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The Russian Military-Religious Memory about the Russo-Ottoman War 1877 – 1878

Author(s): Anastasiya Pashova,Petar Vodenicharov / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The authors research the Russian Orthodox tradition of military churches functioning as churches, military museums and often graveyards. The regiment churches related to the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 constructed between 1878 and 1913 are analyzed. Their memorial character is related to the practice that such churches were devoted to the saints celebrated in the days of the military units’ victories. It is reflected in the choice of subjects of the wall paintings; the choice of icons in the iconostasis; displayed memorial objects such as relicts, regiment banners, parade uniforms of Emperors and Grand Dukes, weapons, medals, memorial signs (special ribbons, hats), trophies taken from the enemies in successful operations (fortress keys, banners, weapons), icons and church plates from the camp church of the regiment.

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Visualizing a Heroic Past – The Russo-Ottoman War in Russian Popular Culture

Author(s): Dominik Gutmeyr / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

War has always been one of the most common subjects of visual representation but the medial channels have developed a lot since the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878. The present article gives an overview over the Russian visualization of the war in form of popular prints and fine arts at the times of the war itself, to the emergence of film and the embedding of Soviet/Russian film in the genre of the historical epic, prominently visualizing the respective nation’s history. The Soviet influence on Eastern European cinema is high-lighted as well as the significance of the reemerging Russian cinema on the picking up of the war as a central motive is at the end of the 1990s. The production of full-length films, TV-serials and documentaries as well as the organization of prominent exhibitions about the Russo-Ottoman War clearly show that the war and its related narratives have become an important part of Russia’s popular culture again.

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The Places of Memory in Russia regarding the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878: Stages of Transformation

Author(s): Olga O. Chernyshova,Alla S. Kondrasheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The process of the formation of social memory to the last Russo-Ottoman War in the different periods of Russian history has been considered for this article. The memory culture concerning the events and personalities of the Russo-Ottoman War has been researched on. A variety of memorial places related to both the different historical periods and the socio-cultural conditions of their origin, degree of preservation and popularization have been outlined.

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Documentary Evidence of the Creation of the Film “Heroes of Šipka” in Bulgarian Archives

Author(s): Mariyana Piskova / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The purpose of this paper is to present the Bulgarian-Soviet production of the first feature film about the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 called “Heroes of Šipka” in the light of the newly discovered archival traces. “Heroes of Šipka” is designed and realized as a model and template for the Bulgarian national cinema – with a Soviet script, direction and performance but with Bulgarian funding and on Bulgarian soil. I elaborate on the relations and dependencies in an otherwise coproduced film. Official documents by Bulgarian institutions do not unilaterally outline the three stages of influence and dependence. The first one is the effective selection of the theme of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878. The second one is the use of the topic for the second “liberation” of Bulgaria in 1944 and the perpetuation of the myth of the “double liberators”. The third one is the creation of bilateral teams as the Soviet school served as a guideline for the qualification of Bulgarian filmmakers. We discovered details that show the ambiguity of this dependence with examples of Bulgarian activities and the Soviet help and protection, which often was sought and not only imposed on Bulgaria.

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The Epopee with “The Epopee” or the Building of the Panorama “The Epopee of Pleven 1877”

Author(s): Milena Angelova / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

This paper elaborates the history of the construction of one of the largest monuments for the Russo-Ottoman War 1877 – 1878 in Bulgaria – Panorama “The Epopee of Pleven 1877”. Surely this has been the most spectacular memorial war site from the Communist era in Bulgaria. Within the context of the ideology at that time, The Panorama was primarily “a symbolic monument of the Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship”. The panorama was constructed in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Pleven Battle and was officially inaugurated on 10 December 1977.

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Sunrise on Peak Šipka: Places of the Russo- Ottoman War in the Student Excursions in Bulgaria (1896 – 1912)

Author(s): Kristina Popova / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

School excursions were introduced in Bulgaria by the Minister of Education Konstantin Veličkov (1855 – 1907) in 1896. He was inspired by Johann Friedrich Herbart’s ideas about “experience-based education” and aimed to “expand the horizon” of the pupils. The excursions’ statistics pointed out that among the most frequently visited places were the memory places to the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 as well as places presenting the industrial progress in Bulgaria. By analyzing the school trip experiences, observations published in the journal “School review” and the school annuals, one can draw the conclusion that school excursions at the beginning of the 20th century created a space of new knowledge, social entertainment and emotional experience. As a result of these trips, on a mental map places of memory of the Russo-Ottoman War were connected to modern enterprises and state power institutions, which shaped the Bulgarian landscape as symbols of heroic past, nature’s beauty and national progress.

