"Egy európai formátumú államférfi". Klebelsberg Kuno (1875-1932)

Author(s): Gábor Ujváry / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2014

Nowadays, beside Governor Miklós Horthy, István Bethlen, Pál Teleki and Gyula Gömbös, probably the name of Kuno Klebelsberg comes up most frequently in the Hungarian media and in public discourse. We are concerning a real renaissance of dealing with him, however superficial they often are. Lately, several institutions have been named after Klebelsberg and he has become an almost cultic figure. Nevertheless, his cult frequently and unnecessary goes too far. In the past decades, many people have investigated his activity, but they have mainly concentrated on minor details. Following 1942, this have been the first book to attempt to summarize Kelbelsberg’s whole career, presenting the partly known and well-founded achievements in the politician’s performance and some of his unimplemented plans. It also designates the new direction of research on Klebelsberg: namely the significance of the lesser-known period of his life preceding his ministry of culture, when he started to build up himself. “I trust that my book, intended to be readable yet written with due scholarly background and citing many of Klebelsberg’s writings and the responses given to them, will contribute to the respect for my hero that he had well deserved. I also think it important that we should value him objectively and consider him not a semi-god but a man and politician. However excellent he was, as a fallible man, he also made mistakes when he sometimes perceived the possibilities before him and his country inaccurately. However, these facts do not detract from his merit but rather strengthen it because we can approach him through them.” Gábor Ujváry

"In bratje, mi smo hvala Bogu, opravili delo v dobrobit naroda, domovine in srečo prevzvišene dinastije" (Konstituiranje Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije)

Author(s): Tomaž Pavlin / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2010

After the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's Sokol organisation was legally established in December 1929 and after the gymnastic organisations that refused to join the new Sokol organisation were abolished, a founding session followed, where the statute had to be confirmed and the Sokol organisation brought to life. In the following article we will analyse the formalisation of the new Sokol organisation in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

"Korošec vihti bič nad železničarji" (Stavka železničarjev leta 1920 in minister za promet Anton Korošec)

Author(s): Mateja Ratej / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2010

In the following discussion the author focuses on the role of Anton Korošec in the railway strike of April 1920, when as a Head of the Slovenian People's Party he was the Minister of Transport in Stojan Protić's government. After the government of the Kingdom of SHS abolished the collective labour agreement for transport workers, in April 1920 transport all over the state was brought to a halt by a railway strike. The workers on strike were joined by the communists, who saw the mobilisation of the workers as a strong political potential. In the years after the establishment of the Kingdom, the communists represented an influential political factor. In November of the same year, after the Constituent Assembly elections, they became the third most powerful party in the country. On 24 April the strike on the streets of Ljubljana transcended any democratic norms. After the police and military intervention, 13 workers died on the Zaloška cesta street. A few days before that, at the assembly of the Slovenian People's Party confidants in Ljubljana, Korošec had cautioned against the danger of the communist movement, while during the strike he refused to communicate with the railway representatives, claiming that the strike was illegal - that is, unannounced.

"Kronika naše Kalvarije pod Italijo". Gradivo Komisije za ugotavljanje zločinov okupatorjev in njihovih pomagačev o obdobju 1918-1941

Author(s): Damijan Guštin / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2000

The Committee Investigating The Crimes Committed By Occupiers And Their Accomplices was set up by the Slovenian National Liberation Movement in 1944 and continued working as a government body after the Second World War. Its task was not only to investigate the war crimes committed in Primorska, the Slovenian ethnic territory annexed to the Italian monarchy in 1918, but also to gather information on the specific, institutionalized violence exercised by the Italian state (through denationalization) and, in particular, the fascist forces between 1918 and 1941. In the paper, the author presents the scheme for ascertaining the various forms of pressure to which the population was subjected in the implementation of the denationalization policy, as well as the findings and their quantification.

