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Little Entente of Women/Малката женска антанта и феминистките движения на Балканите през 20-те и 30-те години на ХХ век

Author(s): Krassimira Daskalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

While Southeastern European (SEE) women’s activism should not be judged against a Western yardstick, it developed in tandem with women’s movements in the West and was influenced by the global context and networks (such as the International Council of Women, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom). The article deals with the entanglements (and tensions) between the Balkan women’s organizations and their leaders within the so-called Little Entente of Women, established in Rome in May 1923 by activists from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Comparing the agendas and activities of the international, regional (such as the Little Entente of Women) and national organizations would help us reconstruct their “histoire croisée”, and start developing a trans-national perspective which is almost lacking in the women’s and gender history of SEE so far.

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Petrašiūnų raida ir prijungimas prie miesto (1918–1946)

Author(s): Marija Navickaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 18/2020

As Kaunas became the provisional capital of the Lithuanian Republic, the city started to grow, develop and increased in population. Therefore this led to the need to expand the city limits. During this period, they turned to Kaunas suburbs. Which, as well as Kaunas, underwent some changes during this period. One of these suburbs was Petrašiūnai. This suburb managed to develop from wasteland to economically important object due to influx of large industrial enterprises in this area. The aim of the article – to review the development, urbanization and modernization of this suburb and to reveal reasons which led to the discussion on why should Petrašiūnai should be incorporated into the Kaunas.

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The Soviet West-or Far Eastern Europe?

Author(s): Roman Szporluk / Language(s): English Issue: 03/1991

What entity do we have in mind when we use the names we do in the title of this essay? There are various ways of defining this area, all of them historical in one way or another. First of all, we may ask whether we might not substitute the term "Far Eastern Europe" for what has often been called "the Soviet West." Each term includes those areas that the USSR acquired between 1939 and 1945. [...]

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Az imperializmus

Author(s): Géza Gecse / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

By the end of 19th century the world began to be globalized, meaning that by this time there was hardly any territory, which was not dominated by a colonial Great Power, most of which, with the exception of Japan and the United States, were European. While the British Empire appeared to be the largest colonial Power primarily as a result of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, vast territories fell within the jurisdiction of France, Germany, Russia and others as well.The first thinkers to describe the role of this expansion of capitalism were Hobson, Lenin and the Austrian social-democrats, who evaluated the role of nationalities in these empires. The study is not only about these theories on imperialism, but on other thinkers’ views in the second part of 20th century, too. The changed methods and practice of control by the Great Powers at the end of 20th century are also briefly addressed.

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Nacionalizacija čehoslovačke imovine u Federativnoj Narodnoj Republici Jugoslaviji na primjeru firme Bata

Author(s): Dalibor Savić,Milan Balaban / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2020

The paper analyzes the process of nationalization of Czechoslovak property in the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia immediately after the Second World War — from liberation from the Nazi occupation to mid-1949. In this context, through the application of the research strategy of the case study (based on the analysis of secondary literature and unpublished archived documents), the authors pay special attention to the historical, sociological, political, economic and legal aspects of the most significant events related to the confiscation of Bata property. The results of the research indicate that despite certain specifics, the nationalization of the property of the Bata Company in the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia is a typical case of the attitude of the communist authorities towards foreign capital.

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Ideology, Reality, and Competing Models of Development in Eastern Europe Between the Two World Wars

Author(s): Daniel Chirot / Language(s): English Issue: 03/1989

It is commonplace to say that East European countries did not experience successful economic development during the 1920s and 1930s. It took most of the 1920s to repair the damage done by the war. In some cases , notably in Poland and Hungary , continued fighting after 1918 only made the situation worse. Trade patterns were badly disrupted by the collapse of the great empires in Central Europe. The industrial heartland of Poland lost its Russian market. Czech industry was cut off from Austro-Hungarian markets. Northern Yugoslavia and Transylvania were separated from the Habsburg Empire , too , and were joined to countries dominated by relatively more backward areas. Then, when the situation seemed to be improving , there came the Great Depression. The decline of agricultural prices and of industrial production during the early 1930s caused severe hardship. [...]

