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4.50 €

(Ne)legitimni revizionizam: pravo i (pseudo)istoriografske revizije na zapadu i istoku

Author(s): Vladimir P. Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The contribution is analyzing the legal aspects of historiographical revisionism, in an attempt to highlight the role of the courts in delineating between legitimate historical reevaluation of the past and the denial of essential historical facts, the latter being referred to as negationsim. The experience of Western countries in combating negationism through criminalisation of various forms of denial of mass crimes or through the civil litigation is juxtaposed to the confused postotalitarian dynamics in Eastern Europe and its anarchic reception in the region of the former Yugoslavia.

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Problemi sa historijom i historičarima

Author(s): Aleš Gabrič / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The author describes the accomplishments of Slovene historians who pursue answers to open questions of twentieth-century history, drawing special attention to questions which have been the least examined in the Slovene historiography. In addition, he comments on the relationship between current political events and the historiography of Slovenia.

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(Re)konstrukcija suvremene hrvatske / jugoslavenske povijesti u pregledima / sintezama nakon 1991. godine

Author(s): Damir Agičić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author concentrates on the treatment of contemporary Croatian/Yugoslav history in several monographs, overviews, and summaries of Croatian history published over the past ten years. In addition, he completes a short re¬view of research on contemporary history included in the scientific-historical projects financed by the Republic of Croatia’s Ministry of Science, Education, and Sport. He concludes that when guided exclusively by scholarly criteria, the matrix of Croatian historiography is developing in a satisfactory manner.

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“Šegrti u školi života’’ ili “čekači u životnoj čekaonici’’, detinjstvo u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji

Author(s): Sanja Petrović Todosijević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The author describes the fate of German children who in 1946 were taken from detention camps for Germans in Vojvodina and assigned to orphanages across Yugoslavia. The case study serves as an illustrative example of the particularities of the “new” Yugoslav movement that commenced after the Second World War. The author explores the dynamic transformations that occurred in internal affairs and in the realm of gender politics.

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Ponovno otkriće povijesti Nijemaca u zemljama bivše Jugoslavije – prva bilanca poslije 15 godina

Author(s): Carl Bethke / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Before the Second World War, German-speaking people, especially Austrians, were a significant national minority in Yugoslavia. After the war, about half of this community left the region. Those who remained were Germans who considered themselves to be innocent, namely the elderly, women, and children. Nevertheless, most of them were isolated in camps until 1948, where many died from the hard conditions of forced labor. For a long time, historical research on the former German minority fell on the margins of historiography. The author reviews publications, documents, and the general scholarly literature on this topic that is emerging from Germany, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia.

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Siromaštvo kao odrednica privrednog razvoja u Bosni i Hercegovini (1945-1950)

Author(s): Vera Katz / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Most of the archival materials relating to the era of socialist development of Bosnia and Herzegovina are held at the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With access to these historical sources it is possible to understand the deep poverty and misery of Bosnian-Herzegovinian society after the Second World War. By consulting these sources, the author aims to complete the historical picture on this period, which is missing from the previous research in the Bosnian historiography.

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Bosna i Hercegovina u vrtlogu

Author(s): Robert J. Donia / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In the past six decades, English-language accounts of the Second World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina have evolved, starting with the perspective of Allied strategic military interests and moving toward an understanding of the conflict as a struggle among regional actors. In the late wartime years, English readers saw the Second World War largely through the portal of Allied military observers who visited Tito or Mihailović. Early postwar scholarly accounts of the war echoed English readers’ obsession with the gargantuan military struggle and the reasons for Allied victory. Since then, English-language histories have increasingly drawn upon the voluminous documentary record and emphasized the role of the national question in the course and outcome of the war. Some authors have adopted a regional approach and focused principally on the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The quality of recent histories is excellent, but there is a lamentable absence of social history in these works, and horrible fate of the Jews in the Second World War has all but disappeared from more recent accounts.

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Najnoviji pogledi na Drugi svjetski rat u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Husnija Kamberović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

This work examines the criticism surrounding Rasim Hurem’s 1973 study on the NOP (National Liberation Movement) in eastern Bosnia. Kamberović argues that as a direct consequence to the controversy surrounding Hurem’s study, the Bosnian historiography on the Second World War has grown static. He notes that criticisms of Hurem’s work, which need to be understood in the broader political context of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1970s, essentially disavowed any scholarship on the Second World War that did not fit with the general narrative of the wartime victors. Afterwards, scholars lost the courage to introduce new works that provide different perspectives of the war or to address different wartime themes.

