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Osmanlı Devleti’nde Tarih Öğretimine Dair Bir Değişim Dönemi Eseri: Ali Nüzhet’in Yeni Küçük Osmanlı Tarihi

Author(s): Galip Çağ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

The issue of Ottoman history education has became an important date in particular agenda with Reforms. The repeatedly made arrangements and prepared textbook stried to determine an understanding of the subject. Meanwhile the said works are also affected by this situation with changing conjuncture. In this sense, the last period of the Ottoman Empire’s history textbooks are arguments which need to be examined for content and format specifications.However, “ibtidais (primary school of Ottoman) are considered to be primary education in the Ottoman Empire is very important in terms of history education. Because, in terms of State’s official ideology, history education which given at a young age, is very important. Also not until fifty years, If the thought to take place at the official level of history education at any stage of education. This importance is increase done degree.In this study; will reveal a picture of the characteristics of textbooks, Ali Nüzhet’s "New Small Ottoman History (Yeni Küçük Osmanlı Tarihi)

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Ulama Sultan-ı Tekelü ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne İlticası

Author(s): Mehmet Dağlar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Kızılbaş Turkmen Tribes in Anatolia has played an important role in the establishment of Safavid State .We see that Shah Ismail’s advent of these tribes they contribute significantly to the strength of the Iran in their orientation and the Safavids . Ulama Sultan to enter the service of the Safavids like other kızılbaş’s has gone to Iran. After the death of Shah Ismail against Shah Tahmasb enters the conflict within the past due to the emerging power of the refuged to the Ottoman Empire. Ulama Sultan undertook important duties in the Ottoman Empire , we see that it is effective in opening expedition of Irakeyn war on Iran. Ulama Sultan tribe refuge in rival states acting by bigotry gives important information in terms of centralization efforts to understand the Safavids .

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Turkish Words in the Ottoman Documents (Beyt El-mal and Religious Court Records) Inheritances of Women as a Sample

Author(s): Leila Kheirani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The Registers of Beyt-El mal are considered as the main source for writing economic and social history. These registers were delivered by the institution of Beyt-El mal which is one of the most important institutions that existed in Algiers during the Ottoman period. It assumes the management of properties that belong to orphans and absent people.From the study of these registers, a great deal of Turkish words has found, therefore these words would be highlighted and the importance of the study in the economic and social history of Algiers in the Ottoman period would be specified.

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Osmanlı Devleti’nde Bosnalı Müslümanların Durumu

Author(s): Murat Hanilçe / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Bu çalışma “Medunarodni Odnasi u Jugoslaviji i Problemi Federalizma (Yugoslavya’da Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Federalizmin Sorunları)” adlı araştırma projesi bünyesi dâhilinde yapılmıştır. Metin içerisinde yer alan Osmanlıca kelimelerin transliterasyonu (çeviri yazısı) Yugoslav yazım kurallarına göredir.

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XIX. Yüzyılda Fırat Ve Dicle Havzasında Büyük Güçlerin Nüfuz Mücadeleleri

Author(s): Sungur Doğançay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2016

This paper was compiled from various first-hand documents obtained mainly from the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, the National Archives, the British Newspaper Archives and the classical works and written works obtained from some research centers. These documents, which involve significant information, made significant contributions for the completion of this study. Since the topic about which we tried to give detailed information is concerned with the great powers’ conflict on the Euphrates and Tigris region, we specifically concentrated on this subject and were satisfied with giving general information about both the Middle East and Iraq. Inarguably, the winner of this conflict on that area in the beginning of the 19th century was the British Empire. Nevertheless, this accomplishment was not an easy one for the British Empire. They gained this triumph by virtue of defeating French, Russians, Dutch, and German forces after a long-standing struggle. In this study, we aimed to present details about the conflict between the Great Powers on that region and the British Empire’s success against the others.

