"Egy európai formátumú államférfi"

Klebelsberg Kuno (1875-1932)

Author(s): Gábor Ujváry / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2014

Nowadays, beside Governor Miklós Horthy, István Bethlen, Pál Teleki and Gyula Gömbös, probably the name of Kuno Klebelsberg comes up most frequently in the Hungarian media and in public discourse. We are concerning a real renaissance of dealing with him, however superficial they often are. Lately, several institutions have been named after Klebelsberg and he has become an almost cultic figure. Nevertheless, his cult frequently and unnecessary goes too far. In the past decades, many people have investigated his activity, but they have mainly concentrated on minor details. Following 1942, this have been the first book to attempt to summarize Kelbelsberg’s whole career, presenting the partly known and well-founded achievements in the politician’s performance and some of his unimplemented plans. It also designates the new direction of research on Klebelsberg: namely the significance of the lesser-known period of his life preceding his ministry of culture, when he started to build up himself. “I trust that my book, intended to be readable yet written with due scholarly background and citing many of Klebelsberg’s writings and the responses given to them, will contribute to the respect for my hero that he had well deserved. I also think it important that we should value him objectively and consider him not a semi-god but a man and politician. However excellent he was, as a fallible man, he also made mistakes when he sometimes perceived the possibilities before him and his country inaccurately. However, these facts do not detract from his merit but rather strengthen it because we can approach him through them.” Gábor Ujváry

"Panama żyrardowska" w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego – wyrok Sądu Obywatelskiego w sprawie Aleksandra Lednickiego

Author(s): Przemyslaw Dabrowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

„The Żyrardów Affair” was the loudest case of interwar period. It is an excellent source to learn about the history of foreign capital in Poland. A major role was played by Alexander Lednicki – a lawyer, the leader of Moscow’s Poles in the period of the Russian Empire, former president of the Liquidation Committee for the Affairs of the former Kingdom of Poland, and president of the American Bank in Poland in the interwar period. He participated in the signing of the agreement in Biskupice, for what he was called a traitor to the Polish state. After this event, he committed suicide. His son, Wenceslaus, stood in defense of Alexander Lednicki’s honour. Thanks to his initiative, the convened Civil Court composed of well- known people in contemporary Poland. After initial process, Lednicki was acquitted of the charges against him.

"Rajš' ko Talijana, sem zbrala Slovana"

analiza preseljevanj Slovencev na ozemlje držav nekdanje Jugoslavije in njegove posledice

Author(s): Marina Lukšic Hacin,Boštjan Udovic / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2014

The following contribution analyses the history of emigration from the Slovenian ethnic space to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and its contemporary consequences. The main thesis builds on the understanding that the Slovenian emigrant community in the “Yugoslav state” was largely neglected from the viewpoint of operative politics as well as from the scientific study perspective. The analysis is divided into four historical periods, which differed significantly as far as the migration dynamics is concerned: the first migration stage (1850–1914), dominated by economic reasons; the second migration stage (1919–1941), when the political and cultural reasons also became important; the third migration stage (1945–1991), when the main reasons for migration were economic and ideological; and, finally, the article is concluded with the analysis of policy towards the Slovenian immigrants to the Yugoslav territory in the time of the independent Slovenia, together with all of its advantages and shortcomings.

"Sacro pellegrinaggio". Visits to World War I Memorials on the Soča/Isonzo Front in the Interwar Period

Author(s): Petra Kavrecic / Language(s): English / Issue: 40/2017

The paper presents a case study of visits to World War I battlefield sites (monuments, sacred zones, cemeteries) on the Soča/Isonzo front. The focus is on acknowledging the motivations related to the construction of monuments and the role and interest of the Italian authorities when influencing and encouraging these visits. The paper will also attempt to determine the importance of this practice in the case of memorial sites at the Soča/Isonzo front. Additional issues addressed in the paper include how common visits to these sites were in the interwar period, who the primary visitors were and if and how this activity resonated in the tourism sector, and how tourism reflected the Italian national narrative in the contested border region.

