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VERSENGÉS EGY ISKOLÁÉRT – AVAGY HOGYAN LETT KOMÁROMÉ A REFORMÁTUS TANÍTÓKÉPZŐ-INTÉZET A KÉT VILÁGHÁBORÚ KÖZÖTT

VERSENGÉS EGY ISKOLÁÉRT – AVAGY HOGYAN LETT KOMÁROMÉ A REFORMÁTUS TANÍTÓKÉPZŐ-INTÉZET A KÉT VILÁGHÁBORÚ KÖZÖTT

Author(s): Attila Lévai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

This study examines the multiple problem of teacher education in the Reformed Church after the first world war. There were several teacher training colleges in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, where Reformed teachers studied, too. Of course the Reformed Church had its own teacher training colleges as well. On that score the supply of Reformed teachers in the Church was guaranteed. However, at the end of 1910, the General Convent of Hungarian Reformed Church reported the lack of teachers, especially on the northern part of the country. In the 1920´s Pálóczi Czinke István wrote a Memorandum to the prime minister. In that Memorandum he depicted all the thwarting in the Reformed Church, which were caused by Treaty of Trianon. Additionally, he submitted all the rightful demands of the Reformed Church in Czechoslovak Republic. One of these demands was the need of a Reformed teacher training college. Pálóczi Czinke István further subjected to the prime minister the necessity of the grant-in-aid from the government for Church institutions. The very first supporter of the teacher training college was Károly Patay, the chairman of the educational commission of the Convent. In 1922, on the seating of General Convent in Pozsony, the Convent decided that the teacher training college should be established in Komárom. At that time nobody would ever presumed that the Congregation of Komárom had to emulate for the college with the Congregation of Érsekújvár, then with the Congregation of Rimaszombat, and finally, in 1938 with the Congregation of Léva. Finally, Komárom got the right of establishment of the Reformed teacher training college.

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MÁRTÍROK, ÁLDOZATOK, TÚLÉLŐK. VIZSGÁLÓDÁS A SZENVEDÉS ÉS IDENTITÁSFORMÁLÓDÁS KÉRDÉSÉBEN

MÁRTÍROK, ÁLDOZATOK, TÚLÉLŐK. VIZSGÁLÓDÁS A SZENVEDÉS ÉS IDENTITÁSFORMÁLÓDÁS KÉRDÉSÉBEN

Author(s): János Simon / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

Modernity was dominated by the image of winner, while postmodernism can be associated with victimary thinking. Being a winner, among other things, meant that the person had the strength and the ability to put the other at his service. History was primarily the story of winners, or a story from the winner’s point of view. The defeated had to suffer not only the punishment imposed on him by the winner, but they could not count on the recognition and sympathy of the broader society. The postmodern observed the neglected victims for the first time by questioning the earlier dominant metanarratives. As the claims of authority were abandoned, the voice of the victims became louder. This led to an interchange between the role of winner and victim. Slavoj Žižek observes that „the ideology of victimization penetrates intellectual and political life even to the extent that in order for your work to have any ethical authority you must be able to present and legitimate yourself as in some sense victimized […] and the fundamental right becomes the right […] to tell your story; to formulate the specific narrative of your suffering.” This switch in the dominant image of our society has to be analysed. In the article below, we do it by presenting what Christian tradition teaches about suffering, based on the definitions and examination of David B. Barrett, Todd M. Johnson, and Elizabeth Castelli. The answer to the above-mentioned question is solely limited to the examination of martyrdom as a special form of suffering. Driving from the Christian tradition on martyrdom, we can recognize some dangers in our societal discourse and dominant ethical values. We shortly present some aspects of what it means to be closed into the victimary discourse and identity, and some possibilities of liberation presented by the theologies of Jürgen Moltmann and Miroslav Volf.

