Циганите и изселванията на „българските турци“ (1948–1989)

Author(s): Plamena Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

“The Gypsies are our own, domestic problem” is a phrase attributed to the long-term former head of the old communist Bulgarian government, Todor Zhivkov. The government policy towards the Gypsy minority in communist Bulgaria is one of inclusion to the Bulgarian way of life, and its implementation is carefully tailored to the specificities of Bulgaria as a country.It is a little known fact that towards the end of the 1940’s, the Bulgarian Gypsies suddenly turn from a “domestic problem” to something much larger and thus become part of the great confrontation between the two world political camps divided by the Iron Curtain. This takes place during the emigration of the ethnic Bulgarian Turks which starts in 1948, and during which, applications for emigration are filed by both Bulgarian Turks and Muslim Bulgarian Gypsies. It is this latter ethnic minority that becomes the cause for a serious conflict between ‘communist Bulgaria’ and ‘capitalist Turkey’.This paper aims at following the events from the end of the 40’s until end of the 80‘s of the previous century as well as analyzing the consequences of the confrontation between the two neighbouring Balkan countries.

Цінова політика і боротьба із приватним ринком як причини голодомору 1932-33 рр.

Author(s): Larisa Yepik,Eduard Semeshyn / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 07/2019

The authors of the article have studied and analyzed the pricing policy of the Soviet government in the second half of the 1920s and early 1930s in Ukraine, which has not been the subject of special studies so far. The scientific studies on the selected topic are characterized in terms of their historical relevance. Critical analysis of the economic concepts of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party has been given, the relationship between the party struggle and the changes in the economic foundations of the Bolshevik policy have been analyzed. It has been established that the price policy in the 20-30s of the 20th century in Ukraine was directly dependent on ideological guidelines and was not justified by economic indicators. It has been proved that the main methods of price management were direct administration, which in most cases led to negative results, or gave a short-term positive effect. The authors emphasize that it was the lack of economically feasible model of price policy and, in general, the system of development of industry and agriculture that led to the search for «internal enemies» and, as a consequence, fighting against the kulaks, which, in fact, resulted in the struggle against the peasantry in general. The establishment of collective farms was the only possible system of total control over them and deprivation of their economic and political rights. The authors analyze the causes and consequences of the grain procurement crises of the second half of the 1920s in terms of attempts of the Bolshevik authorities to influence the price policy and thus prove the ineffectiveness of the Bolshevik system of economic management. The main methods and measures of the Bolsheviks’ fight against the private market, which became one of the main causes of artificial famine, were investigated in detail. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the forms and methods of carrying out the replacement of the market model of the economy by the distribution system were analyzed, and the relationship between the economic policy of the Soviet government and the 1932-1933 Holodomor in Ukraine was established. The authors emphasize that the famine, which involved not only the village but also the city, was provoked by the political and economic transformations of the communist rule. The article presents a critical analysis of the main solid works on the topic of research, quotes from documents that directly reveal the real state of the then price policy and struggle with the private market.

ЦРНОГОРСКА ПОЛИТИЧКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У СЈЕДИЊЕНИМ АМЕРИЧКИМ ДРЖАВАМА (1922-1924)-АКТИВНОСТИ И ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ ОДГОВОРИ

Author(s): Vesna Đikanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2019

Presented paper focuses on the activities of Montenegrin emigration in the USA in the years following the end of First World War. New political solutions, disappearance of Montenegro and creation of new Yugoslav State, provoked activities of some Montenegrins in order to promote an idea of restoration of the independent Montenegro. Activities,ideas, impact, reaction of Yugoslav State and its representatives in America as well as results and outcomes are the object of analyses.

Црногорци у југословенској дипломатској служби између два светска рата

Author(s): Srđan Mićić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2018

The aim of this paper is to analyze the main factors of selection, position and work of clerks from Montenegro in the Yugoslav diplomatic and consular service, since 1919 until 1939. Examination of general factors dominant in Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the representative offices abroad was base for further analyze which cases were in the line with existing practices and which were beyond the scope of functioning of the diplomatic-consular service. Analyze is based on Yugoslav archival material and relevant historiographical literature.

Чарлз Мозер. Д-р Г. М. Димитров. Биография. (Charles Moser. Dr G. M. Dimitrov. A Biography.) София, Военноиздателски комплекс "Св. Георги Победоносец", 1992. 295 с.

