"Egy európai formátumú államférfi"

Klebelsberg Kuno (1875-1932)

Author(s): Gábor Ujváry / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2014

Nowadays, beside Governor Miklós Horthy, István Bethlen, Pál Teleki and Gyula Gömbös, probably the name of Kuno Klebelsberg comes up most frequently in the Hungarian media and in public discourse. We are concerning a real renaissance of dealing with him, however superficial they often are. Lately, several institutions have been named after Klebelsberg and he has become an almost cultic figure. Nevertheless, his cult frequently and unnecessary goes too far. In the past decades, many people have investigated his activity, but they have mainly concentrated on minor details. Following 1942, this have been the first book to attempt to summarize Kelbelsberg’s whole career, presenting the partly known and well-founded achievements in the politician’s performance and some of his unimplemented plans. It also designates the new direction of research on Klebelsberg: namely the significance of the lesser-known period of his life preceding his ministry of culture, when he started to build up himself. “I trust that my book, intended to be readable yet written with due scholarly background and citing many of Klebelsberg’s writings and the responses given to them, will contribute to the respect for my hero that he had well deserved. I also think it important that we should value him objectively and consider him not a semi-god but a man and politician. However excellent he was, as a fallible man, he also made mistakes when he sometimes perceived the possibilities before him and his country inaccurately. However, these facts do not detract from his merit but rather strengthen it because we can approach him through them.” Gábor Ujváry

"Panama żyrardowska" w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego – wyrok Sądu Obywatelskiego w sprawie Aleksandra Lednickiego

Author(s): Przemyslaw Dabrowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

„The Żyrardów Affair” was the loudest case of interwar period. It is an excellent source to learn about the history of foreign capital in Poland. A major role was played by Alexander Lednicki – a lawyer, the leader of Moscow’s Poles in the period of the Russian Empire, former president of the Liquidation Committee for the Affairs of the former Kingdom of Poland, and president of the American Bank in Poland in the interwar period. He participated in the signing of the agreement in Biskupice, for what he was called a traitor to the Polish state. After this event, he committed suicide. His son, Wenceslaus, stood in defense of Alexander Lednicki’s honour. Thanks to his initiative, the convened Civil Court composed of well- known people in contemporary Poland. After initial process, Lednicki was acquitted of the charges against him.

"Rajš' ko Talijana, sem zbrala Slovana"

analiza preseljevanj Slovencev na ozemlje držav nekdanje Jugoslavije in njegove posledice

Author(s): Marina Lukšic Hacin,Boštjan Udovic / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2014

The following contribution analyses the history of emigration from the Slovenian ethnic space to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and its contemporary consequences. The main thesis builds on the understanding that the Slovenian emigrant community in the “Yugoslav state” was largely neglected from the viewpoint of operative politics as well as from the scientific study perspective. The analysis is divided into four historical periods, which differed significantly as far as the migration dynamics is concerned: the first migration stage (1850–1914), dominated by economic reasons; the second migration stage (1919–1941), when the political and cultural reasons also became important; the third migration stage (1945–1991), when the main reasons for migration were economic and ideological; and, finally, the article is concluded with the analysis of policy towards the Slovenian immigrants to the Yugoslav territory in the time of the independent Slovenia, together with all of its advantages and shortcomings.

"Vráťme si mesto!" Prejavy nespokojnosti "mestského občana" v politickom diskurze v Prešove 1918 - 1938

Author(s): Veronika Szeghy-Gayer / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

The paper aims to provide an analysis of the politics of two local interest groups of Prešov, the so-called city parties, as specific forms of middle class dissatisfaction in the interwar period. Based on contemporary election results and archival sources, the first part of the study examines the political behaviour of the inhabitants of Prešov between 1920 and 1935, which helps to determine to what extent the city parties were popular among the multilingual and multi-religious voters. The second part investigates the social composition and the political discourse of the city parties. These local political groups were supported by 10-12% of the voters. Most of their followers were organized among the liberal middle classes, who were not able to identity with the politics of the big parliamentary parties. Their members defined themselves mainly against the Communist and Catholic movement. However, they also criticized the measures of the Czechoslovak government. And at the level of discourse they expressed dissatisfaction with the domestic policy of Czechoslovakia in the form of a virtual community of city burghers, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. It is argued that because of the high percentage of Hungarian and Jewish intellectuals and entrepreneurs among the leaders and supporters of the local parties, this type of local politics might have been an alternative to the Jewish and Hungarian national politics at a local level.

