"…the professional culture is also about the numerous books piling on top of one another". Interview with Nicolae Lascu

Author(s): Monica Sebestyen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2013

In the inauspicious ideological climate of 1980s, professor Nicolae Lascu, at the time assistant-professor in our School’s Urban Planning Department, was one of the very few architects of his generation (the classes of the 1970s) who dared address in writing the architectural thinking and culture. Generally speaking, the architectural books of that period (and also those of the previous decades) were authored by acknowledged figures of Romanian architecture and historiography and were dedicated, with very rare exceptions, to architectural history or to the architectural achievements of the moment; theory of architecture was allotted very limited space. Neither the translations from foreign literature (very few), nor the articles published in the architectural magazine Arhitectura were inclined to favour purely theoretical matters or reflective approaches to architecture. Or, Nicolae Lascu’s two annotated anthologies – Architecture as Art (with Monica Mărgineanu-Cârstoiu) and Function and Form, – published in the prestigious Art Library collection of the Meridiane Publishing House, brought to the fore the architectural thinking in its universal cultural bearing. Likewise, the earlier Aesthetic Thinking in Romanian Architecture (with Gheorghe Săsărman) was the first critical approach to Romanian theory of architecture, while the monograph Florea Stănculescu: Contributions to Affirming Romanian Architecture was the first real critical study dedicated to this Romanian architect, thinker and editor. It has to be said that the first two titles are still, to this very day, singular in our architectural culture and publishing activity. After 1989, Nicolae Lascu particularly focused on the local forms of architectural modernisation and on the past and present transformations of the city of Bucharest, which resulted in many research-projects and other volumes: Horia Creangă Centennial (with Ana Maria Zahariade), Marcel Janco Centennial (with Anca Iliescu-Bocaneţ and Ana Maria Zahariade) and, especially, the monumental work “Bucharest’s Boulevards before World War I” (Bucharest: Simetria, 2011). The latter is actually a deeper investigation in the research field of his doctoral thesis, Legislation and urban development. Bucharest, 1831-1952, which is an inescapable key to understanding the city; this work is still unpublished but largely referenced in the research milieus. All of Nicolae Lascu’s works are seminal, which is why we decided to open the Printed in Red dossier with the interview that he so kindly gave our colleague Monica Sebestyen.

"Fabryka" kościoła p.w. Świętego Ducha w Warszawie w latach 1707-1730 w świetle źródeł paulińskich. Przebieg prac, projektanci, wykonawcy

Author(s): Jakub Sito / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 04/2011

The Pauline Fathers’ Church of the Holy Spirit in Warsaw is representative of the late-17thcentury tradition of Warsaw architecture, mostly created by the milieu of North Italian masters working in Poland. The typical features of such projects are the slim facade with two side towers, and the basilical organization of the interior - called Warsaw basilica. It was defined by its compositional compactness and the extent of space integration. What makes the Church of the Holy Spirit different from other Warsaw churches of that time is that the history of its architectural origin and construction is recorded perfectly in the Archives of the Polish Province of the Pauline Order at Jasna Góra. The most important and the most abundant sources of information concerning the artistic and construction-related details can be found in two accountancy book for the church construction for the years 1707-1729 (AJG 468 i AJG 471). The construction of the Warsaw church for the Pauline Fathers was initiated by Fr. Innocenty Pokorski (1656-1734), responsible for numerous Paulines’ construction projects. At a later stage of the construction project, he was accompanied by Fr. Konstanty Moszyński – Provincial Superior of the Polish Paulines, a well-known patron of art and founder of numerous artistic projects.