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Bir Nablus Muharebesi Hikâyesi

Author(s): Fatih Turgay Eldem / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2016

The Battle of Megiddo which accelerated the termination of the World War One for the Ottoman Empire was fought between Yildirim Army Group, on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, and Egyptian Expeditionary Force supported by Rebellious Arab Army, in the name of the British Empire, between September 18th and October 31st, 1918 in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under the command of Edmund Allenby was made up of the British, Australian, New Zealand and Indian Armies that had returned from the Gallipoli Campaign. The Yildirim Army Group commanded by Otto Liman von Sanders consisted of the 4th, 7th, and 8th Ottoman Armies. The 4th Army headquartered in Al-Salt, Jordan and its commander was Jamal (Marsinli) Pasha. Headquartered in Nablus, West Bank, the commandant of the 7th Army was Mustapha Kamal (Ataturk) Pasha. Javat (Chobanli) Pasha was in command of the 8th Army headquartered in Tul Karm, West Bank. At the end of the battle, the 4th, 7th and 8th Armies were all destroyed by the British and Australian aeroplanes’ bombings in such places as Al-Mafraq station, Valley of Faria and Masudiya Crossing respectively. Von Sanders who general-headquartered in Nazareth, Israel narrowly escaped from being captured by the troops of Desert Mounted Corps. Consequently, the Yildirim Army Group suffered a total of 100.000 casualties including dead, missed and prisoner. However, having taken lesson from this battle, Mustapha Kamal Ataturk, the founder of Republic of Turkey, planned and implemented the Great Offensive of War of Independence so as Allenby did. He also realised the importance of air force as a result of extreme suffering of retreating armies from aerial attacks. Thus, after concluding the Independence War successfully, he established the Turkish Aeronautical Association.

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Osmanlı Arap Vilayetleri, Arabizm Ve Arap Milliyetçiliği

Author(s): Davut Hut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2016

This paper analyzes the transformation process of the Arab awakening emerged in the Arab provinces in the nineteenth century into Arab nationalism and Arabism over time. The administrative weakness, Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, strengthening of Wahhabi movement, the revolt of Cavallan Mehmet Ali Pasha in Egypt, rising of colonialism and the missionary activities and the development of cultural and political relations with Europe led to the emergence of “Arabism”. This movement began to develop in the second half of the nineteenth century and showed improvement especially in Syria, Lebanon and Egypt. The Arabists were active in different domains such as literature, culture and education. They also founded schools and associations. In early years of the reign of Abdulhamit II, Arabist movement showed results in Syria and Lebanon. The fact that the Sultan paid attention to the Arab provinces and followed an "Islamic unity" policy prevented the strengthening of Arabism. On the other hand, many committees and societies were established, and Arabic books, newspapers and magazines were published. Arabism made a significant progress during the second constitutionalist period. This period is a milestone in terms of both Arab nationalism and Turkish nationalism. Turkish nationalism, emerged as a response to increasing European intervention and pressure, and led to the strengthening of Arab nationalism. The Arabists established associations and issued a large number of newspapers in the free environment of the Second Constitutionalist period. They showed local reactions to the European influence. These reactions were the reflections of proto-Arab nationalism. During the Second Constitutionalist period, Arabists demanded more Arab reforms, decentralized local governance, recognition of Arabic as an official language, employment of more Arabs in the local bureaucracy and political rights for the Arabs. The mandatory use of the Turkish language in the Arab provinces caused charging of the Unionists with “Turkism”, as well as unrest in the region. As a result, Arab nationalism gained a political characteristic during the Second Constitutionalist period. In 1913 Arab Congress was held. However, separation and independence weren’t dealt with in the Congress. After all, a treaty was signed between the Unionists and Arabists. Arab nationalism which aimed independence and developed against the Ottoman / Turkish sovereignty emerged in the First World War. However, most of the Arabs remained loyal to the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire during the war. Nevertheless, some of the Arabs revolted under the leadership of the Emir of Mecca, Sharif Hussein. At the end of the war, Arab provinces were occupied by the French and the British.

