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Interviews with Nazi victims. Interviewees:Ernst Blajs, Adolf Burger, Leopold Engleitner, Renée Firestone, Frieda Horvath, Josef Jakubowicz, Simone Liebster, Hermine Liska, Richard Rudolf
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Holokaust kao kultura? Naslo nove male zbirke Imre Kertesza (Szazadveg Kiado, 1993.) može pobuditi strah, štoviše može izazvati i negodovanje. Ne bih se začudila ako bi pojedinci spominjali svetogrđe. A još ka da bi naslutili da na pitanje je li holokaust stvorio vrijednosti, Kertesz bez kolebanja daje pozitivan odgovor! Ali ono što uzdiže Auschwitz do zemaljske vječnosti nije kič koji tjera suze na oči ili sve lakše ponavljanje teških riječi poput ≫vražji≪ ili ≫užas≪ ili ≫grijeh≪, nego upravo djela poput onih Imre Kertesza.
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Pod ≫prošlošću koja ne želi proći≪ može se misliti samo na nacionalsocijalističku prošlost Nijemaca ili Njemačke. Tema implicira tezu da u normalnim okolnostima svaka prošlost prolazi, te da se kod tog ne-prolaženja radi o nečem sasvim izuzetnom. S druge strane, normalno prolaženje prošlosti ne može se shvatiti kao neka vrsta nestajanja.
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Fascism especially in first half of XX century was present in outlooks of many representatives of european totalitarianisms . He had his supporters in Spain at the time of exercised of power by Francisco Franko, Portugal during the reign of António de Oliveira Salazar, Romanian Iron Guard Corneliu Codreanu Zelea, Belgium among supporters of the fascist Christus Rex, Poland, Great Britian, France and primarily in Benitos Mussolini Italy. The idea of fascism was accompanied many dictators and representatives of political parties in the world, however, its foundations was created by Benito Mussolini. As aptly stated Jerzy W. Borejsza Mussolini was the first. Therefore, the subject of the article is the Italian fascist ideal of upbringing. These are the preliminary reflections on the image of the individual created by Italian ideologues. This allows to trace the spread of the ideas of fascism to science education and and show different aspects so defined doctrine. The article presents a general concept and definition of the ideal of upbringing, which allows organize the acquired knowledge from the perspective of theorists of Italian fascism. The aim is to present the concept of the New Man concerning on the creation, to gain control of the individual and upbringing of ideal individual.
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The review of: Angelika Benz, Handlanger der SS. Die Rolle der Trawniki-Männer im Holocaust, Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2015, 309 s.
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The article discusses the problem of Nazi ethno-policy towards the Polish Highlanders from the Tatra Mountains regions. Drawing on new or hitherto littleknown sources produces by Germans officials and ethnologists, author aims to explore the way of perceiving and conceptualization of Górale ethnicity by occupying authority. By analyzing Germans plans of reorganization of the Tatra Museum in Zakopane, she tries to reconstruct the process of objectification of Góralness by Nazi regime. As it is shown, the cultural specificity of Górale, which was exposed by Polish intelligentsia as the essence of Polishness, during World War II became an object of manipulation of the Nazi occupier, who tried to use it to break the national unity of Poles by creating a separate highland nation, so called Goralenvolk.
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The study offers a brief history of concentration camp in Flossenburg, built by Nazi Germany near the border with the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, as a source of manpower for the quarry companies Deutschen Erd und Steinwerken (DESt - German Earth and Stone Work) owned by the SS. The prisoners were mainly political prisoners. In Flossenburg concentration camp passed nearly 100 000 prisoners - men, women and children. One of the branches of the camp was also a concentration camp in Holysov.
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The anti-Semitic patterns and beliefs in the history of the Roman Catholic Church were determined by non-religious conditions and were not the consequence of the religion itself. The possible correlation between the cultural policy of the Church and anti-Semitism is commonly discussed and interpreted in various ways. Some scholars suggest that the Church is responsible for anti-Semitism and even for the Holocaust because the long practice of anti-Semitic pedagogy in the Christian Europe. However, this kind of causal relation cannot be confirmed. Of course, there were some cases of anti-Semitic practices and beliefs in the practice and teaching of the Church. Nevertheless, the author suggests that they were not affected by the religion itself, but caused by non-religious cultural, social and political contexts. The article contains several examples of anti-Semitic and anti-Judaic practices and beliefs in the history of the Church. The author rejects the causal relation between them and the Holocaust.
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The 3rd Battalion of the German auxiliary police (HIPO), containing Russian emigrants of German origin from Serbia and other Balkan countries, was formed in the summer of 1942. Its commander was a former Russian officer, SS Hauptsturmführer Mikhail von Semenov. This unit was formed to strengthen the German police force in Serbia. Until the end of the occupation, this unit performed auxiliary functions in Serbian territory. The number of Russian immigrants in the HIPO continually increased, and after the formation in 1944 of Police Regiments ”Serbia,” they served in different units from that to which they were originally assigned. In 1943 a ”Russian” police cavalry squadron was also established. The composition of the HIPO included Soviet citizens, but their number was small. Police units ”Serbia,” which included Russian Germans and Russian in their ranks, were deployed in the territory of current Slovenia at war’s end.
