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Stanisław Dunin–Borkowski and his views on Einstein’s special theory of relativity

Author(s): Jacek Rodzeń / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2022

The main purpose of this article is to discuss the views of the Jesuit Stanisław Dunin–Borkowski (1864–1934) about Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. These days, Dunin–Borkowski is a rather obscure figure despite rising to fame in the interwar period as an outstanding expert in the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. Thus, the secondary aim of this article is to remind ourselves of this somewhat forgotten scholar. As a researcher, writer, and pedagogue, Dunin–Borkowski was interested in numerous fields of knowledge. Among these were the natural sciences, including physics and the influence that new physical theories had on philosophical thought. This present study therefore fills a gap in the existing research about how Polish philosophers received Einstein’s theories. The example of Dunin–Borkowski also serves as a basis for discussing some of the fundamental problems of neo-scholasticism in receiving new mathematicised scientific theories.

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Kulturna djelatnost u Dubrovniku 1929.-1932.

Author(s): Franko Mirošević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 5-6/2021

After the establishment of the dictatorship, several cultural societies operated in Dubrovnik, namely the Dubrovnik Philharmonic, the Dubrava Singing Association, the Sloga Serbian Singing Association, the Church Choir, the Dubrovnik Theater Association and the Workers’ Music Association Zora. These associations were the bearers of cultural activities in the city. They held music and singing concerts, drama performances, public lectures. In addition to the activities of the aforementioned associations, the cultural life of Dubrovnik was complemented by visiting theaters and choirs from Yugoslavia and abroad. On two occasions, in 1929 and 1932, all associations performed together. In 1929 the 300 th anniversary of Gundulić’s Dubravka was celebrated. A total of 300 participants took part in this mass cultural event. The second time they gathered also in large numbers was on June 17, 1932; around 220 participants gathered in Dubrovnik. These were indications of great cultural events in Dubrovnik that are still organized today in the Dubrovnik Summer Festival. The mentioned cultural activity was not limited only to the activities of music and singing choirs, but also to the revitalization of Dubrovnik’s cultural institutions – libraries, archives, museums, public lectures and guest theater performances, singing and instrumental ensembles, and prominent world musicians from Yugoslavia and abroad.

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Eduard vilde, eurooplane ja naisõiguslane

Author(s): Arno Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03/2013

Review of: Livia Viitol. Eduard Vilde. Tallinn: Tänapäev, 2012. 375 lk.

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О нелегитимности советской власти

Author(s): Boris N. Mironov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 38/2022

Sociological polls and other sources, as well as electoral statistics, show that Soviet power in 1918– 1989 met the main criteria for legitimacy. In 1918–1929, the majority of voters, and in 1931–1989 over 83% of the electorate, were loyal to the Soviet regime, trusted the communists and the general course and current policy, were satisfied with the status as ordinary builders of socialism, and believed in the socialist project. Official information on turnout and voting is trustworthy, although it has serious shortcomings and likely underestimates the scale of the protest vote (failure to appear, damage to ballots, voting against). Election results were influenced by electoral laws, propaganda, and control over the course of voting. However, clean elections have never happened anywhere. The legitimacy of power in any civilized country was supported by developed propaganda, and in the USSR it was not more powerful than, for example, in the USA or Germany. The study allows us to assume that until the mid-1980s the people’s confidence in Soviet power was ensured not so much by propaganda as, first, by achievements of the USSR, which were considered by the majority of the population to be real, significant, and deserving of respect; second, by faith in the socialist project; and third, by peculiarities of political culture of the peasantry and the proletariat inherited from pre-revolutionary times. From their perspective, the people interacted with authorities and participated in management. The socialist project for only a small minority represented only a grandiose myth, a gigantic propaganda campaign, and an adventure or scam of world-historical scale.

