"…the professional culture is also about the numerous books piling on top of one another". Interview with Nicolae Lascu

Author(s): Monica Sebestyen / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2013

In the inauspicious ideological climate of 1980s, professor Nicolae Lascu, at the time assistant-professor in our School’s Urban Planning Department, was one of the very few architects of his generation (the classes of the 1970s) who dared address in writing the architectural thinking and culture. Generally speaking, the architectural books of that period (and also those of the previous decades) were authored by acknowledged figures of Romanian architecture and historiography and were dedicated, with very rare exceptions, to architectural history or to the architectural achievements of the moment; theory of architecture was allotted very limited space. Neither the translations from foreign literature (very few), nor the articles published in the architectural magazine Arhitectura were inclined to favour purely theoretical matters or reflective approaches to architecture. Or, Nicolae Lascu’s two annotated anthologies – Architecture as Art (with Monica Mărgineanu-Cârstoiu) and Function and Form, – published in the prestigious Art Library collection of the Meridiane Publishing House, brought to the fore the architectural thinking in its universal cultural bearing. Likewise, the earlier Aesthetic Thinking in Romanian Architecture (with Gheorghe Săsărman) was the first critical approach to Romanian theory of architecture, while the monograph Florea Stănculescu: Contributions to Affirming Romanian Architecture was the first real critical study dedicated to this Romanian architect, thinker and editor. It has to be said that the first two titles are still, to this very day, singular in our architectural culture and publishing activity. After 1989, Nicolae Lascu particularly focused on the local forms of architectural modernisation and on the past and present transformations of the city of Bucharest, which resulted in many research-projects and other volumes: Horia Creangă Centennial (with Ana Maria Zahariade), Marcel Janco Centennial (with Anca Iliescu-Bocaneţ and Ana Maria Zahariade) and, especially, the monumental work “Bucharest’s Boulevards before World War I” (Bucharest: Simetria, 2011). The latter is actually a deeper investigation in the research field of his doctoral thesis, Legislation and urban development. Bucharest, 1831-1952, which is an inescapable key to understanding the city; this work is still unpublished but largely referenced in the research milieus. All of Nicolae Lascu’s works are seminal, which is why we decided to open the Printed in Red dossier with the interview that he so kindly gave our colleague Monica Sebestyen.

"Fabryka" kościoła p.w. Świętego Ducha w Warszawie w latach 1707-1730 w świetle źródeł paulińskich. Przebieg prac, projektanci, wykonawcy

Author(s): Jakub Sito / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 04/2011

The Pauline Fathers’ Church of the Holy Spirit in Warsaw is representative of the late-17thcentury tradition of Warsaw architecture, mostly created by the milieu of North Italian masters working in Poland. The typical features of such projects are the slim facade with two side towers, and the basilical organization of the interior - called Warsaw basilica. It was defined by its compositional compactness and the extent of space integration. What makes the Church of the Holy Spirit different from other Warsaw churches of that time is that the history of its architectural origin and construction is recorded perfectly in the Archives of the Polish Province of the Pauline Order at Jasna Góra. The most important and the most abundant sources of information concerning the artistic and construction-related details can be found in two accountancy book for the church construction for the years 1707-1729 (AJG 468 i AJG 471). The construction of the Warsaw church for the Pauline Fathers was initiated by Fr. Innocenty Pokorski (1656-1734), responsible for numerous Paulines’ construction projects. At a later stage of the construction project, he was accompanied by Fr. Konstanty Moszyński – Provincial Superior of the Polish Paulines, a well-known patron of art and founder of numerous artistic projects.