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Historijske refleksije antifašističkog rata u Makedoniji u makedonskoj historiografiji 1991-2005. godine

Author(s): Marjan Dimitrijevski / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In the past decade, Macedonian historiography has been enriched by new studies that offer scholarly and thoughtful interpretations of the Macedonian struggle against fascism (NOAR) and its role in the larger coalition against fascism. This scholarship adheres to the principles and methodologies used in contemporary European and Balkan history, adopting a healthy and critical spirit to objectively and impartially examine the subject. Dimitrijevski traces how this scholarship is leading in new directions for the general understanding of the Macedonian anti-fascist movement. In doing so, he notes that this historiography is critical to the development of Macedonia’s national identity, national consciousness, and inter-community relations as well as for issues of human rights, democracy, freedom, equality, peace, and tolerance in the region.

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Masakri i genocid počinjeni u Drugom svjetskom ratu i ponovno otkrivanje žrtava

Author(s): Tea Sindbaek / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

It seems to be a common tendency of the historiography of the Second World War in Yugoslavia and several other countries that certain types of victimisation were left out of history writing for several decades. Particularly experiences of defenceless and humiliated victims were apparently too shameful and painful to be conceived for a long period after the war. From the 1970s and particularly in the 1980s, however, massacres and victims became central in historiography and popular history in Yugoslavia and elsewhere. While this is probably partly the result of a necessary distance in time, it seems also to accompany a change in international discourse, which ascribes moral and symbolic esteem to the role of victims. Yugoslav historiography naturally had its particular characteristics. There were ideological imperatives, some of which would have been similar to those of other socialist countries, while others were indeed special for Yugoslavia: The need to emphasise an autochthonous revolution independent of the Soviet Union, a history of brutal violence and strong antagonisms between different groups within Yugoslavia, the changing political climates, not least following Tito’s death. Nevertheless the similarities in the developments of Second World War historiography in Yugoslavia and elsewhere are striking. Therefore I believe that Yugoslav historiography has participated in and been influenced by these common tendencies. In the Yugoslav case the heroic deeds of the partisans remained the positive focus of World War II history into the 1970s. When finally genocide and victims’ suffering entered the historians’ agenda in the 1980s, however, these issues formed a particularly powerful theme within history and public debate. This was partly because re-evaluation of this historic period also meant rethinking of the background of the political system, and partly because reviving these gruesome historic experiences would inevitably influence national relations among the Yugoslav peoples.

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Oni su 1945. odstupili

Author(s): Omer Hamzić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

This work attempts to clarify the complex and loaded meanings behind the phrase “They who retreated in 1945,“ which is still used in the Gračanica area. First, Hamzić explains the concept of “retreat.” After establishing the truth of the fates of the individuals who fall in this category, he works to demystify them. He notes that while there is little need to rehabilitate these people today, there is a historical need to understand them. Indeed, when we analyze this category, the question of liberation and occupation in April and May 1945 seems redundant. Hamzić analyzes the people and goals behind the “fabrication” of this term and the purpose it served. He concludes that it is imperative to clarify this debate because it continues to effect Bosnian families today.

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Bosanskohercegovački Hrvati za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata (kao dio hrvatskog nacionalnog korpusa)

Author(s): Ivo Goldstein / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In this article, the author examines the changes that occurred within the Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croatian community during the Second World War that led individuals to sympathize with different warring factions. Although the entire Croatian nation gradually joined the Partisan cause, this process happened more quickly in the coastal regions of Istria and Dalmatia and several smaller Croatian inland areas. For a number of reasons the Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats lagged behind their Croatian counterparts in joining the Partisan movement. Except for individuals who had been Communists in the pre-war period, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats did not side with the Partisans until the autumn of 1943. After that point, the number of Croats in the Partisans steadily increased until the end of the war.

