Tendencje rozwoju zarządzania kryzysowego Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Marek Brylonek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

In 1999 the European Union member states had made a unanimous decision to establish the European Security and Defence Policy. They simultaneously began to develop adequate tools serving its implementation. Decisions were made to create organs and institutions and to develop appropriate procedures which would enable fast and accurate decision-making concerning planning and conducting activities in the field of security and defence. Since that time the European Union and its crisis management capacities have undergone numerous transformations. The author, basing on research and own experiences of work in political-strategic planning structures of the European External Action Service, concisely presents trends in the European Union crisis management, which concern, among others, the evolution of the Union’s organs and institutions, crisis management procedures, implementation of comprehensive approach and trends in the newly-deployed crisis intervention missions.

Proporcjonalność jako zasada wyznaczająca granice działania Wspólnoty Europejskiej

Author(s): Justyna Maliszewska-Nienartowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2005

Polska wobec projektów Unii Europejskiej w okresie międzywojennym

Author(s): Marian Zgórniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2004

Serbia's EU membership, the corner stone of Western Balkans, into question

Author(s): Celso CANCELA,Paula LAMOSO / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The EU is currently embedded in a new enlargement process, this time towards the Western Balkans; a particular relevant geopolitical area for the EU. Among the Western Balkans EU membership candidates Serbia occupies a privileged position due to its territorial size, population and economic ties with the EU. Nevertheless, Serbia’s relationship with the EU is complex as a result of the regional conflicts that took place during the 1990s and, currently, due to the authoritarian character that it is steadily adopting. Bearing in mind the Serbia’s commitment to EU membership, our main purpose throughout this piece is to carefully look at Serbia in order to assess the options and challenges that it has to be an EU member state; particularly after the EU Commission reformed the EU Enlargement Process to be more political. Two major obstacles that Serbia faces in its accession process to the EU are highlighted: a weak democracy and the lack of rule of law. Despite the internal challenges that the EU is facing, both the European Commission and Germany, are clearly engaged with the Western Balkans enlargement process, mainly because of geopolitical reasons. Therefore, it is an opportunity that all of them, and particularly Serbia, should not miss.

Development of regions in the European Union

Author(s): Csilla Dömők / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Regions of Europe had already played a significant role in Brussels prior to the Maastricht Treaty. The regional policy of the European Community, aiming at economically disadvantaged areas or underdeveloped peripheral areas, has been a classical sector of intense activity of the Community. However, some politicians and scientists are rather sceptical concerning the results. Regions tried to enforce their interests via their own institutional relations with EU institutions (information offices) and through top organisations such as the Assembly of the European Regions. The European Community supported cooperation between different European regions and cross-border cooperation in their joint efforts to solve problems and complete their tasks. It is debated however, as it is expected in the case of various subnational units, what the notion of European regions means. For some, it is a code word, which defines the EU exclusively from the side of provinces and regions and passes a sentence upon the nation-states concerning their termination before long. Others interpret this notion as a phase which only makes us remember the existence of subnational units in the organised Europe, and it does not have any constructive role otherwise . These two extreme views do not comply with the definition which we intend to describe as the regions of Europe.

Tratatul de la Roma. 62 de ani de politici europene comune. 1957-2019

Author(s): Elena Preda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The idea of forming a united Europe dates back several centuries, but it was only afterWorld War II that the necessary conditions for starting a process of European integration wereformed. Recent history places the period 1945 - 1959 in the European political calendar as a peacefulperiod at the beginning of the cooperation. A united Europe wanted to end the large number of bloodywars waged by neighboring countries, which culminated in World War II. Starting with 1950,European countries are beginning to unite, economically and politically, within the European Coaland Steel Community, in order to ensure a lasting peace. Many questions remain unanswered as to thefuture of the European Union: will this political construction last, over time? Will it undergo radicalchanges imposed by the new realities? Will the destiny of the great empires be? The answer will bereceived in time, the only certainty is that the lack of flexibility of the union can bring its decline,rather than can be expected.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Nail Isufi / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2018