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RECENZIE - MARIA ȘTEFĂNESCU: DICȚIONAR ROMÂN-ENGLEZ DE TERMENI RELIGIOȘI CREȘTINI (ROMANIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS TERMS) EDITURA CASA CĂRȚII DE ȘTIINȚĂ, CLUJ-NAPOCA, 2017. ISBN 978-606-17-1277-4. 251 PAGES

RECENZIE - MARIA ȘTEFĂNESCU: DICȚIONAR ROMÂN-ENGLEZ DE TERMENI RELIGIOȘI CREȘTINI (ROMANIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS TERMS) EDITURA CASA CĂRȚII DE ȘTIINȚĂ, CLUJ-NAPOCA, 2017. ISBN 978-606-17-1277-4. 251 PAGES

Author(s): Olga Lukács / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

When one starts learning a new language, everything is new for them just like for a newborn. If the chosen language is English, then there is a kind of head start as a lot of English terms leaked into our everyday language. But irrespective of the language we learn, a learner’s best friend is the dictionary. Since words in English generally have several meanings, and what is more they can be perverted with all kinds of prepositions and other dreadfulnesses, words can mean lots of things.

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KÖNYVISMERTETÉS - SOMFALVI EDIT: A GYERMEKKORI SZORONGÁS OLDÁSA BIBLIAI TÖRTÉNETEKKEL. DEMAX MŰVEK KFT. KIADÓ, BUDAPEST, 2017. 187 OLDAL. ISBN 978-963-89272-3-1

KÖNYVISMERTETÉS - SOMFALVI EDIT: A GYERMEKKORI SZORONGÁS OLDÁSA BIBLIAI TÖRTÉNETEKKEL. DEMAX MŰVEK KFT. KIADÓ, BUDAPEST, 2017. 187 OLDAL. ISBN 978-963-89272-3-1

Author(s): Olga Lukács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

Azon a szülők esetében, akiknek a gyermeke szorong, gyakran a szülő is szorong, ha másért nem, attól, hogy mi lesz a gyermekével. A helyzetet bonyolultabbá teszi az a tény, hogy a szülők szorongása a gyermekek irányába is hat. A gyermekek egyszerű tudatalatti segítő szándékkal átveszik a szüleik problémáját. A szülők viszont a nagyobb tapasztalatuk révén képesek elsajátítani olyan technikákat, melyek révén a gyermeken is segíteni tudnak.

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Od Psałterza floriańskiego do Psałterza Wujka, czyli o trwałości polszczyzny biblijnej

Od Psałterza floriańskiego do Psałterza Wujka, czyli o trwałości polszczyzny biblijnej

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The aim of the article is to show the role medieval Polish translations of The Psalter (the Saint Florian Psalter, the Pulawski Psalter, the Cracow Psalter) played in shaping the Polish Psalter and biblical style, as well as to point out their stylistic influence on later Renaissance translations of The Book of Psalms and free translations (the Psalter by Walenty Wróbel, the David’s Psalter by Mikołaj Rej). The analyses show meticulous, conscious work of medieval translators done in order to shape the stylistic and linguistic layer of the translation. They also deal with the translators’ efforts and stylistic choices, such as conscious archaization or synonymy, that often are the effect of abandoning literal translation, which is against popular views of only word-for-word, mechanical translation of Latin Vulgate. The analyses indicate that the process of creating native biblical style of poetry is reflected in the earliest translations and editions of The Book of Psalms. Some of its features are preserved in Renaissance translations despite the revolution which happened in Polish biblical texts due to the Reformation and Humanism.