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1995

Чекисты Урала и Американская администрация помощи (1921–1923)

Author(s): Nail Vakilovich Usmanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 31/2020

As a horrific famine engulfed Russia in the summer of 1921, officials were hard pressed to ask the international community for aid. The Urals was among stricken areas. With the accord of Soviet Government, the American Relief Administration, better known as ARA, operated as a significant charitable organization from autumn 1921 until summer 1923. This American organization possessed considerable food and other material resources. The Russian authorities believed there was a danger that ARA employees would gather counter-revolutionary forces, and so the ARA was placed under the supervision of the Cheka and GPU. Secret agents of the Soviet special services were introduced into the foreign organization to track its activities. Members of the Bolshevik Party were supposed to help Chekists.

Честит юбилей! По случай 75-годишнината на Н. Ф. Бугай

Author(s): Petya B. Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

A presentation of the scholarly activity of prof. dr.sc. N.F.Bugay

Чешка музичка уметност после Рата

Author(s): Josef Bartoš / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06-07/1934

Дати синтетичан преглед свега што је после Рата урађено у области чешке музичке уметности, није лако јер поратне године не сачињавају временски ограничен перијод. Лакше је то учинити на пољу извршне уметности за коју је преврат значио етапу.

Чий е Балчик? История, историография и памет в Румъния и България

Author(s): Blagovest Nyagulov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2015

The subject of this paper is the historiography and the memory in Romania and Bulgaria concerning the history of Balchik during the period when this town and Southern Dobrudzha were part of the Romanian territory (1913–1940). Thanks to recognizing the attractive features of the small seaside town from the Romanian elite and mostly because of the exotic summer residence (the Palace) of Queen Maria built there, Balchik is transformed into something like “little paradise” in the Romanian national memory. On the other side, the peaceful “invasion” of Romanian tourists and the “return” to the topics about the Queen, the Palace and Romanian Balchik after the fall of communist regimes and especially after the accession of both neighbor countries to the EU (2007), are not late to cause some criticism in Bulgaria. The romantic idealization of the Palace (which is very advantageous for the local tourism) and its symbolic identification with Balchik, cause a reaction in the “guardians” of the Bulgarian national memory who question this introduction of the town and associate the Palace with the Romanian regime of denationalization and repressions in Southern Dobrudzha. They even propose alternative symbols of the town, such as the “Old mill”, created before the Romanian annexation of Southern Dobrudzha and seen as an “industrial pearl” of what was then Bulgaria. In this context arises the dispute about the place of the monument dedicated to the local victims of Romanian repressions from 1916 to 1918 (the abduction of civilians from Dobrudzha to Moldova just before the outbreak of hostilities). The author presents and comments the different and often opposite interpretations of Romanian Balchik’s history by the historians in Romania and Bulgaria, as well the national memory in both countries. Obviously the “truth” about the history of Balchik and Dobrudzha, as far as it is attainable, has not and will not be only “Romanian” or only “Bulgarian”.

Читалищни народни университети

Author(s): Penka Tzoneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2021

165 years separate us from the creation of the unique structure for Bulgarian education – the library community centers. The evolution of their functions has an unchanging focus – raising the cultural and educational level of the population regardless of gender, age, beliefs, ethnicity and religion, carried out in different, historically originated forms. One of them is the Library folk university – a higher form of library education in its capacity of the most popular extracurricular education. The derived practices and approaches applied by the people's universities in the process of education of the local population according to its real spiritual and social needs are a valuable experience for the modern educational policy, called to be an active factor for self-education and lifelong learning.

Читалищното образование в България през периода 1918 – 1944 г.

Author(s): Penka Tsoneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

The research is historical and pedagogical and aims to outline the main trends in the development of the library education in Bulgaria during the period 1918 – 1944. It is also a first attempt for a multilevel study of library education as a segment of Bulgarian education, in particular of non-formal education in Bulgaria.

Чуждестранните почетни членове на Македонския научен институт от Централна и Източна Европа (1923 – 1947)

Author(s): Nikoleta Voynova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

The publication presents opinions on the Bulgarian national question of eight scientists from Central and Eastern Europe, incl. Czech Republic, Poland and Russia. They were elected foreign members of the Macedonian Scientific Institute because of their contribution to the promotion of the national cause. Attention is paid to the policy on the Macedonian question of the countries from which the scientists come. Their works in the field of language, history and ethnography are presented, revealing the Bulgarian national identity of the majority of the population in Macedonia.

Чуждоезиковото обучение в България през 30-те години на XX в. – между каноничното и модернистичното

Author(s): Vesela Belcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

Interest in learning foreign languages in Bulgaria in the 1930s is a direct consequence of the cultural and educational progress and the advancement of modern language teaching across Europe. Publications on the principles and methods of foreign language teaching from that period highlight moot points and contradictions in different approaches to foreign language teaching in the European as well as the Bulgarian educational context. Such papers outline the historical development of FLT in Bulgaria and make up an essential part of our educational heritage since they reflect major trends in the nation’s cultural development in the early 20th century.