"Panský dům" v Týnci nad Labem: vzestupy a úpadky jednoho domu

Author(s): Michael Rykl / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The study of small-town houses is not a very common topic among researchers. The analysis of the development of the historical house "Panský dom" (literally house of nobility) in the town of Týnec nad Labem has been highly informative. The aim of the article is to show the individual development phases of house construction according to research into material and written sources. Reconstructions, the building use, as well as individual structural changes can be analysed from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century.On the basis of the research performed, it can be stated that the use and purpose of the building changed with each new owner, related to his social status (suzerain house; inn; house of reeve and aristocratic officers; uninhabited; house of a noble with a regular income that led to the construction of a dance hall; semi-agrarian farmers; the transformation to an apartment building and hotel; bakery; etc.). The function of the courtyard also adapted to the desires of the new owner and the quality of life the residents changed accordingly. The quality of life of its residents illustrates the ability to exploit the potential for the house (including loft, farm buildings in the courtyard, etc.), to express the fashion and trends of the particular period. The vision of the owner, the structural possibilities and especially the methods of modification that embody the fashion of the particular period can be appropriately illustrated. Individual structural modifications describe the ambitions and situation of the owners.In this case, it is not a "great" history, but it is a study of the traces of life left in the house that surrounded its owners. At certain points, general history overlaps with the micro-history of "Panský dom" and together they influenced the form of house construction. The research identified several building phases and reconstructions when the modus operandi accurately corresponded with the social status of the owners. The informative value grows from the early periods to the later periods, in proportion with the number of written sources, as well as the material source – the house itself.

"Seramik Tasarımında Güzeli Arayış Sürecinde Yerel Değerlerin Esin Kaynağı Olarak Kullanımı"

Author(s): Mehmet Fatih Karagül / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Special/2017

The beauty that has been tried to be addressed with such fields as mathematics, architecture, geometry has been among the subjects of philosophers since antiquity. Although the concept of beauty varies according to the periods, beauty is in fact related to the conception of the people. According to Aristotle, the values we can grasp will be beautiful, otherwise considered as non-aesthetic. Although 144 there is not a formula of the ideal beauty, the concept of beauty changes in an abstract and concrete way, according to the persons who monitoring. Throughout the ages, we can see that the Anatolian coasts have been governed by different civilizations and are a source of rich cultural composition. With its strategic and geopolitical importance, Çanakkale shores also witnessed a significant part of this process. Foreign powers always want to possess these lands and the beauty of the richness of these lands. The word "Hellespont" is one of the names used throughout the history of the Dardanelles. Hellespont is a local value for Çanakkale as geographical environment, cultural wealth and sense of meaning. A series of thematic works on using Hellespont as inspiration in designs will be addressed in this notice.

"Trulli" na području grada Alberobello i problemi njihove zaštite

Author(s): Marija Gamulin / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/1972

Der "Truli” ist ein Bau mit stufenförmigem Gewölbe, ausgeführt mit trockenem Gemäuer, meistens auf quadrati scher Basis, ähnlich unseren Bauten genannt "hunje" und "kažuni". Die grössten Gruppierungen der "Trulli" befinden sich in der Stadt Alberobello, in der ob zwei unter Schutz stehende Denkmal-Gebiete gibt (MONTI mit 1450 "Trulli" und gegen 4-500 Einwohnern und AIÄ FIOCOLA mit 400 "Trulli" und gegen 1500 Einwohnern; für nationale Denkmäler wurden auch einzelne Qbjekte ausserhalb dieser Gruppen erklärt (TROLLO SQVRAHO aus dem 17 Jahrhundert; CASA. D ’AMOHE aus dem 18.. Jahrhundert, das erste Hsub in Alberobello, das mit Mörtel erbaut wurde und das doch sichtbare Kennzeichen des Systems der Bauart der "Trulli" aufweist). Die historischen Angaben weisen darauf hin, dass der Bau der "Trulli" in Alberobello auf das Verbot des feudalen Herrn, die Wohnstätten der Kolonen mit Mörtel zu bauen, zurückzuführen ist. Im Aufsatz sind auch zahlreiche Probleme dargelegt, die verbunden mit der Begründung und der Behandlung der Präge des Schutzes entstanden sind; es wird auch auf die Bestrebungen hingewieeen, diese Probleme zu beseitigen, wie auch auf die Wege der Lösung, die sich bereits abzeichnen.