"Vráťme si mesto!" Prejavy nespokojnosti "mestského občana" v politickom diskurze v Prešove 1918 - 1938

Author(s): Veronika Szeghy-Gayer / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

The paper aims to provide an analysis of the politics of two local interest groups of Prešov, the so-called city parties, as specific forms of middle class dissatisfaction in the interwar period. Based on contemporary election results and archival sources, the first part of the study examines the political behaviour of the inhabitants of Prešov between 1920 and 1935, which helps to determine to what extent the city parties were popular among the multilingual and multi-religious voters. The second part investigates the social composition and the political discourse of the city parties. These local political groups were supported by 10-12% of the voters. Most of their followers were organized among the liberal middle classes, who were not able to identity with the politics of the big parliamentary parties. Their members defined themselves mainly against the Communist and Catholic movement. However, they also criticized the measures of the Czechoslovak government. And at the level of discourse they expressed dissatisfaction with the domestic policy of Czechoslovakia in the form of a virtual community of city burghers, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. It is argued that because of the high percentage of Hungarian and Jewish intellectuals and entrepreneurs among the leaders and supporters of the local parties, this type of local politics might have been an alternative to the Jewish and Hungarian national politics at a local level.

"Здесь русский дух… здесь Русью пахнет!": Борьбас "русским духом" в Таллине в начале 1920-х гг

Author(s): Aurika Meimre,Antonia Nael / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2014

This article is aimed at reconstructing the course of events that resulted in the relocation of a monument of Peter the Great in the capital of Estonia. The bronze standing figure of Peter by Léopold Bernstamm (unveiled in September 1910 to commemorate the bicentennial of the siege of Reval) was removed in April 1922. The reasons for its demolition were mainly ideological: for Estonians Peter the Great symbolized years of suffering under Russian rule. The controversy around Peter the Great attracted Georg Tõnisson (Gori), a graphic artist, who portrayed the czar in a series of caricatures published by Waba Maa and Meie Mats.

"Рат је био највиша школа моја, а несумњиво и општа"

Први светски рат у делу Данице Марковић

Author(s): Dunja Dušanic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2012

The position of Serbian women writers regarding the First World War is a specific issue and one that has largely been left unexamined. There are several reasons for this; some of them are political, some are literary. First, the war had a distinctive character in Serbia – it was considered as the final stage in the process of Serbian national liberation, which culminated, or at the least, was intended to culminate, in the creation of a new, multinational state – making it extremely difficult to draw direct comparisons between Serbian women's engagement in the war and that of other nations'. Second, Serbian women writers' arrival on the literary scene in the pre-war years had a decisive influence on their writing, limiting them to genres, themes, and forms, traditionally linked to "feminine" values. It cannot be easily assessed to what extent the experience of War shaped their subsequent literary choices, and generalizations should, if possible, be avoided. However, by examining individual cases, we can maybe arrive at a better understanding of the multifaceted reality of World War I. This paper attempts to do so by examining the involvement of Serbia's most distinguished pre-war poetess, Danica Marković, in the 1917 uprising against the Bulgarian authorities, and the account of this experience in her poem "Twelve thousand" and her testimony "Impressions from the Toplica uprising".

"Я вернулся в мой город…": Неизвестныйвариант стихотворения О. Э. Мандельштама

Author(s): Marina Salman,Anna Dolinina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2015

This is the first publication of a previously unknown version of Osip Mandel’shtam’s poem “Ia vernulsia v moi gorod, znakomyi do slez...” (1930, 1932), which survived in the archive of the famous Russian scholar Arkady Dolinin (1883–1968) (currently located in the Manuscript Division of the National Library of Russia). It has come to us in the spisok (copy) made by an unknown person, who almost certainly met Mandel’shtam in the period between late December 1930 and early January 1931. Although the name of the copyist cannot be established, the text as such is remarkable in the way it differs from the final version.

(NATIONAL) CANON, (NATIONAL) THEATER AND (NATIONAL) IDENTITY: A DEBATE OVER A 1928 BÁNK BÁN-MISE EN SCÈNE IN HUNGARY

Author(s): Imre Zoltán / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2001

The above speech was delivered by Gábor Jánossy, a member of Parliament, in the Hungarian Houses of Parliament on 26 October 1928. His protest was provoked by an interview with Sándor Hevesi, the Hungarian National Theater's director, which had been published few days earlier in the Pesti Napló (Pest Journal) on 21 October 1928.

