The Unwilling Witnesses
Review of the book Claudia-Florentina Dobre “Martore fără voie. Fostele deținute politic și memoria comunismului în România”.
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Review of the book Claudia-Florentina Dobre “Martore fără voie. Fostele deținute politic și memoria comunismului în România”.
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The paper analyses the history of the presence of the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia in general, and at Fort Komárno in particular. It analyses how the Soviet Army (SA) settled in commencing form November 1968, and how it avoided to comply with the Czechoslovak legal system. It also sums up the tragic events that occurred in relation to ordinary Czechoslovak citizens and members of the SA, including shootings and road accidents. According to the current (2020) state of research by Czech and Slovak researchers such as Prokop Tomek, Ivo Pejčoch, Patrik Košický and others, the number of Czechoslovak civil fatalities can be set to 425 people, between August 21, 1968 and June 25, 1991 when the last Soviet soldier left the country. Fort Komárno is part of one of the biggest fortification systems in Central Europe. Due to its geographical position, situated on the River Danube and Váh, it used to have a rich military heritage. The troops of the Soviet Army stayed at the fort for 23 years. The estimated number of troops stationing at the fortress is set to 8000. The study also touches upon the historical memory of the presence of the Soviet Army at Fort Komárno which is surrounded by certain amnesia, which is not surprising if we consider the fact that the Czechoslovak public did not have a chance to get acquainted with the details of the Soviet military occupation, and especially not with all the harm that was caused by it, including individual and mass killings, robbery, rape, and environmental pollution.
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Midhata Begića upoznao sam u jesen 1948. u Sarajevu kao student knjževnosti. On je tada radio u Ministarstvu prosvjete na pitanjima programa i nastave. Odnio sam mu nekoliko svojih stilističkih skica i zamolio ga da ih pročita i o njima kaže svoje mišljenje. Podržao me, dao više veoma korisnih savjeta, pa je, dvije godine kasnije, kad je izašao taj moj literarni prvjenac, napisao prikaz u časopisu "Brazda", podstičući me da nastavim rad u oblasti književne stilistike. Poslije sam ga rijetko sretao sve do 1950. godine, kada smo se našli na studijama u Institutu društvenih nauka u Beogradu, na nekoj vrsti priprema za teorijski rad, publicistiku i javne djelatnosti, u onom dramatičnom vremenu Staljinove kampanje protiv Jugoslavije.
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The paper shows views of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ), the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SSRNJ), Serbian Orthodox Patriarch German, Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito on character and work of Cypriot Archbishop and President Makarios through coverage of SKJ and SSRNJ press, Serbian Orthodox Church magazine, political and daily newspapers about Makarios’ health problems and death (1977).
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The decree to ban poppy, which has been cultivated in Anatolia for thousands of years, caused a great disturbance in the Turkish public opinion. On July 1, 1974, the ban was canceled by the Turkish government. The decree caused great displeasure and disappointment in the USA. Although the United States tried to implement a new policy of repression for the reversal of the decision, the Turkish government did not back down. On top of that initiative it has launched a military and economic embargo against Turkey under the leadership of the US Congress. However, the US administration approached this option more cautiously on the grounds that the embargo would strengthen the anti-US groups in the Turkish public opinion. While the poppy tension continued, the Greek junta carried out a coup in Cyprus on July 15, 1974. Turkey, has been interpreted this coup as a step towards Enosis and responded to the two military operations. The US administration, by interpreting the Cyprus crisis as an opportunity, rather than popping the embargo decree, Turkey has found it more appropriate for the binding of these reasons. In this way both to calm the Greek public about Cyprus, as well as possible reactions from Turkey could take retribution the decree of poppy. In this study, although the main reason for the embargo against Turkey being the abolition of the ban on poppy cultivation to be at the forefront of the 1974 Cyprus crisis was investigated by the United States. In this study, although the abolition of the ban on poppy cultivation the main reason for the embargo to Turkey, instead of this reason featuring the Cyprus crisis by the US was investigated.
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In the article the facts of distortion of the real statistical data in documents of committees of physical culture and sport are analyzed, consequences of this phenomenon and fight of the management against it in the USSR in the early fifties are considered (on materials of the Penza region).