"Vidi coelum novum et terram novam". Treści ideowe i geneza form Kaplicy Matki Boskiej Karmelitańskiej we Frydmanie

Author(s): Maria Kazimiera Staniszewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 17/2017

The paper deals with the chapel located by the parish church in Frydmanin the Spiš (Scepusium) region, founded by the local parish priest Michał Lorencs in 1764.The interior of the octagonal building, is fitted with a homogeneous set of furnishingsconsisting of a centrally located two-sided retable surmounted by a unique shrine inthe form of a glazed star, and numerous wooden sculptures decorating niches in the walls.The chapel used to be a pilgrimage site and became the founder’s resting place. The paperdiscusses the history of the chapel, the religious and political context of its foundation aswell as problems explored in earlier studies, both popular and scholarly ones, with specialattention devoted to the article by Jan Białostocki and Adam Miłobędzki, from 1957, thathas served as a crucial point of reference in the existing interpretations of the chapel.Further, the article attempts to elucidate the still unresolved problem of the origins of thechapel’s plan and forms of its retable, pointing to the traits they share with the sacred architectureof pilgrimage sites, particularly shrines. The Chapel of the Holy Shroud in Turin hasbeen suggested as the closest counterpart for the Frydman chapel as far as its architecturalplan, the retable type and the way of displaying relics are concerned. The soft, flowing linesof the a-tectonic forms of the retable, in turn, seem to resemble South-German small-scalearchitectural church furnishings from the mid-eighteenth century.As far as the message carried by the decoration of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Chapel isconcerned, selected Old- and New Testament figures, depicted in the retable and wall niches,have been identified, and particular themes represented in the above decoration have beendetermined. The first, sepulchral, theme is manifested in the unmarked burial site of FatherLorencs, located ad sanctos, in the immediate proximity of the relics of catacomb saints.The next, Carmelite, theme is related to the Scapular Confraternity that had been associatedwith the chapel and church. The paper discusses also the Marian symbolism of the chapel,already explored to some extent in earlier literature, and its prominent Christological andEucharistic themes, which have hitherto not been adequately examined. In conclusion, OurLady of Mount Carmel Chapel is considered as a symbolic representation of the HeavenlyJerusalem and a powerful profession of faith in the intercession of saints and the Virgin Marybefore God.

"Пластика" та "пластичність" як мистецтвознавчі категорії

Author(s): Rada Mykhailova / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 28/2015

Identification of the content of certain terms and concepts as раrt of categorical apparatus, is one of the important tasks of science. The basic terms of art history is "plastic" and "plasticity" related graphic, decorative, design, architectural, stage entertainment perspective. Disclosure of the nature of their content, the analysis of a specific interpretation of professional, scientific and general educational level show that both terms are widely used in different areas of artistic practice, but most of the wording of the explanation is schematic and superficial. The current level of science to clarify and deepen this scientific definition. The term "plastic" often associated with the visual arts, which include spatial, visual (apparent), based on the fact that their works are substantive in nature, there are material by treating the material and are thought to exist in space. Traditionally, visual arts include painting, sculpture, graphics that make up the complex visual arts, architecture and applied art that reflect the real world materialized in specific forms of artistic activity – utilitarian three-dimensional objects endowed with artistic features. The spatial forms of plastic volumes and lines are essential, as this quality is their basis is the fundamental difference from other art forms such as music, literature, theater, cinema, whose works were perceived by ear, "expanding" in time are synthesized with a variety of visual representations. However, plasticity is an important component of synthetic, entertainment arts – screen and stage, including ballet-dance. The main quality of plasticity is the ability to deform under mechanical stress. In visual and spatial arts – a specific processing of materials in different ways is to achieve spatial configurations, identify their sculpture and paintings, material and texture, imagery and stylistic properties of structuring work and so on.