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FOLKLORE PROJECTIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT FEAST
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FOLKLORE PROJECTIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT FEAST

Author(s): Albena Georgieva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

In the ecclesiastical Christian calendar, Holy Trinity or Holy Ghost is a moveable feast and is celebrated on the Monday after Pentecost, in May or June. In the folk calendar, this holiday marks the beginning of the so-called Whitsuntide or Midsummer Week (in Bulgarian Rusalska nedelya). It is believed to be the period of wood nymphs’ special activity – during the week those supernatural creatures, who personify vegetation and greenery in the fields and the woods, provide the fertility of crops and vineyards. The analysis focuses on those notions and the respective practices, outlining that to a great degree Whitsuntide corresponds to the Dirty or Pagan days in the winter – the period between Christmas and Epiphany. As this is one of the most important periods in the agricultural calendar, it is bound with people’s efforts to ensure fertility and water balance in their inhabited territory by offering sacrifices and propitiating the supernatural powers who are owners and hosts of vegetation and water resources.

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Helenizmo kultūros samprata Antano Rubšio biblistikoje

Helenizmo kultūros samprata Antano Rubšio biblistikoje

Author(s): Romualdas Juzefovičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

The prelate Antanas Rubšys (1923-2002), in the middle of the 20th century, was already involved in the archaeological research of historic places mentioned in the Holy Scripture, the results of which were later applied to text-analytical studies of the Old and New Testaments. From this point of view, the following voluminous works of Rubšys may be excluded: “Key to the Old Testament” and “Key to the New Testament”. These works, in addition to other issues, analyse the interaction between culture and religion, and present premises for internal and external change in the Near East. All propositions presented by Rubšys are grounded on ideological principles formulated by unknown authors of the Old Testament, and historical parallels thereof, which partially reveal the internal split in Jewish culture during the Hellenist period. The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the many historical aspects analysed in Rubšys’ works, i.e. reflections of Hellenist culture and its evaluation in narrations of the Old Testament.

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Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life . not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

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Viduklės bažnyčios Angelo Sargo paveikslas

Viduklės bažnyčios Angelo Sargo paveikslas

Author(s): Raimonda Norkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

In this article the picture of the Guardian Angel in Viduklė Church is analysed from different aspects. Using archival and historical documents, the history of the picture and its origin are reconstructed. Analysed material shows that the picture was painted in the third quarter of the 18th century, most likely in the seventh or eight decades of that century. In this article, seeking to educe the intricate ideological-iconographical programe of the picture, and also to define the artistic features and using various methods, the teological basis of the Guardian Angel was defined, and the development of the iconographical type and the image of the Guardian Angel in Baroque art were analysed. The picture of the Guardian Angel is valuable for its versatile, distinctive iconographical programme, which is harmoniously combined with the artistic expression and the text. In this picture we can see an artistic and ideological expression of Baroque art that allows the picture to join the ranks of the Baroque cultural heritage.

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Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life - not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

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Viduklės bažnyčios Angelo Sargo paveikslas

Viduklės bažnyčios Angelo Sargo paveikslas

Author(s): Raimonda Norkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

In this article the picture of the Guardian Angel in Viduklė Church is analysed from different aspects. Using archival and historical documents, the history of the picture and its origin are reconstructed. Analysed material shows that the picture was painted in the third quarter of the 18th century, most likely in the seventh or eight decades of that century. In this article, seeking to educe the intricate ideological-iconographical programe of the picture, and also to define the artistic features and using various methods, the teological basis of the Guardian Angel was defined, and the development of the iconographical type and the image of the Guardian Angel in Baroque art were analysed. The picture of the Guardian Angel is valuable for its versatile, distinctive iconographical programe, which is harmoniously combined with the artistic expression and the text. In this picture we can see an artistic and ideological expression of Baroque art that allows the picture to join the ranks of the Baroque cultural heritage.