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Tahrir Defterlerine Göre XVI. Yüzyılda Musul Sancağı Vakıfları

Author(s): Vedat Turgut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2016

Mosul being on significant trade routes has been a multicultural settlement area for centuries. It can be easily seen that waqfs having been established in Mosul were respected by people from all strata of the society and founded within the framework of the communities with which they were affiliated. Hz. Yunus-holy for divine religions and Hz Cercis following the doctrine of Hz. İsa can be regarded as samples for this situation. Many sepulchres belonging to Hz. Ali and those around him especially İmam Zeyd and İmam Yahya and waqf registers regarding the tomb of İmam Abdullah, the son of Hz. Ömer are the most significant signs of respect and love shown for descendants and companions of Hz. Muhammed in Mosul. The waqfs established in the city during the reigns of Zengid Dynasty and Ottoman Empire will also be handled in this study.

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“Hasta Adam” Osmanlı Devleti Karşısında Başarılı Bir İtalyan Diplomasi Örneği: Trablusgarp Savaşı

Author(s): Hasan Tevfik Güzel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

Italy who secured its national unity in the second half of the 19th century, endeavoured to gain a position in the balance of power constituted by Congress of Vienna (1815) in European politics and also to catch up the colonial activities of other great powers. In this manner, its initial objective had been the North Africa territories of ‘the sick man of Europe’, Ottoman Empire who had been contending with the problems that threaten its future as a result of the bad influences of French Revolution’s (1789) nationalist movements. Italy who endeavoured longstanding, vigorous and secret diplomatic efforts to land Tripoli among the other great powers of Europe, achieved this goal by taking the advantage of Ottoman Empire’s situation. The presence of Ottoman Empire in Africa, as the owner of these territories since the 16th century, ceased as a result of the invasion of the Ottoman territories in the North Africa, first by France and Britain and finally Italy. Italy who ensured the process to turn into its favour both with the implicit and explicit diplomatic activities, not only invaded Tripoli as a result of wretchedness and obliviousness of the Ottoman Empire of these activities, but also has achieved to have a voice in strategic issues such as the fate of the islands in Aegean Sea which are still on the agenda. Ottoman Empire had to withdraw the Balkans by Balkan Wars occurred following the Tripoli War and has fallen out off the dusty pages of history in the wake of the World War I.

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Şerif Hüseyin’in Mekke Emirliği’ne Atanma Sürecinde Ailesiyle İstanbul’da Geçirdiği Yıllar

Author(s): Taha Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

Sharif Hussein who revolted against the Ottoman Empire during the World War I with the support of Britain, spent a significant part of his life in Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Sharif Hussein did not reside in Istanbul by his own will, he was summoned there by the sultan of the time, Abdulhamid II.Being born in Istanbul and having returned to Hejaz afterwards, Sharif Hussein moved to Istanbul upon Abdulhamid II’s call in 1892 and became a member of Council of State. Sharif Hussein was appointed to the Mecca Emirate in 1908 after his residence in Istanbul for 16 years.In this study, we discussed the residence of Sharif Hussein in Istanbul, the reason behind his arrival, his personality and the process of his appointment to the Mecca Emirate. Thus, we hope to have a better understanding of Sharif Hussein revolt which eventually caused Ottoman Empire to lose its domination over Hejaz region.

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Tımışvar Sancağı'nda Tımar Rejiminin Teşekkülü ve İlk Uygulamalar (1555-1556)

Author(s): Murat Serdaroğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

In the Ottoman Empire, after the conquest, registration books was shaped to determine the forms of land, property and savings. After the conquest of Tımışvar in 1552, the province of Tımışvar was established in 1554 and the lands were registered on the books. In this study, the distribution of dirlik according to Tımısvar Livası Tımar İcmâl Book registered in 298 of the Register of Tapu-Tahrir and dated back to the years of 1555-1556 was examined. As a result of the study, it was determined that 57.9% of the revenues were reserved as has , 14.6% of the revenues were reserved as zeamet and 27.5% of the revenues were delivered as timar.