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This article presents the history of the Central Social Sciences Library ‘Jože Goričar’, its precedent libraries, as well as the automation process of library functions. The library had been founded in 1985 by the merging of the Library of the Sociological Institute and the Library of the Faculty of Sociology, Political Sciences and Journalism. The automation process began in 1978 when the Social Science Information Centre was founded, which covered the computer processing of bibliographic data. In 1993 the library entered the system of cooperative cataloging COBISS and in 1994 included the bibliography of the Faculty of Social Sciences into the system. The automation was completed by 1995 with the automation of the lending segment of library functions.
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Prispevek ni sociološka niti zgodovinska analiza časa prvega desetletja delovanja inštituta, temveč povsem subjektivni pogled na dogajanja v tistem času. Dogodke, dejstva in podatke iz osebnih dokumentov navajam tako z namenom, da zgodovinarju ali sociologu pripomorem k njegovi strokovni analizi časa in seveda pomena inštituta v njem. Odločil sem se navreči bralcu in strokovnjaku osebni pogled z navedbo vrste krokijev iz zgodovine Slovenije/Jugoslavije, iz inštituta ob njegovi desetletnici in osebnih dokumentov, ki prav gotovo odslikavajo Institucionalno in zakonodajno urejenost družbe.
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The period between 1973 general elections and 12 September (1980) military coup witnessed a political rivalry between the leader of the Republican People’s Party (RPP) Bülent Ecevit, who as the forerunner of the Left of theCenter ideology was unable to form a single party government due to the lack of parliamentary majority after the elections, and the leader of right-wing Justice Party (JP) Süleyman Demirel. In this period, the power pendulum oscillated between the two leaders who formed successive, but short-lived goverments. Their unstable governments were notable to solve Turkey’s political, economic and social problems, that ended up with the military intervention in 1980.Despite the existing literature on opium issue and Cyprus crisis and their reflections on Turkish-American relations,studies on the American approach to Turkey’s domestic problems do not exist, so this study aims to fill this gap in the literature. The findings in this study are important to understand the policy of the USA toward Turkey’s domestic politics. First of all, the USA approached the two leaders rationally and in the light of its national interests. More importantly, the USA was expecting a military intervention in Turkey especially after the Khoumeini Revolution in Iran in 1979 that jeopardized its interests in the Gulf because there was no room for the USA to lose Turkey similar to Iran. In this context, American officials followed the military leaders closely in order to develop their relations incase of a military intervention.
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Fra Luku Markešića poznajem od 1954. godine kada sam došao u Sjemenište u Visoko u šesti razred gimnazije. Fra Luka je tada bio učenik petog razreda. Živeći više godina zajedno u Sjemeništu i Bogosloviji, dobro smo se upoznali.
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This paper shows position of The Student weekly towards the Theological Faculty of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1965–1968). The Student was among the most important papers of the Yugoslav socialist youth, in this case gathered in the Society of Students at the University of Belgrade.
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The poem "Metohija in the great year 1941" of Ali Podrimja, published in 1st issue 1 of the literary magazine "Jeta e re" (1961) is dealing with an explosion of an accumulation which the poet had kept to himself for years. It was an emotional outburst after all those clashes that the Albanian people had experienced for a decade and a half after the Second World War. There was a time when freedom and equality between peoples were proclaimed, an accumulation that had waited for the opportunity to explode in verse long rhythms, which in cases are interrupted by short burst strings. It is an anthemic inspiration, accompanied by heroic and elegiac notes, through which the poet sings to his land, starting from the painful history of the people of this land, but which, in the end, exceeds the norms set by out of inspiration. According to Orwell "The point where literature and politics intersect is the point where totalitarianism exerts the greatest pressure on the intellectual,"19 but what can happen to art when it is subject to the norms imposed by power? This is best understood when we analyze it. Ali Podrimja also works with the poem "Shadow of the Earth", but the history of publication and reworking of this poem differs from the history of other creations of him. He did not publish it in the first volume or in the second, but he kept silent, meanwhile, when he published it in the third volume, "Beautiful Pain", the revision of it was not an aesthetic reworking, but utterly political. The treatment of the non-publication of the poem "Metohija in the great year 1941" as it was first written in 1961, is being republished and reworked six years later. With the new name name "Smart Land", it is also important for analyzing the literary process in Kosovo in the first decades after the Second World War, a time when censorship played a significant role, but also negative and inhibiting in this literature. The case of Ali Podrima's poem, which is published in the literary magazine "Jeta e re", if it is not published in the book, is not a solitary case. What does this case mean? It means that the magazine "Jeta e re" was a bit liberal, while when it came time to