"Naša naloga, smer in cilj" Idejne osnove sokolske misli in vzgoje

Author(s): Tomaž Pavlin / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2009

After World War I the so-called "Sokoli" (Falcons) as a national defence and gymnastic movement with its idea and education clashed with the positions of the traditional tutor - the Roman Catholic Church - and was thus involved in the cultural struggle. The founder of the Sokoli idea and gymnastic activities was Miroslav Tyrš, a Czech who defined the basic guidelines and tasks of the Sokoli movement in his article Our Task, Direction and Goal, published in 1871. The author of the following contribution shall define the Sokoli education and idea on the basis of Tyrš's article. Within the Slovenian Sokoli movement, this idea was introduced by Viktor Murnik.

"Nisu dali gospodaru 'z ruk...“. Starost u prigorskim i zagorskim selima između dva svjetska rata

Author(s): Suzana Leček / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 23/2000

The paper deals with the position of the elderly in the complex families of the Prigorje and Hrvatsko Zagorje regions in the time period between the World War I and the World War II. It aims at answering the questions until what age do people maintained the power within their families, how was this power expressed, and how their work and ownership over land influenced their maintenance of authority. The paper also warns about the differences between the widowers and widows, shown through the differences in the land ownership.

"Panama żyrardowska" w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego – wyrok Sądu Obywatelskiego w sprawie Aleksandra Lednickiego

Author(s): Przemysław Dąbrowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

„The Żyrardów Affair” was the loudest case of interwar period. It is an excellent source to learn about the history of foreign capital in Poland. A major role was played by Alexander Lednicki – a lawyer, the leader of Moscow’s Poles in the period of the Russian Empire, former president of the Liquidation Committee for the Affairs of the former Kingdom of Poland, and president of the American Bank in Poland in the interwar period. He participated in the signing of the agreement in Biskupice, for what he was called a traitor to the Polish state. After this event, he committed suicide. His son, Wenceslaus, stood in defense of Alexander Lednicki’s honour. Thanks to his initiative, the convened Civil Court composed of well- known people in contemporary Poland. After initial process, Lednicki was acquitted of the charges against him.

"Rajš' ko Talijana, sem zbrala Slovana"

analiza preseljevanj Slovencev na ozemlje držav nekdanje Jugoslavije in njegove posledice

Author(s): Marina Lukšič Hacin,Boštjan Udovič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2014

The following contribution analyses the history of emigration from the Slovenian ethnic space to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and its contemporary consequences. The main thesis builds on the understanding that the Slovenian emigrant community in the “Yugoslav state” was largely neglected from the viewpoint of operative politics as well as from the scientific study perspective. The analysis is divided into four historical periods, which differed significantly as far as the migration dynamics is concerned: the first migration stage (1850–1914), dominated by economic reasons; the second migration stage (1919–1941), when the political and cultural reasons also became important; the third migration stage (1945–1991), when the main reasons for migration were economic and ideological; and, finally, the article is concluded with the analysis of policy towards the Slovenian immigrants to the Yugoslav territory in the time of the independent Slovenia, together with all of its advantages and shortcomings.

"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

"Sacro pellegrinaggio". Visits to World War I Memorials on the Soča/Isonzo Front in the Interwar Period

Author(s): Petra Kavrečič / Language(s): English / Issue: 40/2017

The paper presents a case study of visits to World War I battlefield sites (monuments, sacred zones, cemeteries) on the Soča/Isonzo front. The focus is on acknowledging the motivations related to the construction of monuments and the role and interest of the Italian authorities when influencing and encouraging these visits. The paper will also attempt to determine the importance of this practice in the case of memorial sites at the Soča/Isonzo front. Additional issues addressed in the paper include how common visits to these sites were in the interwar period, who the primary visitors were and if and how this activity resonated in the tourism sector, and how tourism reflected the Italian national narrative in the contested border region.