"Panský dům" v Týnci nad Labem: vzestupy a úpadky jednoho domu

Author(s): Michael Rykl / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The study of small-town houses is not a very common topic among researchers. The analysis of the development of the historical house "Panský dom" (literally house of nobility) in the town of Týnec nad Labem has been highly informative. The aim of the article is to show the individual development phases of house construction according to research into material and written sources. Reconstructions, the building use, as well as individual structural changes can be analysed from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century.On the basis of the research performed, it can be stated that the use and purpose of the building changed with each new owner, related to his social status (suzerain house; inn; house of reeve and aristocratic officers; uninhabited; house of a noble with a regular income that led to the construction of a dance hall; semi-agrarian farmers; the transformation to an apartment building and hotel; bakery; etc.). The function of the courtyard also adapted to the desires of the new owner and the quality of life the residents changed accordingly. The quality of life of its residents illustrates the ability to exploit the potential for the house (including loft, farm buildings in the courtyard, etc.), to express the fashion and trends of the particular period. The vision of the owner, the structural possibilities and especially the methods of modification that embody the fashion of the particular period can be appropriately illustrated. Individual structural modifications describe the ambitions and situation of the owners.In this case, it is not a "great" history, but it is a study of the traces of life left in the house that surrounded its owners. At certain points, general history overlaps with the micro-history of "Panský dom" and together they influenced the form of house construction. The research identified several building phases and reconstructions when the modus operandi accurately corresponded with the social status of the owners. The informative value grows from the early periods to the later periods, in proportion with the number of written sources, as well as the material source – the house itself.

"Seramik Tasarımında Güzeli Arayış Sürecinde Yerel Değerlerin Esin Kaynağı Olarak Kullanımı"

Author(s): Mehmet Fatih Karagül / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Special/2017

The beauty that has been tried to be addressed with such fields as mathematics, architecture, geometry has been among the subjects of philosophers since antiquity. Although the concept of beauty varies according to the periods, beauty is in fact related to the conception of the people. According to Aristotle, the values we can grasp will be beautiful, otherwise considered as non-aesthetic. Although 144 there is not a formula of the ideal beauty, the concept of beauty changes in an abstract and concrete way, according to the persons who monitoring. Throughout the ages, we can see that the Anatolian coasts have been governed by different civilizations and are a source of rich cultural composition. With its strategic and geopolitical importance, Çanakkale shores also witnessed a significant part of this process. Foreign powers always want to possess these lands and the beauty of the richness of these lands. The word "Hellespont" is one of the names used throughout the history of the Dardanelles. Hellespont is a local value for Çanakkale as geographical environment, cultural wealth and sense of meaning. A series of thematic works on using Hellespont as inspiration in designs will be addressed in this notice.

"Trulli" na području grada Alberobello i problemi njihove zaštite

Author(s): Marija Gamulin / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/1972

Der "Truli” ist ein Bau mit stufenförmigem Gewölbe, ausgeführt mit trockenem Gemäuer, meistens auf quadrati scher Basis, ähnlich unseren Bauten genannt "hunje" und "kažuni". Die grössten Gruppierungen der "Trulli" befinden sich in der Stadt Alberobello, in der ob zwei unter Schutz stehende Denkmal-Gebiete gibt (MONTI mit 1450 "Trulli" und gegen 4-500 Einwohnern und AIÄ FIOCOLA mit 400 "Trulli" und gegen 1500 Einwohnern; für nationale Denkmäler wurden auch einzelne Qbjekte ausserhalb dieser Gruppen erklärt (TROLLO SQVRAHO aus dem 17 Jahrhundert; CASA. D ’AMOHE aus dem 18.. Jahrhundert, das erste Hsub in Alberobello, das mit Mörtel erbaut wurde und das doch sichtbare Kennzeichen des Systems der Bauart der "Trulli" aufweist). Die historischen Angaben weisen darauf hin, dass der Bau der "Trulli" in Alberobello auf das Verbot des feudalen Herrn, die Wohnstätten der Kolonen mit Mörtel zu bauen, zurückzuführen ist. Im Aufsatz sind auch zahlreiche Probleme dargelegt, die verbunden mit der Begründung und der Behandlung der Präge des Schutzes entstanden sind; es wird auch auf die Bestrebungen hingewieeen, diese Probleme zu beseitigen, wie auch auf die Wege der Lösung, die sich bereits abzeichnen.