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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ СВЕДЕНИЯ ЗА БОРБАТА С МАЛАРИЯТА (1878-1930) И МОМЕНТИ ОТ СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВОТО МЕЖДУ БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ И ИТАЛИАНСКИТЕ МАЛАРИОЛОЗИ

Author(s): Aneta Kirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The struggle to limit and eliminate one of the most severe parasites in our country has a dramatic history. The disease has been known since ancient times and until the mid-60s of the twentieth century, it is invariably present in a number of the most commonly diagnosed infectious parasitic diseases. In a country like Bulgaria, whose agricultural economy was the main livelihood of the population at the end of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century, the disease was of defining significance. Historically, malaria is seen as a social "scourge" proceeding with severe illness, disability, death, and as one of the causes of economic stagnation in entire areas of the country. The article examines the history of the fight against malaria in Bulgaria, in Varna and Burgas regions. The study period covers the period from the Liberation to 1930. Emphasis is placed on the efforts of the state administration, the establishment of sanitary supervision, the activity of the health authorities and the active part of the Bulgarian population for the control and complete eradication of the disease in Bulgaria. The main legislative acts regulating the implementation of anti-epidemic measures against malaria and the main institutions working in this direction are reviwed. The experience of the Italian medics in the fight against malaria in Italy and the role of the Rockefeller Foundation for the successful training and cooperation between Bulgarian and Italian malaria specialists in the application of the Italian experience in the fight against malaria are followed.

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Transfer of Knowledge about Football Infrastructure in Kharkiv and Sofia from the End of the 19th Till the Beginning of the 20th Centuries

Author(s): Dmytro Mykolenko / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Infrastructure is one of the main parts of football industry in contemporary time. Pitches, stadiums, sporting goods stores, museums of different teams and clubs are very important now. These facilities began to appear in Central-Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of this research is the comparison of knowledge transfer process about football infrastructure in Kharkiv and Sofia. This article shows participants and ways to disseminate knowledge about football infrastructure, location of football pitches and stadiums in two non-port cities. It also illustrates the importance of local educational institutions and businesses in disseminating such information. More generally, the comparison provides insight into the influence of the administrative status of the city and the level of its industrialization on the speed and the scale of the implementation of knowledge in practice.

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On the Issue of the Caucasian Union in the 1920s-1930s

Author(s): George Gotsiridze / Language(s): English,Georgian Issue: 12/2022

The paper analyses the futile attempts of the political elites of the independent Caucasus states created at the end of the First World War (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus) to create the united Caucasus during their presence in power and then in political emigration in the 1920s and 1930s, and also the attitude of influential European politicians towards this matter. The merits of the ‘main dreamers’ fighting for the integrity of the Caucasus – Akaki Chkhenkeli, Ali Mardan Bek Topchibashev, and Haidar Bamatov (Bamat) – have been outlined. The article discusses the factors that created fertile ground for the existence of their dream, on the one hand, and examines the real circumstances and objective reasons that hindered the realization of the ideas and actions of the historical figures working in the period under the lens. The work emphasises that, despite separate impediments (especially disagreement over boundaries and the annexationist policy of Turkey and Russia), the idea of Caucasian unity in the 1920s was based on the solid background created by the three main cultures that coexisted harmoniously over the centuries: 1. Religion - Judaism, Christianity, Islam; 2. Caucasian rule of thinking and 3. Caucasian mentality. Based on the research, we conclude that the happy future of the Caucasian people is linked to the unity of the Caucasus as it was in the case of the European Union.

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Външната търговия на България през 30-те години на XX век (насоки, инструменти, резултати)

Author(s): Marco Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The goal of this review paper is to show the development of Bulgaria's foreign trade during one of the most turbulent periods in the history of the world economy – the 1930s. The general international conditions in which foreign trade relations were developing in the world at that time are outlined and the place of Bulgaria in these relations is noted. The main focus is on the Bulgarian state foreign trade policy. As a result of the complicated conditions for foreign trade activity, the state intervened aggressively on the market. It began to use new, hitherto unknown, interventionist policies, and gradually became a decisive factor in this field. The paper shows the results of the state intervention in foreign trade and the conclusion is made that this intervention is the main factor for Bulgaria to successfully overcome the difficulties caused by the Great Depression, related to the international exchange of goods. At the end of the considered period, foreign trade of the country was on the rise.