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Posljednji mjeseci ratnog perioda: Sarajevska Iskustva

Author(s): Emily Greble Balić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In this article, Emily Balić examines social conditions in Sarajevo during the final months of World War II. By January 1945, a constellation of factors including the Croatian state’s inability to monitor local governments or distribute resources; the German occupation; and the refugee crisis created by the Yugoslav civil war, had rendered Sarajevo’s local government nearly bankrupt and totally ineffective. To fill this leadership void, private clubs and societies (“društva”) took over important social services. The društva had their own financial and material resources from membership dues, private donations, and the strategic takeover of property and businesses during the war. Run by small groups of community elites with close ties to local politicians and religious leaders, the društva had access to thousands of Sarajevans through religious, cultural, and political circles. They organized schools, lectures, and exams, distributed food, and built and maintained refugee camps and children’s homes. Moreover, they were the principal liaison between Sarajevo’s citizens and the government, a position they used to shape local policy, mold public attitudes, and preserve social mores and conservative values as the war drew to a close. When the Communist Partisans arrived in Sarajevo, they allowed many of the društva (albeit with new leadership) to continue their work in the city in order to maintain order. Thus, the društva served as an important bridge from fascism to Communism and from the dying Independent State of Croatia to the emerging Yugoslavia.

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O nekim aspektima obrazovno-odgojne politike Narodnooslobodilačkog pokreta na području Bosne i Hercegovine (1941-1945)

Author(s): Azem Kožar / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The educative and pedagogical politics of National-Liberation Movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina (as a part of Yugoslovenian Movement initiated and run by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia) in a period 1941-1945, was based on the idea of National-Liberation Movement, that included: equality, brotherhood and unity of its peoples, established on a secular atheistic basis. When compared to the pre-war monarchically Yugoslavian politics, particulary the educative and pedagogical politics of the Independent country of Croatia that was simultaneously implemanted in the unliberated teritory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was a radical new turning point. However because of the war-winnibg euphoria it attached too much importance to the role and aims of National-Liberation Movement, as well as to the tole of the Party and personality. Its attitude towards orther issuses from far and near past of Bosnia and Herzegovina was very superficial. These and other characteristics, mostly obtained from the experience of the Soviet Union, bacame prominent in history lessons. Not even the after-war (socialistic) educative and pedagogical politics managed to get rid of the inherited deficiencies from the ear until the beginning of 1980s. Then the new curricula of history issues were formed as a result of a gradual process of releasing Bosnian historiography from the shackles of politics and ideology.

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Počinje li 1945. zapravo 1917.? – Historikerstreit

Author(s): Tihomir Cipek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In recognition of the 1986 debate termed the ≪Historikerstreit,≫ an attempt will be made to analyze and discuss the thesis of the German historian Ernst Nolte, wherein the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 is seen as directly responsible for the emergence of Nazism and the Second World War, and its consequences in 1945. The article will show all the relevant points in the debate with emphasis paid to the conclusions of Ernst Nolte, Andreas Hillgruber, Jurgen Habermas, Ernst Jackel and Stefan Merl. The debate was conducted around three questions: first, did Nazi concentration camps represent a unique crime which cannot be compared to any other mass crime in history, or, should they be compared to the Bolshevik Gulags. Second, should Hitler≪s invasion of the USSR be interpreted as preventative defense or as a racially motivated war. Third, can the fierce defense the Germans put up against the Red Army in 1945 be interpreted as a defense of the concentration camps or as a patriotic act, that is to say, can we describe the Soviet invasion of Germany in 1945 as a liberation? This review and analysis of the 1986 debate among German historians is seen as an interpretation of the ties between communist and Nazi totalitarianism, the notion of ≪revisionism≫ in historical sciences, and the influence of historiography on the formation of democratic political culture. The debate demonstrated the unavoidable political function of historical scholarship which creates differing interpretations of the same events from the past and sheds light on important methodological terms of reference in historiography. The author concluded that 1945 did not begin in 1917; while Bolshevik terror may precede Nazi terror chronologically, it does not do so causally.

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Uloga Ozne u preuzimanju vlasti u Hrvatskoj 1945.

Author(s): Zdenko Radelić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper analyzes the work of the Odjeljenje za zaštitu naroda (OZN – Department of National Defense), the information and intelligence service of the Yugoslavian Armed Forces under the leadership and full control of the Communist Party, in the takeover of government after the conquest of designated areas in the territory of Croatia, especially the larger cities. In the period which preceded the takeover of government, the OZN placed the greatest emphasis on the collection of information about the condition of its enemies and potential opponents, the assignments of the most important officers of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and the Ustaša organization, the members of the Croat Peasant Party (HSS) and other political parties, the supporters of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and collaborators of the Third Reich, as well as the disposition of units of the NDH and the Third Reich. It especially monitored the disposition of units in cities, their streets and buildings and plans of defense. One section of the OZN produced a file listing those who were to be arrested and have their property seized. In cooperation with other state institutions of Federal Croatia, it elaborated plans for the operation of state and municipal bodies and productive and service organizations, in order to ensure the uninterrupted flow of daily life. At the end of the war and during the consolidation of the new government, the most attention was paid to the HSS and the Intelligence Service of Great Britain. The work is based on the reports of the OZN, which are held at the Croatian State Archive.