The trend for creation of the European Union has existed very early. Today, what characterizes the unity and identity of the European continent is the result of development and events that happened in the second half of the twentieth century. During that time Europe and the current member states of the European Union, were characterized by division, antagonism, different interests rather than common objectives. Normally, apart from the linguistic, religious and cultural differences, there were also the economic and political differences of the European countries. The relations between Western European countries that are at the same time European Union countries, were based on rivalries, disbelief that led to two world wars in the twentieth century, the first world war during 1913-1918 and the second world war during 1939-1945. In this regard, it is important to emphasize that all international organizations were created shortly after the second world war, including the European Union. The European Union as an international, regional and supranational organization as well as other international organizations are intergovernmental organizations created by the membership of sovereign states. But, it does not mean that all international organizations enjoy the attribute of subjects in international relations, but organizations established on the basis of international agreements. The European Union as an international, regional and supranational organization as well as other international organizations are intergovernmental organizations created by the membership of sovereign states. But, it does not mean that all international organizations enjoy the attribute of subjects in international relations, but organizations established on the basis of international agreements. It should not be forgotten that the basis for the presentation of the international organizations was the concept of international conventions whose main purpose was to prevents the new wars and the concept of international integration that implies the institutional link between two or more sovereign states. The European Union as an international organization will continue in the future with new enlargements, joining states will claim to be members of this organization, but always by respecting the determined criteria. So, it is important to mention the word of a well-known author Folsom who said: "The European Union is like a magnet, the bigger it is, the stronger it gets", which means that the more countries join this organization, the more powerful it becomes.

De la o factură de electricitate la supremația dreptului european: astfel s-a născut doctrina Costa c. Enel

Author(s): Amedeo Arena / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Whilst Costa vs. ENEL is the locus classicus for most accounts of the primacy of European law, the story of that lawsuit is still relatively unknown. What drove Flaminio Costa to sue his electricity provider over a bill of as little as ₤1.925 (about €22 in 2020)? Why did the Small-claims Court of Milan decide to involve both the Italian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice in such a „petty” lawsuit? Why did those two courts hand down such different rulings? How did the lawsuit end when it came back from Luxembourg? Relying upon previously undisclosed court documents and interviews with some of the actors involved, this paper seeks to shed some light on the less-known aspects of the Costa v ENEL lawsuit, against the background of electricity nationalization in Italy at the height of the Cold War, and to assess the contribution of that lawsuit and of its „architect”, Gian Galeazzo Stendardi, to the approfondissement of the doctrine of primacy of European law.

CHINA ȘI FENOMENUL BREXIT

Author(s): Viorella Manolache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The present encyclopedic approach addresses the problematic of China – Brexit in the context of deepening the named phenomenon, using two reporting and receiving nodal points. On the one hand, the presence, in the debate on the Brexit phenomenon, of the recent comments/attitudes and China's strategic proposals, which consider that, on the background of Brexit, "the imminent repercussions will be felt directly both in the European Union, as well as in the United Kingdom, from which will benefit China" (Analysis of China, 2016). On the other hand, the use of critical arguments emitted by Andrew Small, referring to the statement that "the winner of Brexit is China!" approach which is required to be decrypted and re-evaluated. The present text intents to be balanced, quantifying the mentioned report/relationship, by pointing out the objectives, the strategies and the directions involved in the Brexit phenomenon, which becomes, in its post-, a project, and which provides that any distance from China is both impossible and improbably.

EUROPSKA ZAJEDNICA ZA UGLJEN I ČELIK KAO PRVI I PRESUDNI KORAK KA EUROPSKIM INTEGRACIJAMA: PRAVNOPOVIJESNI ASPEKTI NASTANKA ZAJEDNICE (1)

Author(s): Ivan Obadić,Miran Marelja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 33/2022

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) represents the foundation of the European project and today's European Union (EU). This paper analyses the legal foundations on which this organization rested, which ceased to exist in 2002 when the European Union took over its responsibilities. The first section of this paper explains the historical context of the creation of the Community. The remaining part of the paper analyzes the legal character of the Community and its main legal features.