publish it as a separate book, the "authorities", both artistic and political, were more careful not to publish anything that exceeded the targets set by politics. The poem "Metohija in the great year 1941" is not only the most voluminous and artistically accomplished creation of the first phase of the poet Ali Podrimja, but also one of the most beautiful creations of Albanian literature written in Kosovo. As it was published in the magazine "Jeta e re" (1961), it was never republished, not even in the set published by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo. In the non-publication of the poem "Metohija in the great year 1941" neither in the first nor in the second volume, by the poet Ali Podrimja; as well as the reworking and recreating of this poem in the third volume "Awakening Earth", etc., we are dealing with the pressure of censorship, which at that time was not only active, but also quite harsh, rather than the artistic and aesthetic reworking or recreation of the poet of this poem. The analysis of the two variants of this poem, verse by verse and word by word, could lead us to this conclusion. After the publication of the poem "Earth awakening" in the poetic volume "Beautiful pain", in which he transformed the poem "Metohija in the great year 1941", Ali Podrimja returned to this poem once again in 1971, now in new circumstances political, when Kosovo was moving towards an autonomy, and published it, significantly expanded, now also in the irrigated language, with the new title "Shadow of the Earth". My opinion is that, regardless of the revisions that the poet made to this poem, when he returned his first breath to this last poem, this poem no longer reached the height it had in its first edition, in 1961.
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In terms of its cataclysmic effects on Turkey's political and social life and on its future, 1960 Turkish coup d'état on May 27 is one of the most important events in recent history. During this period, education life was also affected by the coup's shocking effects. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate how 1960 Turkish coup d'état on May 27 affected education life in Turkey with military regime's actions, policies, and legal regulations. To this end, legal regulations regarding education life during the aforementioned military coup period were investigated, and this military regime's main policies, practices, and ideologies were identified. In this way, some conclusions were drawn regarding changes and transformations on education system and cultural life practices brought about by the military regime, different from civil governments. The military regime acted in two directions in the face of the need for development in the country regarding education system and education level. First, the military regime conducted propaganda activities against the former Democrat party government by blaming it for all problems on education life, which could not be solved for decades, in order to ensure the legitimacy of junta and conducted a series of unfruitful putschist actions in educational institutions. Secondly, the military regime tried to find some temporary solutions for problems about education system.
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Gönen Teacher Training School which trained about 2.381 teachers between 1954 and 1974 as a teacher school, has played an important role in training teachers in the country. The school is the best school in the region and has experienced a period in which it was a privilege to go to Gönen Teacher Training School. The students of Gönen Teacher Training School, which provides free boarding education, learned the craft by taking applied lessons in the school's workshops in addition to the teaching lessons they took. Also, it was wanted that each student of this school play an instrument. The teacher candidates, who received 6 years of education in Gönen school, practiced both in laboratory, workshop and agriculture studies, and produced the teaching tools themselves in the workshops. These produced teaching tools were sent to internship schools and some primary schools to be used. In this study, in addition to the information about the number of students, teachers and graduates of Gönen Teacher Training School between 1954-1974, the course information of the students, their activities and the daily lives of the students in this school were also considered.
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Humor is a way of narration based on smiling. Humor is sometimes used to have others think, to criticize them and even to make them bothered. Humor, which aims to make the public conscious and to tease and refute the dominant class, is called “functional and beneficial laugh”. There is criticism at the base of this laughter. The criticism is mostly directed to the system and political power with the dimention of the laughter. Hüseyin Korkmazgil (1927-1984), who is mostly popular for his poetry in Turkish literature, also had written humor stories. In his early poems, he used the pseudonym Serhan and became interested in political and philosophical books during his high school years. During this time, he started to read marko pasha magazine, and he wrote his first laughter essays during his high school period and published them in the school’s wall newspaper. His work is a reflection of his political stance and his work “Made in Turkey” (1970) which features humor, becomes prominent with its political criticism. He aims to raise public awareness with his political criticisms in “Made in Turkey”. Korkmazgil’s political criticisms in his work are directed at the immorality of politicians, the misconduct of the bureaucracy, the misperception of democracy, and the corruptions in the press. The titles in our study are shaped in this direction.
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