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Italian cultural policies in Romania: From fascism to communism, 1943-1950

Author(s): Stefano Santoro / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

This article examines the Italian cultural policies in Romania between 1943 and 1950, from the end of the Italian Fascist regime to the beginning of the harshest phase of the Cold War, considering the different cultural and educational institutions operating on the territory, from the Institute of Italian Culture to the primary schools. Despite all the difficulties represented by the war and the political-institutional upheavals which affected both countries, Italy still attempted to preserve its significant cultural presence in Romania even in the profoundly changed post-war context: the reality of the Cold War, however, put an end to this project.

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Portretul unei învățătoare din societatea năsăudeană de la începutul secolului XX. Virginia Grivase (1883-1950)

Author(s): Claudia Septimia Sabău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The teacher Virginia Grivase (1883-1950) is a special figure in the circles of intellectuals in Nǎsǎud, at the beginning of the 20th century. After having completed her studies in Nǎsǎud, and continued in Dej and Blaj, she was a teacher at the school in Tiha Bârgǎului and Nepos (currently villages in Bistrița-Nǎsǎud County) for more than two decades. Documents from her personal collection, kept at the Bistrița-Nǎsǎud County National Archives Service, but also from other funds and collections, as well as her literary activity (poems and essays published in magazines) prove that Virginia Grivase was not just a teacher. The friendly relationship with the writer Liviu Rebreanu and her personification in the novel „Ion” under the pseudonym Virginia Gherman confirms the above statement. This study has a double aim. On the one hand, by reconstructing the biography of this „forgotten writer”, as Teodor Tanco names her, we aim to present some aspects regarding the place, role and status of the educated woman in the society of Nǎsǎud at the beginning of the 20th century. On the other hand, we aim to find the answer to the following question: was Virginia Grivase the prototype of the Romanian woman from Transylvania, emancipated through education, or not?

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Turkey's National Security Perceptions in the Early Republican Period

Author(s): Emre OZAN / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2022

This study seeks answers to the questions of what the national security environment of Turkey looked like in the early years of the Republic and what the main threat perceptions were. Since the Republic was declared after a war of national independence, Turkey pursued a foreign policy aimed at securing its independence and sovereign rights and tried to consolidate the newly established regime. Security perceptions shaped in this framework played an important role in determining Turkey's national security policies in the following years. The experience of the War of Independence is one of the most important sources of Turkey's sensitivity to its full independence and sovereignty rights. The construction of a new political regime and national state with the proclamation of the Republic shaped the perceptions of threats to the security of the regime. The tensions in the European great power politics in the interwar period are one of the important developments that reveal Turkey's pro-status quo and defensive security understanding. In this context, it is argued that it is important to evaluate Turkey's historical experience in the early years of the Republic in terms of understanding today's national security policies.

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Heritage, Patrimony or Legacy? Baltic German and Estonian Cultural Dialectic in Facing the Local Past

Author(s): Kristina Jõekalda / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2018

