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IDEOLOGICAL CURRENTS IN GERMAN INTERWAR HISTORIOGRAPHY

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IDEOLOGICAL CURRENTS IN GERMAN INTERWAR HISTORIOGRAPHY

Author(s): Raul Denize / Language(s): English Issue: XI-XII/2015

The aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution and main ideas of German historiography between 1918 and 1939. After the First World War, most German historians supported the return of Germany to the status of great european power. For this, they tried to build arguments for the revision of the Versailles Treaty. Almost all of them condemned the revolution in 1918 and many refused to accept the republican state that emerged as a consequence of it. This anti-republican nationalism can partly be explained by the fact that no generation change took place during the 20’s in the history chairs of German universities. Most chairs remained occupied by historians from the Kaiserreich period.After the establishment of the national-socialist dictatorship, many German historians supported the Nazis politically and ideologically because their political and cultural nationalism proved to be largely compatible with the biological nationalism of the Nazis.

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Hitler, narodowy socjalizm i stosunki polsko-niemieckie po Machtübernahme w dyskursie II Rzeczypospolitej (subiektywny przegląd opinii i stanowisk)

Author(s): Marek Masnyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2015

The article, after a brief analysis of the last few years of the political situation in Germany at the turn of the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century, peruses the reactions and opinions expressed in the pages of the Polish press in the last few weeks before Hitler took power, as well as in the early months of the Nazi regime in Germany. Some commentators believed that Hitler, because of his Austrian origin and internal conflicts, would abandon the anti-Polish revisionist policy. The anticipatory attitude was taken by the official agents headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Józef Beck. Nevertheless, amidst the comments prevailed a conviction, formulated mainly by the national democratic environment and the Silesian Sanation, that due to the German nature, as well as raising the society in hate and Hitler’s previous declarations, the Polish-German relations will soon get exacerbated. The Polish press closely followed also the internal policy changes in the Third Reich, noticing its totalitarian direction.

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Nastroje wśród ludności Śląska Opolskiego w początkach 1944 roku w świetle raportów Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS

Author(s): Andrzej Hanich / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2015

The research paper is referential in its character and constitutes a presentation of reports about the feelings of the inhabitants of the region, which were prepared by the local authorities of Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS in the Opole Silesia in February and March 1944, one year before the entrance of the Red Army into the area. In the materials that were prepared on the basis of the agency reports prevailed a conviction about an impending defeat and thus a fear of amendments arised. Quite often amongst various opinions appear comments announcing that the area will be incorporated into Poland, which involved a frequent use of the Silesian dialect.

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Ślązacy w niemieckiej i radzieckiej niewoli w czasie II wojny światowej

Author(s): Danuta Kisielewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2015

As a result of warfare in 1939, several thousand Polish soldiers of Silesian ancestry (by the place of residence or place of service), found themselves in the German or Soviet captivity. The Polish soldiers stayed much longer in the German captivity, furthermore, the international law was not fully respected against them, which facilitated a conrol of the camps by the International Red Cross, as well as diverse activities, including the cultural one. The vast majority of the prisoners in the German camps survived the war.The vast majority of officers and representatives of the uniformed services, who were in the Soviet captivity, was murdered in the spring of 1940. The rest of the soldiers were taken mainly to the Anders Army. The Soviet Union did not respect the Genevan Convention, thus the prisoners were used for slave labor and were deprived of any rights

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Cywilna ludność Warszawy w Lamsdorf (1944–1945)

Author(s): Piotr Stanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2015

The article illustrates the history of the camp for civilians from Warsaw, deported to Lamsdorf /Łambinowice in the course of the Warsaw Uprising and after its collapse in 1944. The issue of Warsawian civilians, men, women and children, who were dwelled at the location – contrary to the dwelling of the Home Army soldiers, the German prisoners – has not hitherto been the subject for a separate scientific study. Notwithstanding, it forms a part of the history of the place of internment, as well as the tragic fate of the displaced population of the capital city in the fall of 1944. The author, due to the incomplete source database, outlines solely the history of the interim and primitive camp, indicating the basic threads. These include: duration of the camp, its location, terms of accommodation, nourishment, sanitary conditions and medical care, mortality rate, or the number of people who have passed through it. Since the second half of August until the turn of November / December 1944 it was about ten to several thousand of people. The most famous character amongst these people is Miron Białoszewski, a latent poet, prose writer and playwright, author of the famous Memoirs of the Warsaw Uprising

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Demograficzne skutki II wojny światowej na obszarze Górnego Śląska

Author(s): Bogdan Cimała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2015