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Introduction

Author(s): Karl Kaser / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The present volume constitutes one of the scholarly outputs of the EU-funded Marie Curie project “Politics of Memory and Memory Cultures of the Russian-Ottoman War 1877/1878: From Divergence to Dialogue” (MEMORYROW). This project started working on 1 February 2012 and will last until the end of January 2016. The project’s consortium consists of eight scientific institutions from eight countries, which are historically more or less strongly related to the events of this epoch-making war. The project’s leadership rests on the Centre for Southeast European History and Anthropology at University of Graz. However, the initiative came from the Balkanistic Seminar at Southwest University of Blagoevgrad. The other partner institutions are the Institute of National History “Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje”, the Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Folklore and Social Anthropology at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the Department of History at the Istanbul based Bilgi University, the Shota Rustaveli University of Batumi, the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia in Yerevan and the North-Caucasus Federal University of Stavropol'.

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Memorials to the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 in Gyumri / Armenia

Author(s): Grigor Aghanyan / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The Hill of Honor, located between the town of Gyumri and its fortress, be-came an official garrison cemetery after the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 and after the construction and sanctification of a chapel on the hill. A considerable amount of Russian soldiers was stationed at the then so-called town of Aleksandropolˈ, where also the main military hospital was located. The present article sheds light on the circumstances of the construction and consecration of the chapel, which led to the place becoming a central point of remembrance to the Russo-Ottoman War. The article also considers the fate of the Hill of Honor throughout the Soviet period, especially focusing on the 1950s, when the systematic destruction of the monument was ordered by local authorities. At last information is given on the situation today, as the restoration of the Hill of Honor had been planned and conducted in the last decade and led to the monument’s reopening in 2010.

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The First Russian Monuments in Bulgaria Devoted to the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878: Transformations of Memory

Author(s): Anastasiya Pashova,Petar Vodenicharov / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

We focused our research on the first steps of the Russian state towards raising 303 gravestone-monuments immediately after the ROW in 1878. The history of the first Russian monuments devoted to the Russo-Ottoman War reveals the lack of any Bulgarian tradition of memory culture in the first decades after the war. The first memorial places were imported from abroad, from the victorious Russian Empire, and were marked by the tradition of the Russian religious memory culture. Depending on the Bulgarian-Russian and later Bulgarian-Soviet relations the monuments changed their meaning and function being reinterpreted in accordance to the political situations.

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The Reflection of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 in Armenia’s Periodical Pres

Author(s): Gayane Ayvazyan / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The present article gives an overview of the reflection of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 in Armenia’s periodical press. War-related publications in Armenia’s most important newspapers have been reviewed exclusively and include articles issued in Constantinople, Smyrna, Nicomedia, Tbilisi, and Baku, and therefore points of view from both the Western and Eastern Armenian sides. Of special interest is the situation of the Armenian press in the center of the Ottoman Empire – the Armenian press in Constantinople. The article furthermore shows that the journals and newspaper addressed a great variety of topics, still having the Armenian questions constantly on their agenda, which manifested itself also after the War of 1877 – 1878, when the periodical press pointed out that there was no reason for vengeance by the Kurdish or Turkish population since it was especially Armenian peasants, who supported them during the war at the cost of significant personal sacrifices.

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Filmography. Heroes and Places of Memory. The Russo-Ottoman War 1877 - 1878

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Miscellaneous languages Issue: 1+2+3/2014

Filmography

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Nationalist Narratives on the Aziziye Bastions and Nene Hatun: A Place to Remember the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878?

Author(s): Bayram Şen,Sinan Çetin / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The article follows the development of nationalist narratives on Aziziye Bastions and Nene Hatun in relation to the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 and how they were represented in nationalist historiography. We propose to look at the changes that the Aziziye Bastions underwent, in comparison to other bastions after they had become obsolete for military purposes and were slowly re-constructed in terms of a popular national narrative as a place to remember that “glorious” history in conjunction with the “heroine” cult of Nene Hatun and monumentalizing effects of these developments.