"Vráťme si mesto!" Prejavy nespokojnosti "mestského občana" v politickom diskurze v Prešove 1918 - 1938

Author(s): Veronika Szeghy-Gayer / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

The paper aims to provide an analysis of the politics of two local interest groups of Prešov, the so-called city parties, as specific forms of middle class dissatisfaction in the interwar period. Based on contemporary election results and archival sources, the first part of the study examines the political behaviour of the inhabitants of Prešov between 1920 and 1935, which helps to determine to what extent the city parties were popular among the multilingual and multi-religious voters. The second part investigates the social composition and the political discourse of the city parties. These local political groups were supported by 10-12% of the voters. Most of their followers were organized among the liberal middle classes, who were not able to identity with the politics of the big parliamentary parties. Their members defined themselves mainly against the Communist and Catholic movement. However, they also criticized the measures of the Czechoslovak government. And at the level of discourse they expressed dissatisfaction with the domestic policy of Czechoslovakia in the form of a virtual community of city burghers, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. It is argued that because of the high percentage of Hungarian and Jewish intellectuals and entrepreneurs among the leaders and supporters of the local parties, this type of local politics might have been an alternative to the Jewish and Hungarian national politics at a local level.

"Zdravo je biti Amerikanac": Rana hrvatska imigracija u SAD, prakse na otoku Ellis i stvaranje hrvatske dijaspore

Author(s): Tanja Bukovčan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 29/2006

From 1892 to 1954 more than 12 million immigrants entered the United States through its famous gateway, Ellis Island. They were processed through immigration procedure and majority of them, from that period, were allowed to enter the US and become the citizens of their choice. Poverty, scarcity and hard field labour forced many Croats to seek better life in America. Almost four millions of them went through the Ellis Island in the period from 1880 to 1930. Very young, of average age not more than 22, most of them single males, together with all other steerage passengers, underwent the quick medical examinations, "six seconds physicals" through which they were checked for signs of infectious diseases, insanity, "feeblemindedness" of physical defects. To avoid the trap of being too easily critical 100 years after Ellis Island happenings, it has to be said that they were a practical solution to immigration admission. The number of people entering the US through Ellis Island could reach 5000 up to 11000 people per day during America's peak immigration years from 1890-1924. However, Ellis Island practices legitimatized and deepened the division between the ethnically desirable (North and Western Europe immigrants) and less desirable (South-Eastern Europe and Asia). Furthermore, they provided a mass demonstration of power and political practices, which used health as an instrument of separation between those who were eligible to become the members of a politically stable, healthy labour force, and those who were not. This paper tries to examine in what way did such "segregatory" practices, which already at the entrance to the New World, defined Croats and other immigrants as possibly unhealthy, insane or inapt, influence the formation of Croatian Diaspora in North America as a culturally distinct ethnic group. It also raises the question as to how will the newly emerging medical borders affect notions of ethnicity and the ways in which dispersed/displaced peoples construct their identities in the time of "global ethnoscapes" (Appadurai) The fact that this first "legalized" segregation on the basis of a six-second medical examination was going on under the shadow of the Statue of Liberty, shows to what extent it was assumed as "scientifically" reasonable and politically correct, and explains the existence of its current practices of creating medical borders. Who remains on the other side of the medical border? The ethnical and cultural "Others", or, just "the ill"?

"Здесь русский дух… здесь Русью пахнет!": Борьбас "русским духом" в Таллине в начале 1920-х гг

Author(s): Aurika Meimre,Antonia Nael / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2014

This article is aimed at reconstructing the course of events that resulted in the relocation of a monument of Peter the Great in the capital of Estonia. The bronze standing figure of Peter by Léopold Bernstamm (unveiled in September 1910 to commemorate the bicentennial of the siege of Reval) was removed in April 1922. The reasons for its demolition were mainly ideological: for Estonians Peter the Great symbolized years of suffering under Russian rule. The controversy around Peter the Great attracted Georg Tõnisson (Gori), a graphic artist, who portrayed the czar in a series of caricatures published by Waba Maa and Meie Mats.