The author of the article attempts to presents various migrations, caused by the warfare in Upper Silesia, which was perceived as a pre-war Silesian voivodship and the Opole district, during the Second World War. To these migrations the author enlists: the escape of the German population from the Silesian voivodship to the district, before the outbreak of war; the escape of the Polish population during and immediately after the war in 1939; the expulsions and detention of the Polish population from the Opole district and the established Katowice district at various camps. Amidst different migrations of the end of the war, the author chose to analyze the escape of the German population at the turn of 1944–1945, their post-war expulsions and the so-called Family Reunification Act

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Creation Out of Nothing. The Fascist Propaganda in Litzmannstadt

Author(s): Marek Ostrowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The article discusses the activities of Nazi propaganda in Litzmannstadt. It promotes the central notions of the Nazi ideology, such as Volk, land, and leadership in struggle. The purpose of political and military operations was to restore and maintain the ability to culturally dominate other nations. The Nazi state was ethnically, linguistically and racially homogeneous – it knew not the notion of tolerance towards ethnic minorities. A major characteristic of the propaganda was it its influence on the activities of administrative bodies.

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Turizam i rekreacija na Učki u vrijeme talijanske uprave

Author(s): Jelena Barić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2019

After the First World War, the area of Istrian Liburnia became the part of the Kingdom of Italy. In the modified social, political and economic circumstances weakened by war, work on revitalization continued and also further development of tourism activity. The new fascist government had given its seal to the organization of leisure, which has led to certain changes within tourism and the concept of free time. As an important tourist segment of the Liburnian area, Učka has been recognized since the very beginning of the tourist era. Therefore, its active involvement in this line of work continued under the Italian government. The aim of this paper is to explain the fascist authorities’ attitude towards tourism and to explore the tourist potential of mountain Učka in the interwar period, between 1918 and 1940, through the activities of the tourism administration on the development of winter tourism, the conduct of tourist excursions and sports activities and planning leisure for the locals in the auspices of fascist organizations. Mountain activities were planned and implemented with greater or lesser intensity and in accordance with the wider economic context.

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Representing Genocide: The Holocaust as Paradigm?

Author(s): Rebecca Jinks / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This lecture will explore the ways in which representations of the Holocaust have influenced how other genocides are understood and represented in the West. It will take as examples the four canonical cases of genocide in the twentieth century – Armenia, Cambodia, Bosnia, and Rwanda – and explore how they have been represented in film, literature, photography, and memorialisation. It will argue that most ‘mainstream’ representations of genocide largely replicate the mainstream representational framework of the Holocaust – including the way in which the latter resists recognising the rationality, instrumentality, and normality of genocide, preferring instead to present genocide as an aberrant, exceptional event in human history. The lecture will conclude by discussing a contrasting series of more nuanced, engaged representations of genocide: these tend to revolve precisely around the ordinariness of genocide and the structures and situations common to human societies, which can become the crucible for genocidal violence.

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Der Eichmann-Prozess im österreichischen Fernsehen - Ein Medienereignis mit geringer Resonanz

Author(s): Judith Keilbach / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

Taking stock of the Austrian television coverage of the Eichmann trial (1961) this article analyses how Austrian television reported about the events in Jerusalem. The daily news mentioned the coming event regularly; however, during the proceedings it barely reported about the trial. It was a weekly magazine that sporadically summarized the events in the court room. The analysis shows that Austrian television was mainly interested in Eichmann, ignored all other witnesses and suppressed any link to local and national history.

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Die justizielle Ahndung von NS-Verbrechen im anderen Deutschland - SBZ und DDR und das verbrecherische Erbe des NS-Regimes

Author(s): Edith Raim / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

While West Germany’s judicial dealings with Nazi crimes have been amply researched, their Eastern counterpart is less well known. Initially, the similarities are striking: both the Western zones and the Soviet zone had to reconstruct their legal system. Re-erection of bombed district courts as well as denazification of legal personnel dominated the first post-war years. Legal regulations were similar, too, to an extent: both West and East German jurists used the German penal code and - with the exception of the American zone - Control Council Law No. 10 (crimes against humanity). Furthermore, in East Germany Control Council Directive No. 38 (denazification) was employed as a penal law, too which meant that many defendants were sentenced for membership in Nazi organizations. However, although the Nazi crimes to be adjudicated were necessarily similar in both Germanies, the emphasis on certain crimes was very different: denunciations, crimes against political opponents and foreign workers and Nazi party membership were most prominent in numbers in East Germany. In the West, Nazi crimes against Jews played a bigger role in post-war justice.

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Doch noch nicht Geschichte - Die langfristigen Folgen der NS-Verfolgung

Author(s): Mary Fulbrook / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2017

Despite the demise of contemporary witnesses, the ‘Third Reich’ remains very vivid into the present day. Many of those who had been on the side of the National Socialists wanted to draw a line under this past, yet the enduring legacy of National Socialist persecutions re¬ mains tangible through the generations. Now, however, we stand on the brink of an incisive historical turn. I shall first cite some of the reasons why Nazi persecution remained significant for so long after the collapse of the ‘Third Reich’. I shall then describe four phases which I believe distinguish the testimonies of the survivors – as also of the perpetrators. I shall also examine the so-called second generation of families of survivors as well as of perpetrators. Finally, I shall briefly discuss to what extent the ‘farewell to the contemporary witnesses’ nevertheless entails potential for thinking about new representations of the Nazi past and about historical scholarship in general.