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Politika kulture, ideologijsko mapiranje , zasjeci

Author(s): Biljana Kašić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes cultural changes that took place during the socialist period in Croatia – in the context of Yugoslavia as it was at the time, especially from 1945 to 1952. In this regard, she attempted to sketch out certain questions and cultural conflicts which were operative in the ideological framework of the time, such as partymindedness, that is to say revolutionary tendencies in culture as the public characteristic of culture. Party-mindedness is demonstrated by execution of the ≪strict dictate of the party line≫; the criteria of truth and progress, or meta-aesthetic criteria, were characterized by ≪specific≫ knowledge, ideology, creativity. The purpose of party-mindedness was not only to bring ideology to its fulfillment, but its partiality was demanded, and the goal of the communist party in power was to implement its muli-layered ideology in practice, or purely in terms of intent. Often the party political principle was incompatible with totalitarian methods. The author thus relied on a few basic points of opposition within Croatian political culture and culture generally. The author looked at three paradigmatic examples: the symbolic structure of South Slav unity, the relationship to tradition, and the orientation to cultural thought in Europe, contained within the metaphorical saying ≪suspicious west≫.

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Poslijeratni komunistički sustav i javno ponašanje

Author(s): Ljubomir Antić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author directs his attention at the public behaviour of individuals and groups within the context of the totalitarian communist system of Socialist Yugoslavia. In imitation of the Soviet system, the postwar communist regime in Yugoslavia had as its goal the total control and direction of society and individuals. Proceeding uncompromisinly it killed every hope of the possibility of change. Constructing a closed society, the system did not create the opportunity for choice. From the middle of 1945, those who did not accept a totalitarian Yugoslavian government as their own, in order to survive, had to adapt. The most common form was to act under false pretenses: individuals kept their own convictions to themselves, but out of oportunism they presented themselves in public according to the demands of the ≪new times.≫ The new situation was especially reflected in family life. Double upbringing: private at home and public in kindergarten and school, was a common occurence in this era. Religion, but also spirituality in general, were relegated to family and church (sacristy). Artists were especially challenged to conform to the official style – socialist realism. Public manners and style came under the powerful influence of the ruling ideology. Official unidimensional reality fell upon human spirits like a uniform grayness. People lived in the same gray apartment blocks in identical apartments. The village too had to accept on uniformity. In creating the new man, weak as he was, the citizen had to surrender to the subject, and the integral person to the homo duplex, or the man without a chest.

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Ideologijska rekonstrukcija hrvatskog antifašizma : primjer Istre

Author(s): Darko Dukovski / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Antifascism in Istria is a complex historical and political phenomenon which carries within itself various social, national, cultural and political motives. It is not ideogically and politically, nor socially and nationally, unique. It was not a unique movement, not even among a group of politically active citizens. From its origins at the beginning of the 1920s, it contained a wide panoply of motives, aims and social supporters. Antifascism in Istria was at the same time urban and rural, Italian and Croatian-Slovenian, clerical and atheist, anti-communist and pro-communist. In such variety antifascism appears in Istria almost at the same time as the establishment of the first fascist organizations. It appeared first of all in opposition to fascist violence, and afterward as opposition to the violent national assimilation of Istrian Croats as well as opposition to social and class oppression. Its motives and activities overlap and achieve fuller expression. Even in the two greatest instances of armed antifascist uprising that occurred in the prewar era, the Republic of Labin and the revolt in Proština, both in 1921, these components are interwoven. It can be concluded that Istrian antifascist resistance was a constant which appeared relatively early, before fascism came to power, in rather varied forms and among various social, national and political factors which would significantly influence the political life of interwar Istria, but also the period of the war in which the most important social and politcal turning point occurred. Croatian antifascism was especially united during World War Two and despite minor disturbances remained committed to the same course of struggle against fascism and promotion of national unification and liberation. It was only after the liberation that it split along the lines of reaction to the communist (Bolshevik) system and the issue of relations with the Catholic Church.

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6.00 €

Стара и нова Југославија

Author(s): Ivan Ribar,Moša Pijade,Boris Zicherl / Language(s): Serbian

Articles from newspapers "Borba" and "Nova Jugoslavija"

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