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Plečnikova crkva sv. Ante Padovanskoga u Beogradu

Author(s): Damjan Prelovšek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 53/2020

Katolici južnoslavenskog područja počeli su u većem broju doseljavati u pravoslavnu Srbiju nakon prvoga svjetskog rata, kada su se po ustanovljenju kraljevine SHS u prijestolnici otvorile mnoge mogućnosti zapošljavanja: u upravi, u industriji, trgovini i sl. Za taj trend bio je i kraljevski dvor. Zato je beogradski nadbiskup fra Rafael Ivan Rodić pozvao bosanske franjevce da se pastoralno pobrinu za pridošlice. Nije to bilo prvi put da su se franjevci pokušali naseliti na području Srbije, ali su im Turci više puta spriječili djelovanje, a u 18. Stoljeću spalili njihovu redovničku crkvu. Godine 1926. bosanski su redovnici sagradili samostan u predgrađu Crveni Krst po nacrtu arh. Blaža Misite Katušića iz Zemuna. U prizemlju samostana bila je privremena kapela.

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Encyklika Mit Brennender Sorge (Cum Cura Ardenti)

Author(s): . Pope Pius XI / Language(s): Czech Issue: 75/2019

V době, kdy představitelé evropských velmocí ještě jednali s pohlaváry Německé říše velmi vstřícným způsobem (viz např. Mnichov 1938), vydává dne 14. 3. 1937 již těžce nemocný papež Pius XI. velice ostrou encykliku v německém originále, podle prvních slov označovanou „Mit brennender Sorge“ (latinsky „Cum Cura ardenti“), které už od roku 1934 předcházely ostré diplomatické nóty Svatého stolce; papež v ní jasnými slovy kritizuje německou říšskou vládu za věrolomné porušování konkordátu, za všeobecnou persekuci církve a za porušování přirozených lidských práv zejména v náboženské oblasti.

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Vývoj diplomatických styků mezi Německem a Svatým stolcem v polovině třicátých let 20. století

Author(s): Marek Šmid / Language(s): Czech Issue: 74/2019

The study deals with transformation of relations between the Nazi Third Reich and the Catholic Church in Germany in 1933–1937. It focuses on the period from the signing of the Reichskonkordat in the summer of 1933 until the publication of the Pope Pius XI. encyclical Mit brennender Sorge in the spring of 1937. The Nazi totalitarian dictatorship was increasingly showing its true face and relations of both contractual partners deteriorated day by day. The text is primarily based on the resources of the Historical Archive of the State Secretariat of the Holy See, its section for relations with the states, then the Vatican Periodical L’Osservatore Romano and extensive foreign literature, mainly English and German.

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Diplomacy and War. Diplomatic Missions of Romania During World War II

Author(s): Adrian Viţalaru / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2020

The outbreak of the war in Europe and the worldwide expansion of the conflict affected the diplomatic relations of Romania with the states of the world. In September 1939-June 1941, i.e. from the beginning of conflict until entering the war, the Romanian state reconfigured its network of diplomatic missions according to the military developments and economic issues it met, closing down the representations from disappearing countries (Poland) and giving up, for a short period of time, other overseas missions (Iran, Finland). After entering the war, the diplomatic missions from the capitals of the adversaries were closed, while Romania strengthened its diplomatic presence in the allied states or in the states that were close to Germany’s party line. Starting with 1943, however, the lead in Bucharest sought to initiate negotiations with the member states of the United Nations Coalition, which made that the legations from neutral states play an increasingly important role. The events from 23rd August 1944 and the signing of the armistice in September of the same year had consequences on the diplomatic missions of Romania. It is clear that the Romanian authorities sought, in the new geo-political context, to reopen some diplomatic representations, as was the case with the diplomatic mission from Soviet Union.

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Diplomatické vztahy Sovětů a Svatého stolce ve 20. a 30. letech dvacátého století

Author(s): Marek Šmid / Language(s): Czech Issue: 77/2019

The article deals with transformation of relations between Soviet Russia and the USSR on the one side and the Holy See on the other from the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917 until the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. It presents important personalities, milestones and friction areas of mutual contacts. It is based on extensive materials from the Historical Archive of the State Secretariat of the Holy See, as well as numerous foreign literatures, especially English, Italian and German.

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Football Stadiums and the Production of Space in Czech Cities until 1939

Author(s): Martin Pelc / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Sport has become a significant part of our lives in the modern era and sporting sites contribute considerably to the image and texture of modern cities. Regarding the popularity of sport, especially football, the stadium has become an important modern space where specific kinds of social interaction take place. Despite the fact modern stadiums had their pre-modern models, they have been transformed substantially, so that we can talk of new urban spaces. This paper shows how football pitches gradually turned into stadiums, using the example of the Czech lands. The choice is by no means autotelic: interwar Czechoslovakia had one of the most successful football teams on the continent.