"Vidi coelum novum et terram novam". Treści ideowe i geneza form Kaplicy Matki Boskiej Karmelitańskiej we Frydmanie

Author(s): Maria Kazimiera Staniszewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 17/2017

The paper deals with the chapel located by the parish church in Frydmanin the Spiš (Scepusium) region, founded by the local parish priest Michał Lorencs in 1764.The interior of the octagonal building, is fitted with a homogeneous set of furnishingsconsisting of a centrally located two-sided retable surmounted by a unique shrine inthe form of a glazed star, and numerous wooden sculptures decorating niches in the walls.The chapel used to be a pilgrimage site and became the founder’s resting place. The paperdiscusses the history of the chapel, the religious and political context of its foundation aswell as problems explored in earlier studies, both popular and scholarly ones, with specialattention devoted to the article by Jan Białostocki and Adam Miłobędzki, from 1957, thathas served as a crucial point of reference in the existing interpretations of the chapel.Further, the article attempts to elucidate the still unresolved problem of the origins of thechapel’s plan and forms of its retable, pointing to the traits they share with the sacred architectureof pilgrimage sites, particularly shrines. The Chapel of the Holy Shroud in Turin hasbeen suggested as the closest counterpart for the Frydman chapel as far as its architecturalplan, the retable type and the way of displaying relics are concerned. The soft, flowing linesof the a-tectonic forms of the retable, in turn, seem to resemble South-German small-scalearchitectural church furnishings from the mid-eighteenth century.As far as the message carried by the decoration of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Chapel isconcerned, selected Old- and New Testament figures, depicted in the retable and wall niches,have been identified, and particular themes represented in the above decoration have beendetermined. The first, sepulchral, theme is manifested in the unmarked burial site of FatherLorencs, located ad sanctos, in the immediate proximity of the relics of catacomb saints.The next, Carmelite, theme is related to the Scapular Confraternity that had been associatedwith the chapel and church. The paper discusses also the Marian symbolism of the chapel,already explored to some extent in earlier literature, and its prominent Christological andEucharistic themes, which have hitherto not been adequately examined. In conclusion, OurLady of Mount Carmel Chapel is considered as a symbolic representation of the HeavenlyJerusalem and a powerful profession of faith in the intercession of saints and the Virgin Marybefore God.

"Пластика" та "пластичність" як мистецтвознавчі категорії

Author(s): Rada Mykhailova / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 28/2015

Identification of the content of certain terms and concepts as раrt of categorical apparatus, is one of the important tasks of science. The basic terms of art history is "plastic" and "plasticity" related graphic, decorative, design, architectural, stage entertainment perspective. Disclosure of the nature of their content, the analysis of a specific interpretation of professional, scientific and general educational level show that both terms are widely used in different areas of artistic practice, but most of the wording of the explanation is schematic and superficial. The current level of science to clarify and deepen this scientific definition. The term "plastic" often associated with the visual arts, which include spatial, visual (apparent), based on the fact that their works are substantive in nature, there are material by treating the material and are thought to exist in space. Traditionally, visual arts include painting, sculpture, graphics that make up the complex visual arts, architecture and applied art that reflect the real world materialized in specific forms of artistic activity – utilitarian three-dimensional objects endowed with artistic features. The spatial forms of plastic volumes and lines are essential, as this quality is their basis is the fundamental difference from other art forms such as music, literature, theater, cinema, whose works were perceived by ear, "expanding" in time are synthesized with a variety of visual representations. However, plasticity is an important component of synthetic, entertainment arts – screen and stage, including ballet-dance. The main quality of plasticity is the ability to deform under mechanical stress. In visual and spatial arts – a specific processing of materials in different ways is to achieve spatial configurations, identify their sculpture and paintings, material and texture, imagery and stylistic properties of structuring work and so on.

