of the 19th century. We are especially interested in the legislation and function of priests of other than East Orthodox denominations: Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism and others. Case studies of priests participating in the Russian-Ottoman War 1877-1878 are also presented.

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„Оперативното бюро“ и политиките за дисциплиниране на паметта за Девети септември

Author(s): Mihail Gruev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The text analyzes the origin, development and modification of official communist memoirs and historiographical narrative of the events of Ninth of September 1944. In this connection, a central place is given to the role of the so called Operative bureau and Todor Zhivkov, in particular, on the night of the coup. An attempt was made to trace the Myth of this structure and the very personality of the first party and state leader in the memories of contemporaries and participants and discrepancies in their versions.

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Социализмът в мен

Author(s): Ivan Elenkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The confidence for writing the autobiographical story, partially displayed here, was gained during the work on the book with research texts entitled “Childhood during Communism” (2010). The direct and indirect role of Kristina Popova in this book is the main reason why the current memoir fragment is being dedicated to her.

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