A bolgár ajkú magyarok legnagyobb temploma

A vingai római katolikus templom építészeti tervpályázata

Author(s): Nóra Németh,Katalin Marótzy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: X-XI/2016

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise the state establishment worked as a stable system until World War I. The immovable scheme of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy state-system and the economic prosperity induced building operations. The society became more and more civilian thus the architectural competitions, as a phenomena of the free-market economy, spread widely. This process was favoured by the Association of Hungarian Engineers and Architects. Among the architectural competitions the ecclesiastical ones frame a different group. In these cases, the constitutor is not a faceless state organization or a capitalist company but a community who considered its church as an expression of their identity. The city of Vinga which is located near to Arad advertised a competition for designing a new catholic church in 1886. Vinga was founded at the middle of the 18th century when Bulgarian refugees won the right to settle down in the uninhabited territories of Temes County. They preserved their Bulgarian identity thus they regarded themselves as a part of the Hungarian nation, too. Their biggest town Vinga was built with wide roads according to a planned urban structure and they raised a neoclassical Roman Catholic church. The economic prosperity and the growth of the population induced the need for a bigger and representative church at the end of the 19th century and they decided to organize an architectural competition to find the most magnificent plan. In the same time, they were quite tight-fisted, thus this two aspects resulted a knotty situation. The process of the design competition and its criticism was not only published in the local newspaper: the bilingual Vingánska Nárudna Nuvála / Vingai Néplap, but also in the most prominent Hungarian architectural journal: Építési Ipar. As it was ordered the plans were designed in Gothic style. In the Hungarian historicism the neo-Gothic influence came from Viena. The architects, as Imre Steindl, who studied from Friedrich von Schmidt brought this trend to Hungary, and later as teachers propagated this to their students. The Vinga Church Building Comitee found Ottó Szehlo’s – a Steindl-follower’s – neo-Gothic proposal the best but they wanted to reduce the costs. After some complication the construction plans were made by Eduard Reiter, an architect from Timișoara (Temesvár). Examining the original drawings we can follow the alterations, how the concept and the details changed. From the elegant competition design Reiter made a cheaper and a bit provincial church and in some forms it is possible to find his own taste. The Roman Catholic church in Vinga became a huge three-bayed building with a low-keyed crossnave, the white walls and rib vaults are emphasized with a decorative, ornamental painting. The furniture and the altars were made in the same style, giving us a magnificent general impression. The façade with two high towers determines the view of the city up to this day.

A kolozsvári Marianum Római Katolikus Leánynevelő Intézet épülete

Author(s): Zsófia Gál / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: X-XI/2016

This article deals with the Romano Catholic Institute for girls (also known as ”Marianum”), in a historical, architectural perspective. The building of the Romano Catholic Institute for girls ”Marianum” from Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár) is a significant example of the school buildings erected in the second part of the dualist period. It was founded thanks to some favorable terms. On one hand, the need for new middle-level educational institutes for girls, emerged from the ministerial decree of Gyula Wlassics, which allowed women to enroll to universities. On the other hand, the cause of the education of women found a devoted upholder in the person of the parson József Hirschler. Due to his refined artistry and economic sense, Hirschler managed to assure all the needed material and spiritual resources. The volume of the building was masterfully adapted to the oblong plot, creating a symmetric and modern structure. The building has met both sanitarily and technically all the expectations of the period. When shaping the building, and articulating the special structure, there was a great emphasis on functionality, respectively on ensuring the natural lightning and ventilation of the classrooms. These favorable conditions were completed with a modern ventilation- and heating systems. The backyard was shaped as a playground − that in the winter could be converted into a skating rink − and on the elevation there was a filagory. It’s individual character was given by the mixture between the religious and the woman’s institutes specificities. These two special ingredients required some specific rooms, that one could not find in other educational institutions in the city: the spacious kitchen, necessary for the household classes, which had to be roomy enough to receive a whole classroom, the multifunctional room, that was both gymnasium, assembly hall and a chapel for the pupils, respectively a separate chapel for the nuns. The furniture was of a great value, fulfilling the needs of a high standard and comfortable education. Hübner, who was not widely known in Transylvania, was most probably helped by his father-in-law, Ignác Alpár a star-architect of the time, to receive the commissioning. The school complex is one of the latest works of Hübner. The modernity and the openness towards the new architectural trends set on a solid historicist ground that defines the architects oeuvre is characteristic for this building as well. The style of the facades and of the interior details fits in the conservative art nouveau stream defined by the Árpád-bath from Székesfehérvár and by the tenement house from Üllői street 119, Budapest. In this period, his individual art nouveau style was already tangible through the ornamentation that reinterpreted in a creative manner the architectural decoration of the historicism. Hübner applied decorative and clear solutions using simple materials like brick and plaster. The over-all impression of this facades is reserved and elegant, due to the extensive use of the brick a bit somber, the classical frame being filled with a modern content. Even though both the interior and exterior decoration could give us the impression of a vast a decorative program that refers clearly to the function of the building, the evident parallels with the tenement house from the Üllői street (owl decorations), disclaims this kind of interpretation.