БУДУЋНОСТ ЕВРА И ИЗАЗОВИ ЗА ЗЕМЉЕ ЗАПАДНОГ БАЛКАНА

Author(s): Jelena Damnjanović,Miroslav Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 26/2017

The creation of the euro in 1999 was celebrated as one of the most important events in the European history in the 20th century. Expectations about an increase in welfare were enormous. However, all started to go downhill in the European Union (EU) from the introduction of the euro. This downturn started slowly, but subsequently accelerated to the extent that not only the euro, but also the EU is on the brink of collapse. Germany was the only beneficiary of the eurozone, while other countries were without obvious eurozone-related benefits. Greece is in dire economic straits from which there is no exit for at least one generation. Germany has enormous exports surpluses, but some of them will not be paid. Would Germany be better off without such surpluses? Is the economic marriage in the eurozone becoming dreary and unsustainable? The EU should abandon the euro in order to save the project of European integration. If the Western Balkan countries continue their accession path towards the EU and pay for that enormous price (especially important for Serbia), what will they get in return? They will get an unstable and dangerously unfunctional EU, the EU in which solidarity (one of the prime EU values) is neglected. They will get the EU whose future is in doubt.

Impact of Road Infrastructure Pricing on Transport Planning

Author(s): Miloš Poliak,Stefania Semanova,Salvador Hernandez,Eliška Pastuszkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The paper deals with an issue of the impact of road infrastructure pricing on transport planning. The first part describes the history of road infrastructure pricing in the USA and the EU. The paper also describes an applicable methodology of toll rate determination in the EU. Further part of the paper deals with the factors affecting decision-making of carriers while planning a route of transport. Especially, it deals with a value of time savings and savings in fuel costs while deciding among several routes of transport. The proposal of a methodology for toll rate determination, taking into account the value of time savings for a carrier while using the toll road infrastructure, is elaborated in the next part of the paper. The methodology also takes into account savings in fuel costs of carriers.

UWARUNKOWANIA FORMALNO-PRAWNE POLITYKI KULTURALNEJ UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ I JEJ BIEŻĄCE INICJATYWY

Author(s): Aleksandra Chyc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The aim of the article is to show a wide spectrum of activities in the fi eld of culture taking place within the framework of the European Union’s cultural policy. The priority was to analyze the formal and legal basis of the European Union’s cultural policy, as well as the EU’s present activities in this area. The thesis was put forward and proved that the legal basis of cultural policy in the EU and the various initiatives implemented within this policy complement national activities in the fi eld of culture. The latest sources of information on EU cultural policy have been reviewed. Published scientific thematic monographs were used, but most of all, the latest documents, action plans, programmes, strategies and initiatives prepared by the EU were analyzed.

THE SCHENGEN PROJECT IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION THEORIES

Author(s): Monika Trojanowska-Strzęboszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

The article proposes possible ways of conceptualizing the Schengen project, one of European integration's most essential and less-defined achievements. Although Schengen Agreement is nearly forty years old and profoundly influences the fundamental features of modern states, their authority, territoriality and identity, it still needs to be better understood as a phenomenon of integration. Considering both the definitional indeterminacy of the Schengen project and a deficit of in-depth analysis of this part of European integration, described mainly as an area, system or regime, the article proposes a reference to European integration theories. Based on these theories, three primary levels of theorizing at which Schengen can be conceptualized are presented: a particular example of European integration, a model of European territoriality and a project of border management in Europe. Each approach has its theoretical framework and assumptions, uses a different conceptual apparatus and formulates additional research questions.