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Symbolic Transformation of the Widow`s Image in Biblical Cultural Tradition: Semantics, Analogies, Universal Features

Symbolic Transformation of the Widow`s Image in Biblical Cultural Tradition: Semantics, Analogies, Universal Features

Author(s): Oleh Mikhaylovich Shepetyak,Svitlana Anatoliyivna Khrypko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The purpose of the work is to analyze the specific features of a widow‘s image and status on the Bible pages, to consider semantic contexts of an image, to follow the parallels between the images of an orphan and a widow, to conceive a loneliness phenomenon and orphans‘ and widows‘ protection in Biblical tradition. Axiological variety and poly vector spiritual and semantic representation of Biblical women‘ images are the main focuses of the issue. Methodologically the issue is based on the original source of the Bible. The work is based on methodical description of the women‘ images, who are selected from the Old and New Testament in order to highlight valued features of each image. Moreover, the methods of semantic analysis and hermeneutics are applied to consider semantic differences. The principles of comparative analysis are applied in order to reveal the traits of a widow‘s image in the blocks of historical texts and compare Ukrainian context of widows‘ existence with biblical one. Scientific novelty is in the poly semantic analysis of the women‘ Biblical context and widows‘ images separation with further analysis of their fates, valued statuses, which allowed them to embody the problems of motherhood and marriage, future children birth and solitude, the problem of divine protection in different ways. The issue is devoted to the consideration of symbolic and axiological poly vector transformations of the mentioned problems. Conclusions. The social polarity and spiritual separation of a widow‘s place and role in ancient tradition, and poly vector semantics of a widow‘s Biblical context are conceived. The attention is drawn to the varied contexts of solitude, selectiveness, devoted life, vocation, divine protection of a widow. A widow‘s image is compared with orphans‘ statuses, levits, foreigners, etc. A widow‘s figure is shown as a symbolic one. The ideas of selectiveness, God blessing, obedience, and humility, a miracle of sacred and virgin life are embodied in a person, whose name is translated as ―tears of sea‖. Virgin Mary is a crown of a widow‘s image understanding in Biblical tradition.

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What of the Land with Bows? Archers of “Meshech” and the Allusion to Genesis in Isaiah 66:19

Author(s): Selim Ferruh Adalı / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2019

This paper seeks to interpret the term "Meshech of the bow", a unique gentilic in the Book of Isaiah. Placed within a part of the Book of Isaiah referred to in redactional methodology as Trito-Isaiah, Isaiah 66:19 lists several gentilic names: “I will set a “sign” among them and will send survivors from them to the nations: Tarshish, Put, Lud, Meshech of the bow, Tubal, and Yavan, to the distant coastlands that have neither heard my fame nor seen my glory. They will declare my glory among the nations.” Among them is a certain Môšḵê qešet, translated as "Meshech of the bow". Meshech is a reference to Phrygia between Lydia and Tubal/Tabal in Central Anatolia. The term "Meshech of the bow" is not a recognized ancient Near Eastern gentilic name. The reference to the "bow" in Isaiah 66:19 can be understood as a marker for a literary allusion to Genesis 9:13: “I have set My “bow” in the cloud, and it shall be for a “sign” of a covenant between Me and the earth”. The use of another marker in the Masoretic text, the word "sign" (ôt) in both Isaiah 66:19 and Genesis 9:13 further strengthens this interpretation.

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„Sutry Jezusa” – pierwsze syntezy chrystologiczne Dalekiego Wschodu

„Sutry Jezusa” – pierwsze syntezy chrystologiczne Dalekiego Wschodu

Author(s): Dariusz Klejnowski-Różycki / Language(s): English,Polish,Chinese Issue: 19/2019