(New) Media Facades: Architecture and/as a Medium in Urban Context

Author(s): Milica Stojšić / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2017

Besides representing a border dividing interior and exterior spaces, one of the primary functions of the facade is communication. What used to be inscribed in stone, concrete, wood or glass, is now communicated via digital media, which became an integral part of architecture in the information society we live in today. Even though this research includes an investigation of media-supported facades as architectural elements, a much broader discourse oriented toward relational aesthetics in urban spaces will be employed in order to analyze the new media potential of communication layers in architecture.

(Wild)haus w Bezławkach (Bayselauken, Bäslack)

Uwagi na temat budownictwa warownego zakonu niemieckiego w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach

Author(s): Krzysztof Kwiatkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The article constitutes a collection of remarks concerning military aspects of the construction and functioning of the Teutonic castle in Bezławki (Bayselauken, Bäslack) in the last decades of the 14th century. Speculations included in the article refer to opinions expressed by the authors of the collective monograph about the late medieval settlement complex in Bäslack published in 2013. It presents the findings of archeological research in the castle and the village in the years 2008-2012. Remarks presented in the article concern three out of six problems which are considered the most essential. While it goes beyond doubt that the castle played an important defensive role, the hypothesis of it being a “fortified camp” for the army during military actions of the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and Ruthenians has been undermined. It is not possible to consider it to play a military role on a significant strategic level, as do the authors of the monograph of 2013. In the second part of the article the author undermines the hypothesis about the “systematic” character of the complex of fortifications situated on the eastern Prussian border. If the castle in Bäslack was indeed part of some defensive system, it could operate on the local level and consist of an insignificant number of elements including longitudinal fortifications constituting the so called “Landwehr”. The next issue addressed by the author was a problem of the typology of the term “wildhaus”. As in the 14th century the term connoted the location of the fortification on the border of the forest, the author shows a far-reaching morphological diversity of fortifications on the eastern outskirts of the Prussian state, which were or could be classified as “wildhauses”. Thus, a “wildhaus” cannot be classified as a morphological type of a fortification. The typology of fortifications based on the morphological criteria cannot be connected with the typology based on the administrative and terminological criteria. Archeological examination of the Bäslack fortification evinces its major cognitive potential and makes us aware of how little is known about the functioning of minor fortifications in late medieval Prussia. Further research in this field belongs to one of the most important elements of historical science in the Prussian regional dimension and related branches of science.

,,Vietos Dvasia“ Christiano Norberg-Schulzo Architektūros Fenomenologijoje

Author(s): Almantas Samalavičius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 71/2012

During recent decades there have been attempts in urban theory and urban discourse at large to revisit and reconsider a number of concepts that have been marginalized or even suspended because of the rise of scientist ideology in academic research. The concept of spirit of place, known since Roman era as genius loci, is one of the key catogories that had been lost and regained in the history of urban planning and its theoretical reflections. Architectural historian and theorist Christian Norberg-Schulz has made the most significant contribution to the revival of this old Latin idea of spirit of place in urban and environmental studies. The article focuses on the impact of Norberg-Schulz in developing the interest in the spirit of place as an intellectual endeavor of his phenomenology of architecture and place. The author of the article notes that the concept of genius loci or „spirit of place“ remains a useful analytical tool in advancing the discourse on contemporary urbanism so that material and non-material elements that make the true character of urban place in contemporary urbanity can be adequately evaluated in urban research. Norberg-Schulz later reconsidered his attitude about modernist dogmas (as professed by Le Corbusier, Sigfried Giedion et al.) of the limitless capacity to transform spaces. He became a spokesman for the symbiotic relationship between the human being and the natural/urban space humans and reconsidered the archaic idea of genius loci as imperative for contemporary city-building. His theoretical insights might be of use in developing theoretical study of the development of urban structures in contemporary Lithuania.