Шестојануарска диктатура и правна држава

Author(s): Gordana Drakić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The period from 1918 to 1929 in the history of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was marked by numerous political and parliamentary crises that had a negative impact on the legislative work of the National Assembly. Various sociopolitical circumstances also rendered the legislative work in the first ten years of the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes inert and without significant success.After King Alexander set up his dictatorship on January 6, 1929, a time of huge legislative activity followed. One of the main goals of the new regime was equating the laws with the enforcement of new laws.During the dictatorship of King Alexander main characteristics of the rule of law such as constitutionality, the distribution and balance of power, civil rights, the permanence and immobility of judicial position were abolished. But on the other hand, this period in the history of Yugoslav state saw a vast legislative activity that has resulted in a series of laws of great importance.

Школа читателей Мандельштама: Читатели № 1, 2, 3

Author(s): Roman Timenchik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

“To prove now, that the history of literature is not only the history of writers, but also the history of readers […] means to belabor the obvious,” stated Alexander Beletskii a century ago, but the task of the detailed detecting of the separate groups, or rather to use Boris Tomashevskii’s term, “schools” of readers, is still vital for the historians of modern Russian poetry. The following is the attempt to name the first “enrollees” of the school of reading Osip Mandelshtam’s poetry, two of them sharing his activities in the literary workshop “The Guild of the Poets” in St. Petersburg in the 1910s, and the third being the poet’s wife during 1919–1938.

Штрихи к лингвистическому портрету А. М. Пешковского в контексте научной полемики его времени

Author(s): Oleg Victorovich Nikitin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

This paper reveals little-known episodes from A. Peshkovsky’s scientific biography and analyses some fragments of his books and articles in the 1920s and 1930s that became the focus of linguistic discussions and showed ambiguous ideological situation in the science of that time. Special attention is paid to the formation of A. Peshkovsky as a linguist and methodist. His first works on “school and scientific grammar” that laid the foundations of the modern approach to the study of the theory and practice of syntax are analysed. It is noted that the studies by A. Peshkovsky teetered at the level of implementing the ideas of the old Moscow linguistic school of academicians Fortunatov and Shakhmatov, while gravitating toward the insight of A. Potebnya and yet showing at the same time a different way of understanding grammatical ideas. The author claims that A. Peshkovsky went from the traditional diachronic analysis in the direction of the formal approach, while not abandoning “the psychological perception of the word”. A. Peshkovsky, a reformer taking a stand in his search and linguistic experiments against the Marrist and tunnel-visioned understanding of the tasks of Soviet linguistics and methodological science, was subjected to unfair criticism for his stance. The discussions that took place at that time testify to the consistency and scientific integrity of the scientist’s views in the era of the struggle against “eclecticism”, “formalism”, and “incorrigible Indo-Europeanism”. The paper presents some instances of correspondence disputes by V. Voloshinov and M. Bakhtin with A. Peshkovsky on the issues in relationship of grammar and stylistics. His opponents believed that “grammar detached from the semantic and stylistic side of speech inevitably degenerates into scholasticism”. Drawing on materials from archives and personal collection, the author of this paper gives unique facts of the lexicographical activity of A. Peshkovsky in the early 1920s related to his work on the explanatory dictionary of the Russian literary language (not published). The closing part of the paper analyses the dispute between L. Timofeev and A. Peshkovsky. It is stated that “the new theory of the rhythm of prose” by A. Peshkovsky and his works on psychophonetics caused an ambiguous reaction in the philological community and contributed to the activation of research seeking for a “system of division of prose into units” and other experiments on the study of literary texts. Consideration is also given to the works by A. Peshkovsky in the 1930s, in which the scientist solved new problems in the field of formal characteristics of words and word combinations, wrote about the functioning of literary speech as well as the role of intonation in the formation of the syntactic structure of the sentence. Emphasis is laid on the originality and experimental character of many theses by A. Peshkovsky further developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Шумадија и Војводина