"Рат је био највиша школа моја, а несумњиво и општа"

Први светски рат у делу Данице Марковић

Author(s): Dunja S. Dušanić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2012

The position of Serbian women writers regarding the First World War is a specific issue and one that has largely been left unexamined. There are several reasons for this; some of them are political, some are literary. First, the war had a distinctive character in Serbia – it was considered as the final stage in the process of Serbian national liberation, which culminated, or at the least, was intended to culminate, in the creation of a new, multinational state – making it extremely difficult to draw direct comparisons between Serbian women's engagement in the war and that of other nations'. Second, Serbian women writers' arrival on the literary scene in the pre-war years had a decisive influence on their writing, limiting them to genres, themes, and forms, traditionally linked to "feminine" values. It cannot be easily assessed to what extent the experience of War shaped their subsequent literary choices, and generalizations should, if possible, be avoided. However, by examining individual cases, we can maybe arrive at a better understanding of the multifaceted reality of World War I. This paper attempts to do so by examining the involvement of Serbia's most distinguished pre-war poetess, Danica Marković, in the 1917 uprising against the Bulgarian authorities, and the account of this experience in her poem "Twelve thousand" and her testimony "Impressions from the Toplica uprising".

"Я вернулся в мой город…": Неизвестныйвариант стихотворения О. Э. Мандельштама

Author(s): Marina Salman,Anna Dolinina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

This is the first publication of a previously unknown version of Osip Mandel’shtam’s poem “Ia vernulsia v moi gorod, znakomyi do slez...” (1930, 1932), which survived in the archive of the famous Russian scholar Arkady Dolinin (1883–1968) (currently located in the Manuscript Division of the National Library of Russia). It has come to us in the spisok (copy) made by an unknown person, who almost certainly met Mandel’shtam in the period between late December 1930 and early January 1931. Although the name of the copyist cannot be established, the text as such is remarkable in the way it differs from the final version.

: „Nagyon szép lány, kár, hogy zsidó” – Gál Júlia és az 1933-as Miss Magyarország-választás

Author(s): Szilvia Czingel / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2019

1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

1933 Sonrası Türkiye’ye Sığınan Nazi Karşıtı Aydınlar ve Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyatın İki Kurucu Adı: L. Spitzer ve E. Auerbach

Author(s): Gülnihal Gülmez / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

7 Nisan 1933’de, Almanya’da, Hitler hükümetinin ırkçı yasalarından ilki olan ve Nazi yöneticilere rejim düşmanlarından, özellikle de Yahudilerden kurtulma fırsatı sunan, “devlet memurluğu mesleğinin ihyasına dair yasa” kabul ediliyordu. Ari ırktan olmadıkları için üniversitelerdeki kürsülerinden kovulan çok sayıda bilim adamının Nazi Almanya’sını terk etmek zorunda kaldığı bu 1933 yılında, hemen hemen aynı tarihlerde, kuruluşunun henüz onuncu yılındaki genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti de bizzat Atatürk’ün öncülüğünde, kökten bir üniversite reformu gerçekleştirme çabasındaydı. Her iki ülkenin tarihindeki bu ilginç kesişme, Nazilerin kovduğu birçok akademisyenin mesleklerine Türk üniversitelerinde devam edebilmelerini sağladı.

A Baltic German Women’s Movement. The German Women’s League in Riga Preserving “Germandom” in Democratic Latvia, 1919-1934

Author(s): Christina Douglas / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