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Kritike

Author(s): Nikica Mihaljević,Jovana Nastasijević,Damir Radić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 07+12/2020

Review of: DAMIR RADIĆ - Postmodernistički roman, (Igor Štiks: W. Fraktura, Zaprešić, 2019.) DAMIR RADIĆ - Čežnja za roditeljstvom (Marko Gregur: Mogla bi se zvati Leda. Hena com, Zagreb, 2018.) DAMIR RADIĆ - Tjeskoba i grozničavost postojanja (Marko Tomaš: Nemoj me buditi. VB Z, Zagreb, 2019.) NIKICA MIHALJEVIĆ - Nebeski vodič (Jasminka Domaš: Kadišl i nebeski putnici. Litteris, Zagreb, 2020.) JOVANA NASTASIJEVIĆ - Ispisati (ne)prisustvo (Nada Topić: Otac. Vlastita naklada, Solin, 2019.) NIKICA MIHALJEVIĆ - Knjiga smutnje (Dnevnički zapisi Alojzija Stepinca 1934.–1945. iz arhiva UDBA–e, priredio dr. sc. Željko Karaula. Despot infinitus, Zagreb, 2020.)

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From the Ottoman Empire to pre-Islamic Central Asia: Theatre as an Ideological Tool

Author(s): Elif Baş / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

After Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the new Turkish Republic in 1923, the country went through a swift and radical transformation. The ruling elite made use of all possible tools to impose the ideals of the new Republic. Their main objective was to break the bonds with the Islamic Ottoman past to establish a new secular national identity. The essence of the new Turkish nation was found in pre-Islamic Central Asia. This view was supported with the help of the Turkish History Thesis, which asserted that the Turks are a supreme race, and their origins are from Central Asia. The state tried to propagate this thesis by various means. The most effective tool that could reach the illiterate people during that period was the theatre. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to explore how the state disseminated the Turkish History Thesis and the values of the new Republic through theatre. The emergence of this new narrative coincided with the tenth anniversary of the Turkish Republic. The plays, written in 1933, especially for this occasion, will be analyzed to determine how they support the Turkish History Thesis and the values of the new nation. Two plays, Akın (The Raid) and its sequel Özyurt (Homeland), will be explored in detail to give an elaborate account of the ideology behind such plays written during that period.

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The First Ukrainian Diplomatic Representation in Bulgaria: till the Beginning of the Institutional History of Ukrainian-Bulgarian Relations

Author(s): Iryna Matiash / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2020

The article covers the activities of the Embassy of the Ukrainian State / Ukrainian People’s Republic in the Kingdom of Bulgaria in 1918–1921. The activity of the first diplomatic institutions of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Bulgarian Kingdom after the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty on February 9, 1918 became the beginning of the institutional history of Ukrainian-Bulgarian diplomatic relations. The purpose of the article is to clarify the role of the first representative of Ukraine in Bulgaria in the implementation of interstate agreements set out in the Brest Peace Treaty, the defense of state interests and the protection of the rights of citizens of their country. The Embassy of the Ukrainian State in Bulgaria arrived in Sofia on July 28, 1918. On September 7, Ambassador Oleksandr Shulgin solemnly presented his accreditation certificates. Tsar Ferdinand I conveyed greetings from himself and the entire Bulgarian people to Hetman Pavel Skoropadsky and the entire Ukrainian people and expressed his satisfaction in welcoming “the first Ukrainian minister at his court”. The activity of the Ukrainian diplomatic mission in Sofia lasted until the summer of 1921. The mutual establishment of diplomatic missions by the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ukrainian State can be considered as a successful attempt to establish Ukrainian-Bulgarian interstate relations in accordance with the norms of international law. The choice of persons (Оlexander Shulgin, Ivan Shyshmanov) who represented the state and their status were important. The election of this type of diplomatic mission as an embassy also showed mutual respect between the states. Diplomatic missions had similar tasks, albeit with a more pronounced economic interest on the Bulgarian side and a political one on the Ukrainian side. The Ukrainian mission made every effort to truthfully inform Bulgarian society about the Ukrainian national idea and Ukraine’s struggle for state independence. The embassies of both countries ceased their activities due to circumstances beyond their control, but laid the foundations of Ukrainian-Bulgarian interstate relations, the main characteristic of which was mutual recognition and mutual respect.