A Study of Islamic Leaders’ Strategic Role in Islamic Architectures

Author(s): Hamid Reza Shojaifard,Zahra Sajadi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2019

The architecture issue is one of the important factors in Islamic civilization that Muslims have considered a lot in religious leaders' teachings. The applied purposes of this article are based on the religious Imams' statements including scientific and practical approaches to the Islamic architectural harmonization, urban structures and elimination factors that destroy urban civilizations. Religious leaders have commented on Islamic architecture leading to civilized societies. These comments include urbanization, making green spaces, building structures facing Qibla, building horizontal-oriented houses and avoiding some special manifestations in architecture such as statues. As one of the dimensions of art is architecture, Muslims have paid attention to the constuction of mosques and monasteries, which are quite present in Islamic architecture. It is a descriptive and analytical article; and it refers to architectural modeling features that religious leaders have introduced in their speeches.

André-Emile Lecomte du Noüy: medieval architecture at the beginning of Romanian modernity

Author(s): Horia Moldovan / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2015

André-Emile Lecomte du Noüy’s name occurs frequently in the Romanian architectural historiography, becoming famous for his involvement in the restoration or reconstruction works for some of the most representative Romanian medieval monuments, as well as in new projects. Despite the large number of controversies generated by his work - most of which was conducted under the patronage of King Carol I – and the abundant documentary evidence available, one century after his death Lecomte du Noüy continues to be a controversial character. His work also remains just as controversial, so much discussed upon but still lacking a comprehensive and thorough study, based on the preserved primary sources rather than on the large number of opinions or interpretations, often jaundiced, mainly focused on his restoration and reconstruction works. Suspected of having purloined some heritage values, criticised for his artistic ambitions for the sake of which he overrode invaluable monuments of the Romanian medieval history, Lecomte du Noüy enjoyed however the appraisal of some of the most prominent personalities of the time; the study of his activity is thus a requisite for completing the perspective of a history upon which the 19th century left a deep and often beneficial footprint. Lecomte du Noüy’s drawings, surveys and plans of the projects or photographs, selectively published in articles or synthesis papers, continue to be a very valuable material, from at least three points of view: for documenting some of the most important old Romanian architectural works, for understanding the inception of modern restoration practices at the turn of the 20th century and, last but not least, for the role that his reconstruction works played in the modern development of Romanian Orthodox religious architecture.

Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane Sibiu

Frequency: 1 issues / Country: Romania

The Yearbook of the Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities Sibiu is a scholarly publication appearing since 1994, in its numbers containing papers – signed by researchers from Sibiu’s Institute, as well as from other academic or research institutions in Romania and other countries − in the fields of history, archeology, sociology, literary history, linguistics, literature, culture, art, ethnology, reviews and reading notes. Since 2010 the journal adopted double blind peer-review system and only accepts original articles written in Romanian, English, Italian, French and German, all reviewed by two internal or external specialists before publishing. The accepted articles, studies and reading notes should fall into the fields of History, Art History and Architecture, Cultural Studies, Memory and heritage, Literature and Linguistics.