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Temettuat Defterlerine Göre Karadere Divanı

Author(s): Turgut Subaşı,Melih Barçın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

The Ottoman State's tax collection methods and also rates changed with the change of boundaries. Especially deteriorating central authority and received successive defeats in the wars led to weakening of the public purse. The Ottoman State which did not obtain the desired result of reform movements made some arrangements in order to correct bad going over time. One of the most important of these arrangements was the taxes to be taken from the people. The cash money to be collected with taxes for treasure would give the opportunity to move in a planned manner to the statesmen in the economic area. During the period from 1844 to 1845, a new registration work called " Dividend Book " was initiated in order to collect tax more equitably by determining the existence of land, real estate, animals, goods and goods possessed by the people in the geography where the state is dominant. Dividend Books shed light especially on the history and other disciplines in point of showing up the economic and social situation of that period. In Dividend Books the income that dwellings had in a year and the property that they had, were recorded then taxed in the name of the householder. In this way, the profession of the people mentioned in the book, the amount and kind of land they work, the amount of product obtained and the number of animals were delivered to the center.The Dividend book, the subject of our research, belongs the year of 1844 (A.H 1260-1261) of Karadere Quarter that located on 20 km north of today's Adapazarı district, Sakarya province, is registered in The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office with the number BOA, ML. VRD. TMT, 4183. At that time, this settlement called the Karadere Divanı was pretty croweded dwelling unit with 67 households when compared to the other Divans of the district. Karadere Divan, which was on the way to Kandıra-Adapazarı, was the most crowded Muslim settlement of Kaymas borough.

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Askerî Mecmua’ya Göre Çanakkale Cephesinde Türk-Alman İttifakı

Author(s): Hakan Türkkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

Germany was one of the most important allied of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War. Some people who served in the army and especially Gallipoli Campaign during WWI wrote some articles in one of the journals called “Askeri Mecmua” (Military Journal). There are very significant clues related with Turk- German alliance in those works. This research paper focuses on strategical alliance of Germany in terms of Gallipoli Campaign.

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Osmanska umjetnost

Author(s): Jonathan M. Bloom ,Sheila S. Blair / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

Osmanlije [Osmanli], Islamskadinastijakojajepocelavladati Anadolijom 1281; u svojim najvecim granicama tokom 16. stoljeca Osmansko carstvo obuhvatalo je Balkan, Krim, Irak, Siriju, Hidzaz, Egipat i Sjevernu Afriku. Trajalo je do proglasenja ustava Republike Turske 1924.

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XV. Yüzyıla Ait Bir Mektup Örneğinin Diplomatik Dil, Uslüp ve Tarihi Kaynak Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Ayşe Atıcı Arayancan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

Historical documents, by which one may list letters, edicts and chronicles amongst the primary sources, have always been instrumental in illuminating the 14th-15th century Turkish history. One of the documents which sheds a light into this era, especially in regards to the Ak Koyunlu/Kara Koyunlu – Ottoman Empire relations, is the letter sent by Uzun Hasan to his counterpart Sultan Mehmed II. The letter’s both Farsi original can be found in Münşeat-ı Selatin by Feridun Bey and Esnad-ı ve Mukatebat-ı Tarikh-i İran ez Timur Şah İsmail by Abdülhüseyin Nevai . In this article teh letter will be evaluated diplomatically in terms of language ,style and history

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OSMANLIDA KULLANILAN VİLÂYET TABİRİ ÜZERİNE

Author(s): Iasha Bekadze / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 36/2017

It is known that the Ottoman provincial organization was formed from the smallest unit to the largest, in the form of village, county, town, sanjak and states (province / governorship). In the organisation and unity of these settlements, the villages constituted the counties, the counties constituted the towns, the towns constituted the sanjaks and the sanjaks constituted the states (provinces / governorship). The administrative structure of the 624-year-old Ottoman Empire changed from time to time according to internal and external circumstances. It can be seen that the term "Vilayet" used to express different administrative units in the following three periods: 1. The Period Of The Governorship System - Between 1326 and 1591; 2. The Period Of The State System - Between 1591 and 1864; 3. The Period Of The Provincial System – Between 1864 and 1922. As it becomes clear, the term “vilayet” was interpreted as "township", "county", "town", "sanjak", “castel”, "city", "country", “fatherland”, “state”, and “province” during the 624-year long period. In this study, for the first time, we have attempted to evaluate the use of the term "vilayet" in different meanings as regard three periods.