Artykuł prezentuje badania dotyczące zabytkowych „dokumentów nestoriańskich” zwanych „Sutrami Jezusa”, które powstały podczas pierwszej misji Kościoła Wschodu do Chin w VII w. pod przewodnictwem Alopena. Teksty te są syntezą chrystologii oraz elementów teologii chrześcijańskiej istotną z punktu widzenia misji w Chinach. Opisują dogmaty chrześcijańskie za pomocą taoistycznej i buddyjskiej terminologii, filozofii, antropologii, kosmologii i symboliki. Są świadectwem rozwoju Kościoła w Chinach w ciągu trzech wieków za panowania dynastii Tang. „Sutry Jezusa” są odpowiedzią na pytanie: Co i w jaki sposób opowiedział Kościół o Jezusie Chrystusie po raz pierwszy Dalekiemu Wschodowi? Większość omawianych tekstów odkryta została w 1900 r. i jest przedmiotem badań teologów i sinologów głównie japońskich, chińskich i amerykańskich. Jednocześnie badania te zupełnie są nieznane w polskiej myśli teologicznej. Artykuł przedstawia pełną listę tych dokumentów, proponując polską nazwę oraz krótkie ich omówienie jako przyczynek do dalszych badań nad nimi. Wśród „Sutr Jezusa” na szczególną uwagę zasługuje kamienna Stela z Xi’an z wyrytym tekstem doktrynalno-historycznym, istotnym także z punktu widzenia rozwoju doktryny chrześcijańskiej w Chinach. Wnioski podkreślają wagę studiowania teologii nieeuropejskich kodowanych w innych systemach kultury i filozofii oraz pewne możliwości przekazu chrześcijańskiej doktryny także w symbolice innych religii (taoizm, buddyzm) z zachowaniem istoty doktryny chrześcijańskiej.

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Miejsce Biblii w życiu Ulricha Zwingliego

Miejsce Biblii w życiu Ulricha Zwingliego

Author(s): Piotr Jaskóła / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 19/2019

Artykuł prezentuje centralne miejsce Biblii w życiu U. Zwingliego. Reformacja w Zurychu, której początki były głównie jego dziełem, ujawniła to na kilku polach: w kaznodziejstwie, prowadzonych dysputach teologicznych i w tzw. szkole proroctw (Prophezei). Na każdym z tych pól szwajcarski reformator eksponował autorytet Biblii – nieporównywalny z innymi autorytetami. Równocześnie podkreślał rolę Ducha Świętego w interpretacji tekstów biblijnych. Prawda o inspirującym działaniu Ducha Świętego, jak i prawda o suwerenności Boga leżą u podstaw życia i teologicznego dziedzictwa reformatora z Zurychu.

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THE CHURN PHENOMENON – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

THE CHURN PHENOMENON – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Author(s): Andreea DUMITRACHE / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

The interest in investigating the phenomenon of customer migration to the competition has grown in recent years. The efficient management of the customer base has become a powerful tool which plays a significant role in maintaining stable revenues in businesses around the world. This paper presents the evolution of research that has extensively studied the churn phenomenon and focuses on several topics: research fields according to the number of publications, research organizations, written language, authors, industries, research areas, types of works and so on. The paper also defines the terminology, the taxonomy and the causal factors of the phenomenon.

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THE FIRST ARREST OF MONK AGATON (SANDU TUDOR). JILAVA, POARTA ALBĂ, CULMEA – HUMAN AVATARS IN THE PRISON

THE FIRST ARREST OF MONK AGATON (SANDU TUDOR). JILAVA, POARTA ALBĂ, CULMEA – HUMAN AVATARS IN THE PRISON

Author(s): Carmen Ciornea / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2019

The present study aims to recover the first period of the detention of Sandu Tudor (who had become, meanwhile, the Monk Agaton), the research approach being centered on the analysis of the Archive documents. A simple reading of the file no. 013495, vol. 1 and 2, Criminal fund, located at the Archive of the National Council for the Study of Security Archives (A.C.N.S.A.S.), reveals a collection of disturbing, edifying data on this subject, as we consider. The first sheet of the aforementioned file, vol. 1, is the Cover of the File no. 1811/1950, drawn up by the Bucharest Court, the Third Criminal Section, „Posteucă Dumitru and Teodorescu Alexandru”, with the mention „War crime”. In order to offer the potential reader a more accurate image of the information obtained from the Security Archives and from the memorialistic literature regarding the concentrationary periplus of Father Daniil (Sandu Tudor), a genuine extermination regime at the penitentiaries in Jilava, Poartă Albă and Culmea, we have appealed to an evolutionary, chronological x-ray of the data, so that, subsequently, we could provide a critical, problematizing analysis of our subject from the perspective of the paradoxical ambivalence victim-executioner, representing an opportunity to demonstrate why we consider him a true paradigm of the resistance through hesychia.