Architect Florea Stănculescu or On Modernism in the Romanian Interwar. Architecture as Negotiation Between Genius Loci and Zeitgeist

Author(s): Gabriela Tabacu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2014

The connections between the Romanian cultural space and the spirit of modernism that animates the first part of the 20th century have been varied, heterogenous and sometimes even hard to distinguish, engendered very different ideas and methods of approach. Following the same pattern somehow lacking internal support, the local architects seek to unravel the sense of modernity in very particular manners and their achievments shed light onto a stylistic landscape that shows great richness and creativity. In this context the architect Florea Stanculescu, an articulated personality known for his seriousness and profoundness, proves to be a very active and vocal supporter of the new ideas animating the professional field after the First World War. Both through his theoretical discourse and his tectonic approach, he suggests ways to push the local stylistic (already outdated at the beginning of the 20th century) towards new horizons of modernism. Unlike his contemporaries (of which most are silent, some are revolting against the new and a few are raging against the old), Florea Stanculescu understands the imminence of change and the need for progress. He does this, however, with caution and delicacy, but also unrelentlessly. His achievments are solid and thorough. The present research is aimed at uncovering the way an architect profoundly attached to the values of the traditional Romanian village, succeeded to be at the same time an authentic and effective supporter of modernism (even if only of a particular type of modernism, adapted to the historical and cultural moment of the area he was addressing).

Architecture and sounds the interdisciplinary research on the use of audio signals in the cognition and design of architectural space

Author(s): Agnieszka Kłopotowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Architecture and sounds the interdisciplinary research on the use of audio signals in the cognition and design of architectural space

ARHEOLOŠKA I POVIJESNA ISTRAŽIVANJA VARAŽDINSKIH UTVRDA

Author(s): Lovorka Štimac-Dedić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 30/2019

The town of Varaždin was surrounded by a fortification in the shape of an irregular quadrilateral with bastions, semi-circular half towers and north and south town gates which were entered across wooden bridges stretching over a moat. According to historical sources, its construction was associated with the impending threat to the wider area of the Kingdom of Croatia and Styria in the second half of the 15th century, while the underlying mediaeval fortification layer that preceded it has not been sufficiently researched yet. Although the exact time of the beginning of its construction remains unknown, the existence and construction of the walls is mentioned in the sources as early as 1516. Some elements indicating the appearance of the fortification around the settlement before it was modernised are known from historical sources, but its final transformation occurred in the Renaissance during the restoration of the feudal fortification into a Wasserburg, when these two elements were connected with a shared fortification system. Apart from repairs, after this period there were no significant interventions on the fortification until the second half of the 18th century, when the east and west walls were breached for the purpose of urban development and to facilitate transport. At the beginning of the 19th century the fortification was systematically demolished, leaving only the foundations of the walls beneath the street level and individual segments in the foundations of houses.

Arhitektura i filozofija: paradoksi i metamorfoze njihova susreta

Author(s): Chris Younès / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 05+08/2019

Dobro je poznato da je Jacques Derrida isticao ideju o suštinskom suživotu filozofije i arhitekture, te je rekao: »Collège international de philosophie treba osigurati mjesto susreta (rencontre), susret mišljenja, između filozofije i arhitekture. Ne zbog toga da se konačno sukobe, već da promisle što ih oduvijek drži zajedno u najbitnijoj kohabitaciji.«

Aspecte ale recuperării unor fragmente de pictură murală de la Biserica de lemn din satul Budurăști, jud. Vâlcea

Author(s): Cosmina- Mădălina Dediu,Gheorghiță Romeo / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7/2018