13. Yüzyıl Anadolu Taçkapıları’nda Bulunan Kuşatma Kemerleri Tezyinatı Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Çiğdem Önkol Ertunç / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2018

In the 13th century Anatolian architecture, both the appearance and the decoration programs and the portals as important building elements that inform about the ornamentation characteristics of the period. The Anatolian Seljuk civilization continues its existence with its numerous architectural structures and elements of decoration. decorations which are generally independent or in the form of continuation of each other were used in 13th century. the architectural compositions of Anatolian Seljuk period. The part of the door, starting from the starting points of the corner pillars and forming the concave part, surrounding from outside, generally adorned areas are called siege arches. Various compositions that reflect the period features are used in the siege arches, which are a different architectural element with their massive appearances and decorative characteristics. The ornaments on the siege arches show differences in parallel to the number of the arch structure, shape and number of slices. In general, the siege arches which are suitable for the decoration program of the door are very attractive in some examples.

15 March 1939 and the occupation of Prague Castle

Author(s): Pavel Zeman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939 and Adolf Hitler’s stay in Prague on 15 and 16 March 1939 have been described in both specialist and memoir literature. Yet new archival materials relating to these events are still emerging. These include the report on the occupation of Prague Castle from May 1939 by JUDr. Karel Strnad, an official of the President’s Office, and two German documents: on President Emil Hácha’s return from Berlin on 15 March 1939 and on Adolf Hitler’s stay at Prague Castle.

1578 m. Zapyškio parapijos aprūpinimo aktas

Author(s): Guoda Gediminskaitė / Language(s): Polish,Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2014

The paper aims to examine Povilas Sapiega’s donation for Zapyškis parish in the year 1578 as it is the oldest known historical written source of the parish and its churches of Zapyškis and Gelgaudiškis. First, the text of the donation copy and its translation into Lithuanian language are given. Then, the publication is supplemented by a comment. Special attention is paid to the issues of the origin of the document. It is suggested that the donation copy was done in the year1796 in the context of foundation of a new diocese of Vygriai. The paper also tries to comment the content of the document, which reveals historical circumstances of the development of Zapyškis parish and church. It is offered that in the year 1578 Povilas Sapiega supplied for the first time the parish and church, which had been founded by his father Jonas Sapiega. Moreover, the details of supply are disputed.

18. ve 19. Yüzyıllarda İstanbul ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde Yaşanan Değişimler Çerçevesinde Yalı Olgusunun Gelişimi

Author(s): Melisa Elif İlhan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2018

Even though yalı (“waterfront”) mansions are an important part of Istanbul’s skyline, architecture and history, they have not been evaluated with an integrative approach yet. Research that has been conducted separately and from different angles and scopes by different disciplines is making it harder to grasp the entire picture. The initial step for eliminating this difficulty could be presenting the two main sources through which yalı mansions had been nourished and shaped. First of these sources is the Westernization process which had become a struggle between the old and new for the Ottoman Empire. It is not possible to tackle Ottoman Empire’s 18. and 19. centuries without taking into account the place and importance of the Westernization process. It could be argued that, even though they were very violent from time to time, reactions against “new” could not reach their target of “preserving the old” in this period. Similarly from yalı mansions’ perspective, it is observed that with each passing year Western-oriented architectural movements such as baroque and neoclassicism had been more visibly embraced and used. The second main source, on the other hand, is the connection formed between yalı mansions and the traditional architectural concepts. Especially during the early republican period, this connection had been studied under the topic of “Turkish House”; with an emphasis put on the desire to live as a part of nature, wood’s cultural and practical status within this context and hall-centered house layout. In this paper, aforementioned two main sources and the organic bond between them have been basically explained through a comprehensive literature survey. Purpose of this paper is to act as a starting point for gathering the pieces of knowledge regarding these two main sources which have been separately accumulated by history, architecture, urbanization and sociology disciplines to form a meaningful whole for further studies.