This article is concerned with the popular opinions of the Estonian community about the Baltic German cultural heritage, particularly architectural monuments. The topic is approached by examining widely read newspaper and journal articles from the turn of the 19th–20th centuries until the interwar era. In the dominant discourse of 700 years of suffering, not many Estonians were devoted to researching the foreign culture of the Baltic Germans in the 19th century – instead, it was seen as an obstacle in building one’s “own” culture. The different cultural backgrounds were evident, but the Estonians nonetheless set the relationship with the (Baltic) German culture as their point of departure. By the second half of the century the Baltic German national sentiment was increasingly contested by the local ethnic communities’ rising nationalism. The ten years after 1905 (when the local peasants burned down many Baltic German manor houses), witnessed intensive identity and heritage construction both among the Baltic German and Estonian communities, albeit from different perspectives. For Estonians this meant concentrating on ethnographic items and archaeological sites rather than the Baltic German “high” art and architecture. Considering that the “national project” became the number one goal during the 1920s, it does seem astonishing that there were plenty of enthusiastic supporters of the previous colonisers’ heritage. The reasons behind this reached beyond the “national” question. With the independence this material culture became the property and thus duty of the state. There were also economic reasons – the new state needed festive buildings, even if those at hand represented the former rulers. These were materialistic attitudes, looking at the monuments simply as an inherited legacy, whereas “heritage” as a more abstract construction connotes something of value, and “patrimony” as something that has been attributed national importance. The authors cited above had to operate with all those categories, yet these concepts were often intermingled. The dominating argument in the heritage debates with which to reconcile Estonians with their turbulent past, however, was becoming a respectable Kulturnation among European nations. Indeed, art historical research would have been impossible without the “alien” high culture.

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Protiv Vidovdanskog ustava — za Jugoslaviju: pogledi Ante Trumbića na razvoj političkih odnosa u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca u 1921.

Author(s): Matko Globačnik / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

The purpose of this article is to explore the development of political views of a renowned Croatian politician Ante Trumbić after his return to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SCS) at the end of 1920 until the end of 1921, mostly on the basis of seldom used or completely unknown archival sources, newspapers of the time, and secondary literature. The first part of the article describes Trumbić’s return to Split, central parts are focused on his political activity in the Constituent Assembly of the Kingdom of SCS and the reasons for his opposition to the Vidovdan (St. Vitus Day) Constitution, while the last parts of the article are exploring Trumbić’s cooperation with Stojan Protić and his political actions in the direction of revising the Constitution in the second half of 1921. It is concluded that Trumbić’s views at this time progressed from optimism in the possibility of harmonious solution of the Croat question in Yugoslavia between major politicians like Nikola Pašić and Stjepan Radić, towards realpolitik tactics of necessary cooperation of Croatian opposition with the major Serbian opponents of Svetozar Pribićević like Jovan Jovanović Pižon and Ljubomir Davidović.

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Maden Kentinin Gündelik Hayatı ve Üretime Dayalı Mekânsal Kullanımları; 1850-1926 Zonguldak Üzülmez Vadisi

Author(s): Nazlı Arslan,Server Funda Kerestecioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2022

Mining cities are the regions where the spaces are produced, and their uses are privatized due to the ongoing coal production and production-based industrial activities underground and ground. The daily life of the mining city, as an area where the problems and solutions related to the spatial structure can be read, points to the new special use of space. The increase in the search for new markets for coal production with the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, brought foreign capital to make investments in Zonguldak, where hard coal reserves exist. Zonguldak, which has been transformed into a multinational structure with increased foreign capital investments at the beginning of the 20th, refers to everyday life dependent on the practice of coal production within the framework of the mining policies and technological conditions in that period. Everyday life based on coal production brings not only mining and transportation operations, but also solutions for accommodation, education, production, health, and transportation that will respond to the needs of those involved in production. As a result of the intervention of foreign and domestic capital in the space for coal production, and the use of the space with these interventions provides information about lived space. As a way of accessing the truth of the living space; exploring everyday life and interpreting this analysis through the theorists and concepts that contribute to the daily literature constitute the method of the study. In this study, the daily life of the Üzülmez Valley and its colonial structures, where production is ongoing between 1850-1926 with the hybrid production understanding of foreign and national capital, is analysed through the concepts developed by the theorists Lefebvre, De Certeau and Bourdieu who contributed to the daily life literature. The study on the daily life of the Üzülmez Valley at the beginning of the 20th century revealed the role of coal production practice in shaping the urban space and life, through the concepts of strategy, tactics, rhythm analysis and habitus, which refer to daily life. The city, which was divided into periods based on the production policies of the powers, brought along the rhythms of use due to its spatial organization, and the uses that create these rhythms were examined under the headings of accommodation, transportation, production, education, and health, which include the spatial solutions of daily life. Finally, in the habitus of the mining city, which is formed with new uses within the framework of production habits; the strategies developed for the continuity of coal production and the rhythms of the use of space in the daily life of the city are graphed in the traces of the tactics produced against the strategies.