Die Forschungsliteratur über die deutschbaltischen Frauen schließt für gewöhnlich die Möglichkeit einer als politische Bewegung verstandenen deutschbaltischen Frauenbewegung aus. Der vorliegende Artikel spricht sich für eine weiter gefasste Definition von „Frauenbewegung“ aus und plädiert dafür, den Deutschen Frauenbund zu Riga als einen Teil von ihr zu verstehen. Zu diesem Zweck werden Quellen aus dem Umfeld des Frauenbundes untersucht, in erster Linie Jahresberichte sowie Abhandlungen zur Vereinsgeschichte. Der Frauenbund wurde als direkte Antwort auf die Revolution von 1905 noch in demselben Jahr gegründet. Als Folge der revolutionären Ereignisse wurden Frauen stärker öffentlich aktiv. Der Frauenbund strebte nach einer Bewahrung und Festigung des deutschbaltischen “Volkstums” durch soziale und kulturelle Arbeit. Er verfügte, so könnte man sagen, über eine Doppelnatur. Seine Mitglieder beteiligten sich am „nationalen Aktivismus“, d.h. an der Bewahrung des Deutschtums, aber auch an emanzipatorischen Aktivitäten, d.h. an der Förderung der Frauenrechte in Bildung und Beruf wie auch bis zu einem gewissen Grad an der Überwindung von Klassen- und ethnischen Barrieren. Der Bund war keine politische Organisation, aber in einem bestimmten Fall betätigte er sich ausdrücklich politisch: 1917 bat der Bund, zusammen mit anderen Organisationen, die deutsche Kaiserin in einer Petition um die Eingliederung der drei baltischen Provinzen in den deutschen Staat. Zwar hat der Frauenbund die Gründung eines unabhängigen und demokratischen Lettlands nicht gerade unterstützt, doch als dieser Staat dann existierte, bereitete es den Mitgliedern des Frauenbundes kein wirkliches Problem, mit anderen nationalen Organisationen, z.B. mit denen der lettischen Frauen, zusammenzuarbeiten. Die meisten Aktivitäten des Frauenbundes richteten sich an Deutschbalten. Aber es gibt auch Beispiele für die Zusammenarbeit mit lettischen Organisationen in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Der Frauenbund bemühte sich auch darum, Klassen- und soziale Barrieren innerhalb der deutschbaltischen Gemeinschaft zu überbrücken, und trug so zu einer gewissen inneren Demokratisierung bei. Er bezeichnete sich selbst nicht als feministisch, unterstützte aber die sozialen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Rechte der Frau, wenn auch manchmal, insbesondere hinsichtlich der politischen Rechte, nur sehr diskret. Mit manchen dieser Aktivitäten setzte sich der Bund für eine aktivere Rolle der Frauen in der Gesellschaft ein. Außerdem trug er dazu bei, das häusliche Leben, also die weibliche Sphäre, besser sichtbar zu machen und auf diese Weise aufzuwerten. Die Tatsache, dass der Frauenbund bisweilen recht undemokratisch agierte (insbesondere bei der Petition von 1917), berechtigt nicht dazu, ihn nicht als Teil der Frauenbewegung zu betrachten. Feminismus bzw. Frauenbewegungen korrelieren nicht automatisch mit demokratischen Werten. In jedem Fall förderte der Deutsche Frauenbund zu Riga in gewisser Weise die Frauenrechte und zeigte außerdem der Welt, und den Männern, dass Frauen zu vielem imstande waren.

A Case Study of Jan Kvačala. Essay on the Religious Studies in the Russian Empire

Author(s): Dmitriy Weber / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2019

The article is devoted to the scientific heritage of Jan Kvačala (1862-1934) on the history of religion. Kvačala’s professional activities cover several fields of knowledge, but he was mainly a historian. He is known for his research on the lives of such personalities as Jan Amos Comenius and Jan Hus. In 1885 Jan Kvačala received his doctorate in philosophy from his dissertation on Jan Amos Comenius. Kvačala began his lecturing and research activities in 1886 as a doctor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig. Since 1893, he has been a Doctor of Theology at the University of Vienna. In 1893, he began to teach at the University of Dorpat (Tartu). Up to 1918 he taught such disciplines as the history of the church, dogmatics, symbolism, philosophy and led a historical seminar. In the same year, he held the post of Dean of the Faculty of Theology and headed the transfer of the Faculty from Tartu to Voronezh, where the University was evacuated due to the events of the First World War. After working until 1920, he returned to Slovakia. There he became a professor at Bratislava High School of Theology. After the end of the contract, Jan Rodomil Kvačala moved to Vienna, where he died on June 9, 1934. Jan Kvačala’s research during his work at the University of Tartu was aimed, on the one hand, at studying the ideas of Jan Hus in the context of religious processes from the 13th-14th centuries, and on the other hand, at the importance of his contribution for national history.