"Я вернулся в мой город…": Неизвестныйвариант стихотворения О. Э. Мандельштама

Author(s): Marina Salman,Anna Dolinina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2015

This is the first publication of a previously unknown version of Osip Mandel’shtam’s poem “Ia vernulsia v moi gorod, znakomyi do slez...” (1930, 1932), which survived in the archive of the famous Russian scholar Arkady Dolinin (1883–1968) (currently located in the Manuscript Division of the National Library of Russia). It has come to us in the spisok (copy) made by an unknown person, who almost certainly met Mandel’shtam in the period between late December 1930 and early January 1931. Although the name of the copyist cannot be established, the text as such is remarkable in the way it differs from the final version.

(Ne)legitimni revizionizam: pravo i (pseudo)istoriografske revizije na zapadu i istoku

Author(s): Vladimir Petrovic / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The contribution is analyzing the legal aspects of historiographical revisionism, in an attempt to highlight the role of the courts in delineating between legitimate historical reevaluation of the past and the denial of essential historical facts, the latter being referred to as negationsim. The experience of Western countries in combating negationism through criminalisation of various forms of denial of mass crimes or through the civil litigation is juxtaposed to the confused postotalitarian dynamics in Eastern Europe and its anarchic reception in the region of the former Yugoslavia.

(Prze)pisać siebie. O Zeszytach Piotra Rawicza

Author(s): Anna Ciarkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2015

Piotr Rawicz, a French-speaking writer of Poland-Jewish origins, left behind his "Zeszyt"- an unique diary, containing a huge collection of notes, writings and poems, which over the years were all rewritten by the author. "Zeszyt" is a kind of overlapping “double text” in which two perspectives of creating the author's identity are presented. Autotherapy based on writing practice reveals mechanisms of working through a post-war trauma - an experience which undergoes symbolic representation. The aim of the article is to analyze Rawicz’s text and the relations between the performative act of writing and traumatic memory.

(Re)Interpretacija historije dječije zaštite u Bosni i Hercegovini između dva svjetska rata

Author(s): Sanela Bašic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1-2/2014

The aim of this paper is to provide empirical and analytical framework for an understanding and contextualization of politics of child welfare in Bosnia-Herzegovina between the two world wars. Research results show that in normative sense extremely progressive and substantially high quality model of child welfare was in constant contradiction with the lack of financial, administrative and professional capacities for its implementation. Nonetheless, from a historical perspective , it is important to reevaluate the state 's efforts in the area of child welfare emphasizing particularly three legacies resulting from these efforts: first concerns the adoption of legislation on which the child welfare politics was based, second refers to the creation of (public) institutions responsible for the implementation of child welfare at local level and third concerns relationship of complementary between state institutions and private initiatives in the field of child protection based on the assumption that the state could possibly be the main but not the only and exclusive mechanism responsible for the provision of social welfare of citizens.

„Dzieci w widowisku mężczyzn”? Realizacja biernego prawa wyborczego przez kobiety z województw południowo-wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Tomasz Pudlocki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

On November 28, 1918, Chief of State Józef Piłsudski signed a decree prepared by the government of Jędrzej Moraczewski granting active and passive voting rights to women. At the same time, throughout the whole interwar period, civil law remained contrary to the principle of gender equality enshrined in the Constitution of March 1921. It resulted from the provisions of the legal codes of pre-war empires and was under requisition until 1939. Moreover, it is worth remembering that in the world of distribution and power relations, connections and distinguishing the “assigned” roles of male and female were more important than equality in parliamentary elections. The author of the article tries to show that there was a huge gap between the law and the actual political practice during the whole period. He examines pre-election calls for voting articles, reports from political meetings as well as articles on suffrage written by men and women. Different political parties had one thing in common – women were treated by their representatives as a beautification of politics, not as equal partners. It appears that not only men believed that they were better prepared for public world offices – the majority of women, even from the upper classes, shared this vision. The example of the south-eastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic shows huge conservatism of the elite’s mentality.

15 March 1939 and the occupation of Prague Castle

Author(s): Pavel Zeman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939 and Adolf Hitler’s stay in Prague on 15 and 16 March 1939 have been described in both specialist and memoir literature. Yet new archival materials relating to these events are still emerging. These include the report on the occupation of Prague Castle from May 1939 by JUDr. Karel Strnad, an official of the President’s Office, and two German documents: on President Emil Hácha’s return from Berlin on 15 March 1939 and on Adolf Hitler’s stay at Prague Castle.