MANAGING CONTINOUS TRANSFORMATION AND COMPLEXITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COHESION POLICY. THE SIMPLIFICATION CHALENGE

Author(s): Laura Elena Marinas,Ionut Marius Croitoru,Mihaela Păceşilă,Cristian Virgil Marinas,Eugen Prioteasa,Alexandra Bratiloveanu,Ionut Florin Bratiloveanu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This article provides an analysis of the continuous transformation of the cohesion policy since its establishment to present. Despite of the original aim at delivering and efficient and effective policy to address the challenges of a harmonious development of all regions and territories of the member states, revisions and changes introduced form one programming to another transformed the cohesion policy into one of the most complex EU policies and generated higher administrative burden for all participants to the management and implementation of the cohesion policy. This article compares the changes produced in the cohesion policy from one period to another with the aim of identifying the transformation produced from one period to another and the main factors contributing to continuous increasing complexity. The results of this analysis provide an overview of the cohesion policy landscape for better understanding which are the challenging areas for the simplification as prerequisites for a smother and more effective the cohesion policy.

Európska únia v 21. storočí: Ekonomická kríza - vnútorná integrita v ohrození

Author(s): Jana Dzurňáková,Ivan Pešout / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The current period of the deep economic and financial crisis of the eurozone entails a comprehensive and wide-ranging crisis of legitimacy of the European Union, which to a large extent affects not only the activities of the European Union towards its own member states, but in particular its role as a responsible and relevant international actor. In the forthcoming period it will be particularly crucial for the European Union to make a decision on its future existence and functioning. In this paper, therefore we will pay our attention to the current crisis of the European Union legitimacy, as well as, to actually discussed ways of the future direction of the European Union outlining briefly advantages and disadvantages of each mode and drawing a picture of the complexity and the extent of impacts of each variation

Jiří Dušek: Historie a organizace Evropské unie

Author(s): Lubomír Pána / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2011

Review of: Jiří Dušek: Historie a organizace Evropské unie. České Budějovice: Vysoká škola evropských a regionálních studií, 2011, 284 s., ISBN 978-80-86708-95-9

The House of European History: Pöttering’s Elite-Level Impact in shaping European Identity

Author(s): Jennifer Ostojski / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (112)/2023

The House of European History in Brussels, Belgium, is a pan-European identity-making institution, created by the European Union. It has sparked an array of scholarship that speaks to the power of the museum, its ability to create a master narrative for the European people, and the varying omissions and choices made in telling Europe’s history. While European Parliament President Hans-Gert Pöttering receives credit for originating the museum, little scholarship speaks to his ideas regarding European Union integration, community, and its identity – even though, elite leader ideas are recognized in nationalism studies as instrumental in the making of an identity. This article fills this gap and shows how Pöttering’s ideas influenced the broad and generalized narrative the House of European History espouses today

THE EUROPEAN UNION - WHY SUCH A DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT ? -

Author(s): Pierre Verluise / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Starting from the book “L’Europe, l’Etat et la democratie”, the author raises a few questions regarding the participation of European citizens in the European Parliament elections in June 2009. In this respect, the community model, the average voting participation of Central and Eastern European countries, the European project and numerous political controversies are discussed. On the other hand, the period the European Community was established (1948-1969) appears as one of empirical invention, explorations and compromise. The result is a European construction, marked by the importance attached to law, construction of a common market and political cooperation. The article ends in the same interrogative note: is low participation, in fact, a sort of avoidance strategy ?Moreover, the author wonders whether the elections for the European Parliament will lead to the enhancement of the link between citizens and the European Community.

Ролята на ЕС за привличане на южни страни-партньори за сътрудничество и развитие

Author(s): Polya Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

According to the legal basis of the EU, specific solutions and measures for a good neighborly policy in the long term are identified, which concerns Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria and Tunisia. The official program is represented by bilateral policies between the EU and the 10 individual partner countries, complemented by a regional cooperation framework - the Union for the Mediterranean. We consider it a correct approach and a well-founded fact that in response to the social uprisings in the region of the Southern Neighbor countries, in the last five years the EU has increased its support for the democratic changes taking place. Through the work of its permanent delegations, bilateral relations with the parliaments of southern partner countries are maintained in a spirit of cooperation and goodwill.