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Kao prvo, mi ne volimo da nas nazivaju »izbjeglicama«. Za sebe kažemo da smo »pridošlice« ili »useljenici«.
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Tadeusz Semadeni was a sportsman and sports journalist, one of the creators of water sports in Poland, a propagator of women’s sports. He was one of the founders of the Academic Sports Association (AZS) in Warsaw and the Polish Swimming Association. He was a lawyer by profession – a judge and a prosecutor. The time which was crucial for his development as a columnist was the beginning of his career as a journalist in the years 1923–1924, connected with the ‘Stadion’ weekly issued in Warsaw. In 1936 he went to the Summer Olympics in Berlin as the head of the team of Polish swimmers. Under the Nazi occupation, he was the co-founder of the clandestine organisation ‘Znak’. He was an activist of the Armed Confederation and the Labour Party. He acted as a judge of the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ) and the Home Army (AK). During the Warsaw Uprising he judged and sentenced Germans, Volksdeutsche and other collaborators. He died in the Warsaw Uprising.
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Antonio Gramsci, having an important place in Marxist thought tradition, made theoretically original and important contributions to the fascism analysis. In this context, Gramsci analyzed the conjuncture, ensuring the development of fascism as a movement and then its accession to power, in Italian political life after the First World War in political and class contexts and also pointed out the crucial role of petit bourgeoisie during that period. Moreover, he made some predicts about the fascist up period in Italy in line with his analyses. According to the dialectical method he used, while he was analyzing the development of fascism in Italy, he competently presented the dichotomies imposed to the society by the Italian capitalism, being in a crisis, dichotomies emerged from the different tendencies in the fascist movement and also the dichotomies arising from the difference of opinion between the communists in their struggle against fascism. The fascism analyses of Gramsci, whose thoughts on fascism maintain their importance even today, are examined in this study.
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Ljudi koji su u Nemačkoj, ili bilo gde drugde, preeživeli zla vremena vrlo dobro znaju gde se katakomba nalazila: za Berlince je bila na kraju Luterštrase, a za one druge u nekom zapuštenom kvartu, Karaburmi ili Alifakovcu svejedno, u oronuloj zgradi čiji su se stanari naprečac iselili, ne stigavši ni da se osvrnu na vratima kako bi još jednom pogledali da nešto nisu zaboravili. Za njima su ostajale nedočitane novine, neke potcrtane rečenice u olovnim stupcima, stare raščupane četkice za zube u čaši ispod ogledala, a u otškrinutom ormanu mlohave košulje sa flekama od poslednjeg porodičnog slavlja. [...]
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Jugoslavija je, u granicama pre Drugog svetskog rata, bila među nekoliko zemalja najvećih stradalnika rata, ratnih razaranja i genocida. Zato čudi nemaran odnos prema žrtavama' rata, za koji bi se mogli naći politički motivi, ali ne i opravdanja. U činjenici da nije ni pokušano da se u jedinom popisu žrtava rata prikupe podaci i o izvrši- ocima zločina, može se sagledati deo motiva tadašnjeg rukovodstva Jugoslavije: jedva smirene međunacionalne netrpeljivosti, koje su za vreme rata kulminirale, nije trebalo ponovo pokretati i stavljati u prvi plan. Tako odlagana ozbiljna analiza ratnih žrtava, sastavljanje spiska stradalnika, pa i identifikovanje krivaca i na najnižem nivou i, naravno, njihova osuda, stvorile su prostor za manipulaciju i preterivanja.
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Научни скуп „Генерал Живко Г. Павловић“, Смедеревска Паланка 30. октобар 2009.године / Conference “General Živko G. Pavlović”, Smederevska Palanka 30 October, 2009
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The review of: Petar Kačavenda, SKOJ i omladina u narodnooslobodilačkoj vojsci i partizanskim odredima Jugoslavije 1941—1945. Beograd 1975, 432 str.
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The memoir literature can be used as a basic historical source besides the archival documents. Even combats of the final phase of the world war II in southwester Slovakia can use some of such books. There are two main groups of authors: German Generals (Heinz Guderian, Johannes Frieβner, Hermann Balck) were more or less responsible for leading German military operations in this area. They offer their point of view, seen from their staff-offices, focusing on operational problems, sometimes justifying their own decisions, that might have shown themselves wrong. The other group of authors (H. Schmidt, E.-N. von Diest-Körber, K. Volleth, F. Hirschfelder) consist of minor officers and common soldiers. They report of their experiences much more common way, recording their everyday problems, fears, opinions. Thus they enable us to see them not only as members of a certain army, but also as humans.
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