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The Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 in Armenian Literature

Author(s): Karine Bazeyan / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

A number of representatives of 19th century Armenian literature adopted the topic of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 and also the expectations of the Armenian people from the War in their writings. The present article analyzes some works of those writers, including works by Raffi, Hagop Baronian and Givani, who not only represent the events of the period but also the reflect on the hard situation of the Armenian people and their disappointment of the outcome and aftermath of the War.

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The Memorials to the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 in the Tourist Movement after 1944

Author(s): Nurie Muratova / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The tourist movement in Bulgaria started at the end of the 19th century. In the interwar period the tourist movement ideology became more nationalistic and more connected to the state institutions. After the Communist takeover on 9 September 1944 the tourist movement was based on a new ideological and organizational foundation. It was included in the whole system of control over leisure time. The new ideology as well as the new heroes after 1944 – the guerilla fighters (partisans), demanded a new kind of collective admiration and creation of new places of memory. In 1966 the Bulgarian National Tourist Movement “Get to Know Bulgaria – 100 National Tourist Sites” was established which still exists today. Five places of memory of the Russo-Ottoman War were ever-presented – Svištov – the place where the Russian troops crossed the Danube, the memorial church at Šipka, Stoletov Peak at the Stara Planina Mountains, the “Liberation Monument” (Šipka Monument), and the memorial church “St. Aleksandr Nevskij” in Sofia. The “Museum of the Bulgarian-Soviet Friend-ship” in Sofia was also included. Today the number of touristic visits to these spots de-creased several times but they are still the most admired national symbols according to re-searches throughout the last years. The memorials to the Russo-Ottoman War are recognized as leading places of memory in Bulgaria.

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Index

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Miscellaneous languages Issue: 1+2+3/2014

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Memorial Places of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 in Georgia

Author(s): Marina Shalikava,Marine Aroshidze,Tamaz Phutkaradze,Kakhaber Surguladze / Language(s): English Issue: 1+2+3/2014

The Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 had a huge impact both on the countries involved in the conflict and the different nations living there. The memory of the War is alive and is represented in different forms, such as memorial places, family memory, speech, etc. In the given article we try to present these forms of memory existing in present Georgia and in particular the region of Ajara, which was freed from Ottoman rule in course of the War. A field expedition helped us gather interesting information, which is why we are able to present the photo materials kept in the families and archives showing important participants and memorial places of the conflict. We also show the toponyms which still exist in our region and which were influenced by the presence of the Ottoman Empire in Ajara.

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Bibliography. Heroes and Places of Memory. The Russo-Ottoman War 1877 - 1878

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Miscellaneous languages Issue: 1+2+3/2014

Bibliography

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Muslim Women in Socialist Bulgaria

Author(s): Nurie Muratova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Muslim women became an object of the Communist Party politics in Bulgaria during the time of four decades. The relative closed live in their communities, the religiosity, which contradicted the official communist ideology as well as the esthetic confrontation with the socialist ideal of modern women made the Muslim women a group difficult to be controlled. Under the slogan of modernization of Muslim Women several measures were implemented: special courses, courses for improvement the everyday life and qualification, measures at-tracting women to became members of the Communist Youth Union and the Communist Party.

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Islam - an Atheistic Handbook for Fighting Islam and the Communist Newspeak

Author(s): Petar Vodenicharov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The study offers an outline of the political context in which the Handbook appeared - the preparation of the so called “revival process” of violent assimilation of the Bulgarian speaking Muslims (Pomaks) in the 1970s. The language and the main postulates of the Handbook have been analyzed in the frame of the theory of the totalitarian newspeak and mentality. The criticism on Islam exploited the rhetoric of anthropology, medicine, hygiene, modernization and patriotism to stigmatize the Holy Book of Islam, the main pillars of Islam, Islam practices, family and the position of women, denying any moral values to Islam. The arguments are supported by a mixture of historical facts, ideology clichés, folk legends, fiction and false quotations of the Quran. To answer the criticism, the author uses quotations of legitimate translations of the Quran, research on Ottoman archives, and the achievements of Islamic feminism and modernism.

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Socialism is already a past but it still remains part of social consciousness

Author(s): Nugzar Mgeladze / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Interview

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