1920 – 1950’li YILLAR AZERBAYCAN EDEBİYATINDA MİLLİ MANEVİ İDEALLER HAKİM İDEOLOJİNİN GİRDABINDA

Author(s): Yasar RIZAYEV / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2009

1920-1950s, national-spiritual ideals of the Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the judge ideology. This article is dealt from in which condition was national-spiritual ideals of Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the soviet ideology and problems of Azerbaijani writers lived during this period.

1922–1940 m. universitetas Lietuvoje, kaip pilietinės visuomenės židinys

Author(s): Mantas Simanavicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2015

The University of Lithuania (Vytautas Magnus), which was established during the first independent Republic of Lithuania and operated during the interwar period, has already attracted the attention of many historians, who have analysed its activities. Still, the research on the University from the perspective of civil society is scarce. The present article attempts to discuss and assess the role of the University and its academic community in the society and in the relationship with the government in the context of civil activity. The civil activity of the University or civil activity at the University is especially important, taking into consideration its autonomy and its use when the country changed from democracy to an authoritarian regime and consolidated it.In the present article, the processes related to civil society at the University are analysed from several perspectives: the relationship between the University and society; autonomy maintenance; the contribution and influence of the pedagogical staff; the importance of the University rector; the influence of students and their organizations, especially Students’ Representatives; and the internationality of teachers and students. The relationship with the government and its policy is integrated into different historical research as a horizontal measure. The abovementioned aspects of historical research are the components of the natural and organic activity of the University. Thus, the article aims at showing the university as the source of civil society activity.

1931 m. gruodžio 31 d. visuomeninių organizacijų surašymas: tautinių mažumų atstovavimo skerspjūvis

Author(s): Vitalijus Gailius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2015

Based on the data from the census of Lithuanian public organizations of 31 December 1931 and additional statistical sources, such as the population census of 1923 as well as various volumes of Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, the article addresses the problems of organizations of ethnic minorities. The paper discusses the common characteristics and provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that could decide a different involvement of ethnic minorities in public organizations in different counties. It also presents the dynamics of the organizational network.

A dravida nyelvek genetikai rokonsága más nyelvcsaládokkal

Author(s): István Major / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A francia diplomácia dilemmái a két háború közti közép-európai politikájában

Author(s): István Majoros / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A francia külpolitika változása 1934-1936 között

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Enyedi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2014

Germany’s rearmament posed a major threat to France since Hitler had come to power in 1933 and left the Rearmament Conference, therefore the question of security became the main issue in France’s foreign policy. The appointment of Louis Barthou to Foreign Minister in 1934 basically changed French diplomacy by attempting to develop the system of alliances as well as to accept a convention on arms limitation involving Germany. However French plans did not always meet with the concepts of British foreign policy. Pierre Laval, Barthou’s successor on the post, carried on negotiations with Italy and the Soviet-Union which led to the Franco-Soviet pact in 1935 besides he was still determined to approach Germany and resume arm limitation talks. As a result of the failure of the efforts made in order to prevent rearmament, Hitler announced German conscription which was followed by the reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936.

A francia-német kapcsolatok a leszerelési konferencia időszakában

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Enyedi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A Ganz–Jendrassik dízel motorkocsik Argentínában

Author(s): Mária Hidvégi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2014

The Ganz factory contributed to the development of the technology of transport infrastructure through product innovations and systems innovations such as two new systems for railway electrification and the motorization of the railways with diesel rail cars. The latter offered a viable solution to the problem of making passenger transport profitable in scarcely populated regions, especially where public and private finances were insufficient for the modernization of steam traction, railway electrification or a shift to road transport. Ganz & Co. started to accumulate expert knowledge about the introduction of diesel rail cars in different countries, assessing traffic needs, developing cars adjusted to specific needs, and organizing rail car maintenance. The transnational organizational infrastructure necessary for a company from a small and impoverished country for global business was being built up in form of a license and cartel agreement with well-established British engineering companies, too. The drive of pre-WWII Argentina for industrialization and loosening ties to the former colonizer made this country an ideal stepping stone for marketing the cars in other scarcely populated countries with challenging climate and geographical conditions. However, the paper reveals that internal management problems had already jeopardized these plans before WWII frustrated the ambitions of Ganz & Co once and for all.

A globalitás - tapasztalatok és - értelmezések a Horthy-korszakban

Author(s): Balázs Sipos / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A gyűlölet tana. Antiszemita olvasókönyvek a német iskolákban

Author(s): Ákos Béresi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016