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КAЗИВAЊA O УСТAНИЧКОМ ИЗДAЈСТВУ - OБHOBA И КОНТИНУИТЕТ МИТA О КОСОВСКОЈ ИЗДAЈИ

Author(s): Branko R. Zlatković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2008

Various kinds of betrayal represent serious offences, and the most drastic ones are those that threaten the happiness and survival of a community or an entire nation. This paper singles out the stories discusing the cases of betrayal and dishonourable conduct of the contemporaries of The First Serbian Uprising (1804—1813). The notion of betrayal in this period of Serbian history, viewed from a specific written and oral narrative angle, is expressed in diverse forms, from fear of betrayal, through sporadic and individual cases of obstruction of the rebellius fighting, to the accusations related to decisive national disasters. However, on the basis of the oustanding selected narrative examples one can conclude that the phenomenon of betrayal in an uprising is nor experienced as a specific and autochthonous case, but is interpreted as a consequence of the curse of the Serbian betrayal in Kosovo which entered the Serbian nation from then and which has just been revived from time to time and made current in new and contemporary historical circumstances.

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TURGAY ERDENER’İN OBUA VE YAYLI ÇALGILAR İÇİN KONÇERTİNOSU’NUN FORM ANALİZİ

Author(s): Selçuk Akyol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2016

The Concertino for Oboe and Strings by Turgay Erdener has significant importance because it is the first piece for oboe and strings written in concertino form by a contemporary Turkish composer. The composer has applied the rhythms and the maqams of the Ottoman Music, Turkish Folk Music and Turkish Art Music with the forms of Western Classical Music. The first movement is a compound ternary form and the core motif announced by the oboe is repeated continuously through the movement. The melodical structure of the first movement gives its place to the contrpunctual structure in the second movement. The basso continuo, segah maqam and Passacaglia form are the main features of this movement. The third movement has the lively atmosphere of the Turkish Folk Music. A humoristic language is applied in this movement where the playground of children has been described.

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MAKAMSAL TÜRK MÜZİĞİ EĞİTİMİ VE İCRASINDA BATI ARMONİSİ

Author(s): Togay Şenalp / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2016

In this paper, the interaction between Turkish Makam Music and Western Music who is composed from tampered sounds has been discussed and the interaction has been situated in a historical period. This interaction has been evaluated in three domains which are; education; performance and composition. The education on this two musical language has been done detachedly in Ottoman Empire and in Turkey as well and this fact may interrupt the formation of composers who can compose with both languages. As composition process is an individual process this two musical knowledge has to be given to one same person. At the other hand even the education goes detachedly the performers has used the western harmony with makam at the last 40 years. This has been showed with different examples from the albums of artists such as Zeki Müren, Barış Manço, Sezen Aksu, İnci Çayırlı. All this examples has showed that this period starts at 1970’s. The multicultural character of this music has been underlined for showing how this music is able to adapt himself to a different culture. After adapting Arabic, Persian and Byzantine music characteristics to himself, this music can and should embrace western music harmony system at the end of 200 years of intense interaction.

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ISTORIJA NOVČANE KAZNE U SRBIJI (1804–1860. godine)

Author(s): Zoran Mirković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The author is trying to show the development of fines in Serbia since 1804, when the First Serbian uprising started and the public authority was established, to 1860, when the Criminal Code of the Principality of Serbia was enacted. The roots of fine go back to the similar institute in Serbian medieval criminal law and the Ottoman law. The study pays special attention to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the Serbian public authorities took over the prosecution and punishment from the Ottoman authorities. The author is trying to answer several questions: what happened with fines, when did they appear, to which extent did they affected the convicted?

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