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“That’s not fair, Daddy” - On Being a Second and Third-Generation Applicant to the Austrian General Settlement Fund

Author(s): Paul Weindling / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Since the 1950s, the Republic of Austria insisted it had settled all the claims of its Jewish citizens regarding their properties stolen under the Nazi regime. From the late 1980s, with the help of personal recollections and case studies, it became ever clearer that this was often not the case, and that the Austrian authorities had in many instances – often deliberately – handled matters of restitution carelessly. Many losses were not addressed in Austrian restitution and compensation measures. In the course of the reevaluation of the role of Austrian citizens in the Nazi era which took place in the 1990s, and in the wake of the Washington Agreement of 2001, a General Settlement Fund for Victims of National Socialism was established. Its purpose was to bring about a comprehensive resolution to open questions of compensation and to acknowledge Austria’s moral responsibility for losses of assets suffered by the victims of the Nazi regime in Austria between 1938 and 1945 in the form of voluntary payments. This article describes the inconsistencies and ordeals an applicant is confronted with in the course of a justified claim for restitution, based on personal experiences, but presented in a scholarly framework.

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Unheimliche Heimat - Triest als Erinnerungsraum

Author(s): Susanne C. Knittel / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2016

The region around Trieste forms a microcosm of the contradictory impulses that have defined Italian memory culture since 1945. The tension between commemoration and a rehabilitation of fascism is especially visible in two rival sites of memory: the Risiera di San Sabba, a former concentration camp, and the Foiba di Basovizza, which commemorates the victims of Yugoslav partisans. Both sites present an exculpatory version of Italian history that casts Italians as innocent victims of external aggression and glosses over the issues of collaboration and enforced Italianisation as well as the fascist policies of racial hygiene. A counterpoint to this dominant narrative may be found in the literary works of regional authors with Slovenian, Croatian and Jewish backgrounds. They bring repressed aspects of the region’s history and memory to light and recover the biographies of those who have been forgotten or excluded. Trieste is a paradigm case of „the historical uncanny“: a palimpsest of repressed memories that persistently reappear to disrupt and disturb the city and its historical self-image.

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Spurensuche an einem vergessenen Ort - Ein Abend in der ehemaligen Synagoge Kaschlgasse 9. November 2010

Author(s): Béla Rásky / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2016

Ein unwirtlicher Ort: Nunmehr leer, treten lange verschüttete Schichten wieder hervor. Das Parteilokal lässt sich nur mehr erahnen, vom Tanzsaal blieb die monumentale Schank, der Supermarkt zerriss die ursprüngliche Anordnung der Räume, hin- terließ einen Geruch von Fleisch, verstaubte Heizgebläse und Sicherungskästen. Nicht Brauchbares wurde abgemauert, tote Räume entstanden. Allein Spuren an den Wänden, Fehlstellen in der provisorischen Decke, alte Stiegengeländer und Schwingtüren erzählen von der tiefsten, der ursprünglichen Schicht. 600 Plätze fasste die 1932 eingeweihte Synagoge des galizischen Bethaus und Unterstützungsvereins „Bene Berith“. In ein Wohnhaus integriert, entging der im Novemberpogrom verwüstete Bau damals seiner vollkommenen Zerstörung. Dennoch wird die Auslöschung augenscheinlich: Weniger als ein Jahrhundert danach bedarf es archäologischer Methoden und komplexer Simulationen, um den ehemaligen Sakralbau zu erkennen. Der Abend öffnet für kurze Zeit die vergessenen Räume, legt Spuren frei und lässt Bilder der ursprünglichen Gestalt entstehen, zeigt die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer über das virtuelle hinausweisenden Rekonstruktion.Es bleibt ein unwirtlicher Ort.

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Die letzten Tage von Buczacz - Die Zerstörung einer multiethnischen Stadt

Author(s): Omer Bartov / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

Omer Bartov’s presentation addressed the way in which Ukrainians, Poles and Jews remember the Holocaust in the formerly multi-ethnic town of Buczacz, where Simon Wiesenthal was born (as was Omer Bartov’s mother). Buczacz is located in what used to be the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia, then became part of Poland’s eastern lands and is now part of the Western Ukraine. For centuries, it was marked by its population’s ethnic and religious diversity. During the time of the Second World War, the Nazis murdered the entire Jewish population; the Polish inhabitants fell victim to ethnic cleansing by Ukrainian nationalists and Soviet authorities. Omer Bartov used written and oral reports by victims and survivors in order to investigate the relationship between memory and history, between individual fates and grand historical processes of change. He argued for the healing effect of remembrance and coming to terms with the past. The presentation was accompanied by a wealth of pictures of Buczacz and of Omer Bartov’s research activities in that city.