The wooden church from Budurăşti village, Stoeneşti commune, Vâlcea county was built in 1755-56 and is dedicated to the „Parvichia Paraschiva”, and is also included in the updated list of historical monuments, LMI 2015, Code VL-II-m-B-09691. Over time, it has been abandoned and suffered continuous degradations, reaching a state of ruin today. In December 2016, the paintings were brought to the Conservation and Restoration Section of the National University of Arts in Bucharest, where the conservation and restoration documentation was drawn up. Thus it was possible to outline the conservation-restoration procedure of the mural fragments retrieved from situ. Conservation-restoration operations consisted of: reinforcing and grinding the support layer, removing the provisional face, fixing the color film, recomposing the image from the recovered fragments, translating the wall painting onto a new support.

Assessing the Urban Design Appropriateness of xiaoqu: the Case of Pujiang Town, Shanghai

Author(s): Marco Capitanio / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

A liveable neighborhood is the result of a multitude of factors, actors and circumstances, pertaining, among other things, to the built-environment, the socio-political and the economic context, adjusting over time. As in Shanghai numerous new towns are being built, urbanization growth has been researched mainly from a large-scale and quantitative point of view. A discourse on liveability is a necessary step to combine a more qualitative-based approach. This paper deals with the analysis and possible improvements of Shanghai’s peripheral developments, especially focusing on the neighborhood scale in a middle-class context. A contextualization of the new towns’ inception and main issues will provide the necessary background knowledge, and specific attention will be drawn to the Chinese urban typology of the enclosed compound (xiaoqu). One case study will be analyzed – a relocation area in Pujiang Town (south) – investigated through three urban design factors: diversity of uses, walkability, and green and public space. These will highlight the crucial role of a certain mixture of uses and the need of specific architectural typologies to house them; the contradiction between sense of enclosure and social interaction; the mutating nature of public space. Following new 2016 urban guidelines promulgated by the central government, compounds are required to gradually open up their walls and fences; nevertheless, the resistance of residences and historical urban models in China will constitute a challenge to the implementation of these guidelines.

Assessment of therapeutic qualities of ten public parks in Bydgoszcz

Author(s): Monika Trojanowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

This paper presents a binary rough assessment of ten public parks in Bydgoszcz, followed by a detailed assessment of one of them – Dolina Pięciu Stawów. The assessment was conducted using the universal pattern of design for health-affirming urban landscapes. The binary rough assessment results were satisfactory and similar for all parks. The results of the assessments indicated areas for possible improvement and can be used by the designers and inhabitants as justification for amendments. The major advantages of selected parks were qualities of space for mental and physical regeneration while the major deficiencies resulted from a lack of recreational equipment for various age groups and limited opportunities for social contacts. There were no major discrepancies and the fact that the rough assessment showed only little variation depending on the size of parks is proof of its limitation. This subjectivity of the rough evaluation was mitigated by a detailed assessment of Dolina Pięciu Stawów. This evaluation indicated further areas for improvement. The universal pattern of design for health-affirming urban places can be used as a ready-to-use tool.

Az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem- és Régiségtárának története