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A.C. Cuza, the Jews, and the Struggle against Satan

Author(s): Ana Bărbulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

The present study aims at offering an analysis of A.C. Cuza’s antisemitic discourse and of the solutions he identified for the solving of what he called the “Jewish problem”. Moreover, by analyzing the anti-Jewish rhetoric brought forward by A.C. Cuza and its dynamics in time, my purpose is to prove that the legal measures implemented by A.C. Cuza after he came to power in late 1937 were no result of a political conjunction, but the materialization of a political project he had been struggling for during half a century.

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Jegyzetek a brit imperializmusról

Author(s): András Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The article discusses important aspects of modern imperialism, concentrating on the British Empire from the acquisition of to the first colonies up to the period after of the second world war, which saw the end of Britain’s colonial rule. The author divides the history of the British Empire into seven periods, concentrating mainly on the long nineteenth century, during which Britain managed to control the most important and lucrative parts of world economy and trade. Paradoxically, the summit of the British Empire coincided with the apparition of the first cracks on imperialism and the publication of the first major works which condemned imperialist practices as morally and politically unacceptable. The author argues that imperialism remains a relevant problem in the third millennia as well.

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Doctor Kh. Rakovsky as a Diplomat No. 1 of the Soviet Ukraine (1919–1923)

Author(s): Mihail Stanchev / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The article deals with the role of Khristian Rakovsky as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR and at the same time the Chairman of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Ukraine in the establishing international relations of the Ukrainian SSR, its international recognition, and analyzes his efforts to pursue an independent autonomous foreign policy line on the international scene.

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Scripting Refugees: Historians and Narrations of Refugeedom in Czechoslovak History

Author(s): Michal Frankl / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The article analyses the current state of historical research on twentieth-century refugees who fled to Czechoslovakia. By highlighting parallels in the narratives of different types of migration, it demonstrates how methodological nationalism influences historiographic writing about refugees. It argues that most of the published research can be attributed to one of two broadly conceived scripts, one of which focuses political refugees while the other addresses mass displacements due to war or ethnic cleansing. Whereas historians tend to depict those in the former category—especially the refugees from Russia and Ukraine and from Nazi Germany in the interwar period—with an individual focus on their biographies and agency, the latter group—in particular refugees during World War I and after the Munich Agreement—are treated in a more general manner that dwells on statistics and government produced categories. Political refugees are portrayed as active participants in cultural and political struggles, while the masses of refugees tend to be viewed as passive recipients of aid. The study illustrates how the production of historical sources by elite members of refugee groups on the one hand, and nation-states on the other, influences the structure of historical narratives—both in terms of what is emphasized and what goes unsaid or unheard.

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Sebastian Ramisch-Paul: Fremde Peripherie – Peripherie der Unsicherheit? Sicherheitsdiskurse über die tschechoslowakische Provinz Podkarpatská Rus (1918–1938)

Author(s): Bálint Varga / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Sebastian Ramisch-Paul: Fremde Peripherie – Peripherie der Unsicherheit? Sicherheitsdiskurse über die tschechoslowakische Provinz Podkarpatská Rus (1918–1938). (Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, Bd. 53.) Verlag Herder-Institut. Marburg 2021. X, 279 S., graph Darst. ISBN 978-3-87969-462-4. (€ 55,–.)

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Catastrophe and Utopia. Jewish Intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Hrsg. von Ferenc Laczó und Joachim von Puttkamer

Author(s): Tatsiana Astrouskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Catastrophe and Utopia. Jewish Intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Hrsg. von Ferenc Laczó und Joachim von Puttkamer. (Europas Osten im 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 7.) De Gruyter. Berlin – Boston 2017. VIII, 355 S. ISBN 978-3-11-055543-1. (€ 49,95.)

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