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Der Ort des Terrors - Die Welt der nationalsozialistischen Zwangslager

Author(s): Wolfgang Benz / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

The network of camps that eventually covered almost all of Europe under the management of the SS was a firm component of the national socialist system of terror and defined the Nazi regime in its essence. From the British channel island Alderney to the Soviet Union and from the Baltic to Greece, there was hardly a place in the Nazi sphere of power without one form or another of such a camp. The names of the large concentration and extermination camps have today become synonyms for Nazi state terror, and are perfect metaphors of terror, dehumanisation and racist mass murder. Paradoxically, however, this development at the same time saw the erasure of the traces of those countless small camps in the system: the network that made the terror possible in the first place down to its last branch. They have been lost from Europe’s cultural memory. Wolfgang Benz provides a systematic presentation of this knowledge, making it accessible again on the basis of the nine volume standard oeuvre on the history of Nazi concentration camps which he published together with Barbara Distel.

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Nur eine Quelle - Im Gedenken an den ungarischen Holocaust

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

Seit dem Jahr 2001 ist der 16. April der offizielle ungarische Holocaust-Gedenktag. An diesem Tag begannen die staatlichen Behörden 1944 die schon lange zuvor entrechtete jüdische Bevölkerung Ungarns in Ghettos zu sperren. Die Aktion wurde in wenigen Wochen durchgeführt. In nicht ganz vier Monaten wurden so in mehr als 170 Ghettos oder Sammellagern 437.000 jüdische Bürger zusammengepfercht, die Mehrheit zwischen dem 15. Mai und dem 9. Juli 1944 nach Auschwitz-Birkenau deportiert: 400.000 sollten von dort nie mehr zurückkehren. Im Sommer 1944 befanden sich nur mehr die Budapester Juden und jene im Arbeitsdienst in Ungarn. Die vorübergehend ausgesetzten Deportationen wurden nach dem 15. Oktober, nach der Machtübernahme der Pfeilkreuzler wieder aufgenommen: Im November und Dezember trieben ungarische und deutsche bewaffnete Einheiten 50.000 Zwangsarbeiter in Todesmärschen in das heutige Österreich. Die in Budapest verbliebenen Juden wurden in ein Ghetto gesperrt, im Winter 1944/45 Tausende von Pfeilkreuzlern ermordet. Die Überlebenden des Ghettos wurden im Jänner 1945, die Überlebenden der KZs erst im Mai 1945 von den Alliierten befreit. Das Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien (VWI) gedachte am 70. Jahrestag im Rahmen der Veranstaltung Nur eine Quelle … dieser Tragödie. Wissenschafterinnen und Wissenschafter verschiedener Disziplinen erinnerten mittels einer einzigen, für ihre Forschung wesentlichen, aussagekräftigen, signifikanten oder eben einzigartigen Quelle an die Leiden der Opfer: Im Fokus standen dabei eine Textpassage, ein Interviewausschnitt, ein Auszug aus einem Protokoll, ein Foto oder ein Film, ein Objekt. Die Vortragenden stellten diese Quellen mithilfe ihrer facheigenen Methoden vor. Sie analysierten und besprachen ihre Herkunft sowie ihre Entstehung, wie und warum sie bis heute erhalten geblieben sind, was sie uns heute noch erzählen können. Wie entschlüsselt sie die Forschung heute und wie kann man sie in das Gesamtbild und erzählung der ungarischen Shoah integrieren? Welche neuen Gesichtspunkte kann eine einzige Quelle aufwerfen?

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USTAŠA CRIMES, SERBIAN VICTIMS, NUMBERS AND POLITICS: TOWARD A RATIONAL DEBATE

Author(s): Srđa Trifković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The number of Serbs who were murdered by the Croatian Ustaša regime is still contentious, even though there is broad agreement on the figures among expert historians. The issue is blurred by authors who ignore the canon of scientific discovery. Ustaša terror was awful enough, the author argues. Distorted numbers trivialize debate and degrade the victims.

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Życie religijne na łamach „Gazety Żydowskiej”

Author(s): Piotr Kowalik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2019

This article gives an overview of various aspects of the Jewish religious life as presented in Gazeta Żydowska, a Nazi reptile newspaper. They were discussed in texts devoted to the subject matter of religion, in regular columns, such as, the Weekly Jewish Calendar, and also as one of the topics of articles about history, the society, politics, or economy. The subject matter of Judaism also appeared in literary texts published in the newspaper, particularly in stories and poetry.

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