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Étkezés a palócok földjén

Author(s): István Majoros / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

The author writes a monograph on a strange people, the Palóc, living in the northern part of Hungary and in Southern Slovakia. This study is one chapter of this book. At the beginning of the study we get to know the opinion of the famous Hungarian writer, the magical Paloc, Kálmán Mikszáth about traditional Hungarian food and the new ones imported from abroad. The author presents a Paloc pig feast. In the rest of the study we learn about the role of the bred, soup, porridges in the diet of the Paloc. We get to know the dishes of the holidays, the eating habits of the land of Paloc and the names of the special Paloc dishes.

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Regulacija rijeke Drave u vrijeme Banovine Hrvatske (1939. – 1941.)

Author(s): Ivica Šute / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 15/2019

The paper focuses on the projects carried out by the Department of Technical Affairs on the regulation of the Drava River, such as: works on securing the right bank of the Drava River near Donji Miholjac and Terezinsko Polje, arranging the Drava River in the Belišće part, then Osijek, Prelog, Varaždin, Gradina, Sigetec and Ferdinandovac, regulation of the Mura and Drava Rivers in the area of the Technical Department of Varaždin etc. The visit of Ban Ivan Šubašić to the places that were damaged during the flood of the Drava River and the Trnava stream at the end of 1940 is also analyzed, as well as plans for assistance and protection against future disasters made by the Head of Department, Mr. Zvonimir Pavešić. The aforementioned issues are being considered in the broader context of the general work of the Banal Government on the regulation of rivers and watercourses in Banovina of Croatia.

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Zdravlje i odgovornost – iskustvo Bosne i Hercegovine do 1941. godine

Author(s): Sonja M. Dujmović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 89-90/2020

Pojam odgovornosti, kao i mnoge druge terminološke odrednice s kojim se započinje bilo koja rasprava, nužno moraju bili definisane. I u ovom slučaju, kao i svi drugi pojmovi, odgovornost se treba shvatiti kao pojam kojem vrijeme, odnosno kontekst učitava značenje, dakle, treba podrazumijevati njegovu podložnost promjenama. One se očituju u izmjeni njegovog značenja, u filozofskim, etičkim i pravnim tumačenjima i društvenim sistemima, ali i u svakodnevnom razumijevanju, poimanjima pojedinca, grupe, širih društvenih struktura i na nivou vlasti, u skladu s njenim karakterom. Jednako tako, skala shvatanja odgovornosti ide od toga da je to zapravo moralno djelovanje, do toga da je to dužnost, koja pretpostavlja zakon ili bar propise i koji opet podrazumijevaju cilj zakonodavca i moralni podtekst, te ne/odricanje pojedinca od vlastite volje, sa ili bez spoljne prisile. Ta prisila može biti normativno nametnuta, putem zakona, naredbe i sl, a isto tako može biti moralno obavezujuća. [...]

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DISNEYJEVI ANIMIRANI ANTROPOMORFI

Author(s): Nada Kujundžić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2020

Playful anthropomorphic animals are probably one of the most recognizable traits of the animated features produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studio. In addition to its eponymous heroes and heroine, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Disney’s first full-length animated feature, included a group of benevolent forest animals which helped the heroine by protecting her and doing household chores. Given the immense success of Snow White, the motif of animal helpers/companions was used in the films that followed, eventually becoming a permanent feature of Disney’s repertoire. This paper focuses on animal (i.e. non-human animal) characters in Disney’s full-length animated feature films. The research corpus encompasses 48 films released between 1937 and 2019. Situated within the frameworks of Disney studies and cultural animal studies, the paper analyses the representation of animal characters, especially their anthropomorphisation and the way their protagonist/antagonist status is visually coded, as well as the relationship between human and animal characters. The research results point to a predominantly anthropocentric perspective of the analysed films.

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An underappreciated contribution to European history

Author(s): Zbigniew Rokita / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (45)/2021

Review of: Zbigniew Rokita - Przegrane Zwycięstwo. Wojna Polsko-Bolszewicka 1918 – 1920. (Lost Victory. The Polish-Bolshevik War of 1918 – 1920). By: Andrzej Chawlba. Publisher: Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec, Poland, 2020.

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