Author(s): Béla Pósta / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

The present volume is a delayed edition of a manuscript which was born one hundred years ago, on the Collection of Coins and Antiques of the Transylvanian Museum Society (TMS).Founded in 1859, the TMS was conceived as a replica of the Transylvanian Hungarian society against the neo-absolutist regime, established following the defeat of the Hungarian revolution and fighting for freedom of 1848–1849. Its objective was the salvation, conveyance to the public and scientific analysis of natural and inherited man-made treasures. This noble intention was marked by the establishment of a library, a natural collection, and also a collection of coins and antiques.On the fiftieth anniversary of the TMS, Béla Pósta, professor at the archaeology department of the university and also the manager of the collection of coins and antiques, was asked to present the history and background of the collection he was entrusted with. The invitation was sent at the beginning of 1909 and a year later the manuscript, together with its addenda, was ready to be printed. The publication did not take place however, initially because of a lack of funds and later because of the start of WWI and the political changes that followed this. The manuscript was recently discovered in the archives of the TMS and brought to the attention of those who were interested by Professor Csetri Elek. Although delayed, the publication of the manuscript is motivated by the fact that it is the most comprehensive presentation of the collection and is therefore a reference work for those who are going to come into contact with the past of the museum movement of Cluj and of Transylvania.The history of the collection, which takes up more than half the manuscript, is divided into three shorter periods. Although the initial offers and donations arrived later, the first period (1862–1872) is calculated from the time when Henrik Finály was elected custodian of the collection of coins and antiques; he was charged with organising the collection, which in the meantime became independent. The 25 year long second period, which lasted from 1872 to 1898, was dominated by the takeover of the management of the collection by the recently established university, though this did not compromise the TMS’s ownership of the collection. From that moment on, the pieces of the collection were used in the educational process as well as in obtaining new sources of income, which were used to enrich the collection.The re-housing of the collection, caused by the start of construction work on the ornate new university building, and the death of Finály in 1898 threatened the double collection with a Cinderella-like destiny, but the third period, the next 10 years (1899–1909), which began with the appointment of Pósta, marked the renaissance of the collection. This was a decade of growth and spiritual excitement, its benefits increased vertiginously in the next five years, until the start of WWI. The second half of the manuscript is richly illustrated and presents the objects of the collection in historical order and also catalogues them according to where they came from. Among the acquisitions of the Finály period a number of pieces stand out; the Zsófia Torma collection from Turdaş followed by the Greek helmet discovered at Uioara, the Roman funeral statue (mother and child) from Potaissa, appendages from the princely tomb (Omharus) in Apahida and Albert Bíró’s collection of majolica. During the Pósta period the collection grew constantly by buying valuable new objects (the little bronze statue of Venus from Potaissa, tankards, the altars from Jimbor and Guşteriţa and oriental carpets), and thanks to donations and deposits (vestments and paintings by Hungarian contemporary artists).However, thanks of their scientific value, the most important additions were the acquisitions that came from the archaeological excavations initiated by the new curator (at Iclod, Balsa and Sântana de Mureş), as well by ethnographic collections (fishermen’s tools, embroideries). Among the most recent acquisitions the manuscript mentions are the bronze finds from Uioara, bought in 1909, and the contents of the tombs which came from the migration era cemeteries of Târgu Mureş, excavated in 1909–1910. The Egyptian mummy, which was received in December 1909, was omitted from the list, perhaps because it was not possible to include it with the monuments of Transylvanian history, the basis of the collection. It is clear that the discoveries made in 1910–1911 at the Turdaş, Valea Nandrului, Cioclovina and Cluj excavations, and which substantially modified knowledge of the Paleolithic and Neolithic in Transylvania, and also the period of the Hungarian establishment, remained out of the presentation.The description of the coin collection is missing from the manuscript. István Kovács, Pósta’s disciple, was asked to write this since he was assigned to supervise the collection. The title of the mentioned study appears in a contemporary enumeration of his speciality works, but only an extract of it was published, being the introduction of an article in which is described the jubilee plaque of the TMS. The original manuscript did not come down to us.In the present publication, in the annex of Pósta’s work, one can find Kovács’s article, and thus the reader can get a fairly accurate image of the double collection a hundred years ago. A second annex offers another unpublished manuscript by Pósta, which has the text of the conference dedicated to the presentation of the above mentioned plaque. Most of the pictures are publications of the images selected by Pósta, though a few missing photographs were replaced from other sources. Included in this category is a published image of the plaque, as well as two photographs of some pages from the manuscript dedicated to the double collection.The original manuscripts, and also most of the pictures in the present publication, are in the National Archives, Cluj County Department. After the dissolu tion of the TMS, at the start of the communist regime, its collections were taken to different state run museums in Cluj, but the most valuable pieces were taken to Bucharest. Following the collapse of the dictatorial regime, the Transylvanian Museum Society is still waiting for the restitution of those spiritual items it was deprived of in dark times.