Author(s): Veljko Petrović / Language(s): Serbian

published in 1930 as issue 1 of a series "Yugoslav Unity Library" [Библиотека ЈугословенскогЈединства] by the "Association of Vojvodina in Belgrade" [Издаје Удружење Војвођана у Београду] // FROM THE INTRODUCTION: The Association of Vojvodina Residents of Belgrade decided to publish a series of booklets called "Library of Yugoslav Unity". The purpose of the Library is to show in the spirit of national and state unity all the connections, factors, phenomena, mutual influences, social, cultural, political and economic between individual regions, which have contributed and continue to contribute to the creation and strengthening of the idea of national ans societal unity. // In that Library, it will be seen especially that the Danube Banovina is presented, from the side of history, folklore, art, culture, national economy in the upper direction. // From the national point of view, it is especially useful to comprehensively study these mutual influences and all phenomena, whether social, cultural or economic, which cement the basis of our state life, the feeling of the national community and the peoples‘ unity. Only by getting to know each other and studying common values can we reach a full and clear understanding of the historical significance of each region as a whole. The library attaches special importance to the historical relationship between Šumadija and Vojvodina and to the national mission of Serbia and the cultural significance of Vojvodina, and that is why its first booklets will discuss these issues.

Щрихи от дейността на пражкото академично дружество „Българска седянка“ в междувоенна Чехословакия (1919–1938)

Author(s): Krasimira Marholeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2013

Founded in 1880, the organization of Bulgarian students in Prague “Bălgarska Sedjanka” had served for many years as a “cultural bridge” between Czechs and Bulgarians. Through its cultural activities it highly contributed to disseminating Bulgarian culture among Czechs and, vice versa, the Czech cultural traditions among Bulgarians. While the earlier history of the student organization (1880s–1910s) were explored to a certain extent by both Bulgarian and Czech historians, its cultural activities during the postwar period (1919–1938) have been hardly touched at all, or these have been assessed through the prism of the Marxist ideology. The decade of 1930s has not been an object of research yet. Therefore, the current study explores the history of “Bălgarska Sedjanka” in interwar Czechoslovakia. It relies on archival sources, published documents, the Czech periodical press and secondary literature available on the subject. The study focuses on several issues –the cultural activities of the organization, its relationship with the Bulgarian embassy and with some other Bulgarian organizations in Prague. One might characterize the early 1920s as a period in which the leadership of “Bălgarska Sedjanka” made constant efforts to overcome the isolation in which Bulgarian society found itself after the end of the WWI. For this purpose the organization initiated cultural events in Prague (public lectures and evening celebrations), closely cooperating with leading Czech (Vladislav Šak, Vladimír Sis, prof. Ivan Mrkvička) and Bulgarian (Christina Morfova, Kiril Christov) intellectuals as well as with Bulgarian ministers plenipotentiaries (Stefan Balamezov, Dimităr Michalchev, Boris Vazov, etc.). Furthermore, in order to improve Bulgaria's image in the Slav world, the leadership of the student organization strove to establish close cooperation with Southern Slav students in Prague. The relationship of “Bălgarska Sedjanka” with the Bulgarian embassy in Prague was marked both by cooperation and conflicts during the period in question. For example, the troublesome events in Bulgaria in 1923 brought about tense relations between the Bulgarian diplomats and the organization. Also, these events resulted in an open split within “Bălgarska Sedjanka” and in the establishment of the leftist organization “Narstud”. Last but not least, “Bălgarska Sedjanka” strove to keep alive the Bulgarian cultural traditions and the memory of the historical past among Bulgarian students in Prague through commemoration of glorious events of Bulgarian history and of Bulgarian “dead heroes”(Christo Botev, Ivan Vazov). In doing this, “Bălgarska Sedjanka” closely cooperated with another organization in Prague called “Československo-bulharskávzájemnost”.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ТРУДЯЩИХСЯ МУРМАНА В ГОДЫ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СТАНЦИИ ИМАНДРА

Author(s): Eugene O. Sushko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2022

The article investigates the financial situation of the workers and employees of the Imandra railway station during the Russian Civil War and the intervention on Murman. The key research questions are: what legal acts established the workers’ wages, and how these wages correlated with the general socio-economic situation of the inhabitants of the Northern Oblast. The main sources of research are archival materials containing information on the salaries of employees who held various positions, reports on the average wages of women and men, and the minutes of meetings of officials discussing the economic problems on the Murman. Archival data on the life of workers at the Imandra depot are used for the first time. It is concluded that at the Imandra station there was a significant gender inequality in terms of wages, with the average wage of men being almost twice the average wage of women. Nevertheless, despite all the difficulties, the station workers had access to the free purchase of consumer goods, although the prices for these goods were relatively high. It is concluded that one of the main problems of the Northern Oblast population was the rapid inflation of the ruble that resulted in higher prices, while wages could not match them.

Эмилий Штемпель — агент германской разведки или жертва ограничительного законодательства?»

Author(s): E. A. Bochkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2016

Publication of the historical sources