1900. Prvi urbanistički plan Pule

Author(s): Emil Jurcan,Attilio Krizmanić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Interview with Attilio Krizmanić by Emil Jurcan

1935. / 1939. Civilizacija rimskih temelja

Author(s): Emil Jurcan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Dvadeset godina nakon pripojenja Istre Italiji, Pula se nalazi u snažnoj gospodarskoj krizi, a stanovništvo joj postepeno opada. U 30–im godinama fašistički režim pokreće niz radova u cilju razvoja istarskog gospodarstva; 1933. godine započinje izgradnja vodovoda, 1937. godine gradi se rudarski grad Raša, a 1942. godine Podlabin. Moderniziraju se ceste Trst — Pula i Rijeka — Izvor: časopis Pula, a u sklopu tih akcija od 1935. do 1939. godine izrađuje se generalni urbanistički plan grada Pule.

1944. / 1945. Nestali grad

Author(s): Emil Jurcan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Pred kraj II. svjetskog rata, Pula je pretrpjela niz savezničkih bombardiranja. Prvo, od ukupnih 23 bombardiranja, uslijedilo je 9. 1. 1944. godine, a posljednje 6. 5. 1945. godine. U tim razaranjima poginulo je oko 280, a ranjeno oko 800 osoba, do temelja je srušeno 235, a teže ili lakše oštećeno 2.170 objekata. Nakon poslijeratnih sanacija nestalo je 67% ondašnjega grada, a brodogradilište, koje je bilo jedan od glavnih ciljeva, gotovo u potpunosti je razoreno. »I sama starogradska povijesna jezgra Pule izgubila je dio svojeg bogatstva u razaranjima koja su osobito pogodila prostor današnjeg Parka grada Graza, gdje se nalazio velik broj stambenih objekata čije su ruševine nakon rata definitivno sanirane prema već otprije postojećem planu ’ozdravljenja’ povijesne jezgre, budući da je prostorni plan, kojeg je između 1935. i 1939. godine izradio arhiekt Luigi Lenzi, predviđao planska rušenja građevina u starom gradu.« piše povjesničar Raul Marsetič u svojoj knjizi »I bombardamenti aleati su Pola 1944–1945, Vitime, danni, rifugi, disposizioni delle autorità e ricostruzione« u izdanju Centro di ricerche storiche — Rovigno, 2004.godine.

1957. / 1966. Selidba na jug

Author(s): Emil Jurcan,Radovan Miščević / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Interview with Radovan Miščević by Emil Jurcan

1978. / 1983. Prvi urbisov plan

Author(s): Emil Jurcan,Dragan Radolović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Interview with Dragan Radolović by Emil Jurcan

2000. / 2008. Lažna slika grada

Author(s): Emil Jurcan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Sadašnji prijedlog generalnog plana prolazi kroz niz preinaka, dorada i rasprava, a karakterizira ga potpuni raspad klasične metode planiranja koja postaje neprimjenjiva u današnjim gospodarsko/ političkim uvjetima. Promjenom vlasničke strukture i temeljnim nedostatkom razvojnih projekcija grada, koje bi bile prilagođene današnjoj ekonomiji, urbanizam se svjesno povukao iz svih segmenata društva i usmjerio se prema vrlo neobičnom cilju — stvaranju imidža grada. Temeljne pretpostavke na kojima se današnji GUP zasniva, streme ka svođenju Pule na »imidž grada kao atraktivne turističke destinacije«. Riječ imidž (image) označava sliku, predodžbu, a stvaranje imidža pretpostavlja stvaranje slike grada — slike koja bi zamijenila onu realnost, u kojoj njegovi građani žive. Tim činom planiranje se povuklo duboko u zamišljanje nerealnosti, zanemarujući trenutnu situaciju i probleme s kojima se grad suočava. Taj pomak stremi ka stvaranju postmodernog grada — grada koji jasno komunicira isključivo preko reklamnih prospekata.