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FROM MONK AGATON TO HIEROSCHEMAMONK DANIIL.THE CLANDESTINE STAGE OF „RUGUL APRINS” („THE BURNING BUSH”)

FROM MONK AGATON TO HIEROSCHEMAMONK DANIIL.THE CLANDESTINE STAGE OF „RUGUL APRINS” („THE BURNING BUSH”)

Author(s): Carmen Ciornea / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2019

After 1990, „Rugul Aprins” (“The Burning Bush”) constituted a research topic that aroused the interest of theologians, historians and people of letters in the Romanian cultural space. The topic is very broad, but in this study we will only follow the configuration of the open warrior destiny of Father Daniil (Sandu Tudor), this `homo religiosus`, who, defying the „culture” of the totalitarian communist state, remained on the coordinates of a `modus vivendi` subordinated to a transcendental order. We also emphasize that the purpose of focusing on Father Daniil Sandu Tudor is, in general, the reconstruction of the complete picture of the totalitarian communist society’s dynamics and, in particular, of the resistance of the Romanian Orthodox Church under the atheist persecution. The sections of the present research approach were, in large part, constituted as an updated radiography of the realities of those times from the perspective of confessors Nicolae Rădulescu and Emanoil Mihăilescu. We believe that the analogy between the two angles of remembrance, mediated by the former students who composed the group „Teodorescu Alexandru and others” represents an efficient technique of reconstructing the historical truth.

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EXAMPLES OF GOLD-EMBELLISHED ILLUMINATIONS IN MEDIAEVAL BOSNIAN MANUSCRIPTS
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EXAMPLES OF GOLD-EMBELLISHED ILLUMINATIONS IN MEDIAEVAL BOSNIAN MANUSCRIPTS

Author(s): Ema Mazrak / Language(s): English Issue: 87-88/2019

This paper presents examples from three representative mediaeval Bosnian manuscripts dating from the late 14th and early 15th centuries, with a view to identifying the distinctive features of the illuminations, the interpretation of the subject-matter and the context in which they were produced for a patron. The manuscripts in question are the Nikolje Gospels, Hval’s Miscellany, and the Venice Miscellany (hereafter: Nikolje, Hval and Ven.). Hval is the only one to bear an original date in the colophon (summer 1404); it also names the person for whom it was made, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (ca.1350-1416), Grand Duke of Bosnia and Duke of Split, Hval the krstjanin, the scribe, and the head of the autocephalous Bosnian Church, djed Radomir. Ven., of which, unlike Hval, neither the colophon nor any marginalia on the authorship of the text or illuminations have survived, is similar in both text and typology of the illuminations.

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Originea muncii reflectată în Biblie și în folclorul românesc

Originea muncii reflectată în Biblie și în folclorul românesc

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2019

The paper is dedicated to the traditional regard on labour, a regard based on two fundamental domains of the traditional society: the main book of Christianity (Bible) and the literary creation, both having a great age and a considerable impact on the social representations. The author analyses how labour is presented in the Holy Writ: as a duty that was assigned by God to the first humans, in Paradise. It later became a means for supporting life and a source of pain due to the original sin, committed by first humans, and their expulsion from Paradise. The author traces this biblical motif in several Romanian folk creations – wedding orations, Christmas carols, creation legends. In the traditional imaginary world, the episode of the original sin sometimes misses or it contains extra-biblical details. One of the frequent ideas is that God has taught Adam and Eve the main domestic occupations and has given them the necessary implements. Labour proves thus the Creator’s care for humans. The folk sources also support the idea that when humans, during their earthly life, had broken God’s commands, their labour became a tiresome occupation that does not always culminate with results corresponding to the invested effort.

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