(Ne)legitimni revizionizam: pravo i (pseudo)istoriografske revizije na zapadu i istoku

Author(s): Vladimir Petrovic / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The contribution is analyzing the legal aspects of historiographical revisionism, in an attempt to highlight the role of the courts in delineating between legitimate historical reevaluation of the past and the denial of essential historical facts, the latter being referred to as negationsim. The experience of Western countries in combating negationism through criminalisation of various forms of denial of mass crimes or through the civil litigation is juxtaposed to the confused postotalitarian dynamics in Eastern Europe and its anarchic reception in the region of the former Yugoslavia.

(Prze)pisać siebie. O Zeszytach Piotra Rawicza

Author(s): Anna Ciarkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2015

Piotr Rawicz, a French-speaking writer of Poland-Jewish origins, left behind his "Zeszyt"- an unique diary, containing a huge collection of notes, writings and poems, which over the years were all rewritten by the author. "Zeszyt" is a kind of overlapping “double text” in which two perspectives of creating the author's identity are presented. Autotherapy based on writing practice reveals mechanisms of working through a post-war trauma - an experience which undergoes symbolic representation. The aim of the article is to analyze Rawicz’s text and the relations between the performative act of writing and traumatic memory.

(Re)Interpretacija historije dječije zaštite u Bosni i Hercegovini između dva svjetska rata

Author(s): Sanela Bašic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1-2/2014

The aim of this paper is to provide empirical and analytical framework for an understanding and contextualization of politics of child welfare in Bosnia-Herzegovina between the two world wars. Research results show that in normative sense extremely progressive and substantially high quality model of child welfare was in constant contradiction with the lack of financial, administrative and professional capacities for its implementation. Nonetheless, from a historical perspective , it is important to reevaluate the state 's efforts in the area of child welfare emphasizing particularly three legacies resulting from these efforts: first concerns the adoption of legislation on which the child welfare politics was based, second refers to the creation of (public) institutions responsible for the implementation of child welfare at local level and third concerns relationship of complementary between state institutions and private initiatives in the field of child protection based on the assumption that the state could possibly be the main but not the only and exclusive mechanism responsible for the provision of social welfare of citizens.

15 March 1939 and the occupation of Prague Castle

Author(s): Pavel Zeman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939 and Adolf Hitler’s stay in Prague on 15 and 16 March 1939 have been described in both specialist and memoir literature. Yet new archival materials relating to these events are still emerging. These include the report on the occupation of Prague Castle from May 1939 by JUDr. Karel Strnad, an official of the President’s Office, and two German documents: on President Emil Hácha’s return from Berlin on 15 March 1939 and on Adolf Hitler’s stay at Prague Castle.

1914–1939 m. Vokietijoje paskelbtų atsiminimų apie Didįjį karą Rytprūsiuose publikavimo dinamika ir turinys

Author(s): Hektoras Vitkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

Based on the statistical analysis of bibliographical data and the methods of content analysis and structuralist narratology, the research sets out to determine the dynamics of publication of the memoirs on the Great War in East Prussia that were published in Germany in the period of 1914–1939 as well as to investigate the tendencies of change in their content. The memoirs on the Great War in East Prussia have neither been studied in terms of content nor the dynamics of publication. Therefore, this study provided an opportunity to not only single out the prevailing storylines relating to the topic of remembrance of the Great War in East Prussia but also to reveal the dynamics of their circulation in German publishing.

1920 – 1950’li YILLAR AZERBAYCAN EDEBİYATINDA MİLLİ MANEVİ İDEALLER HAKİM İDEOLOJİNİN GİRDABINDA

Author(s): Yasar RIZAYEV / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2009

1920-1950s, national-spiritual ideals of the Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the judge ideology. This article is dealt from in which condition was national-spiritual ideals of Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the soviet ideology and problems of Azerbaijani writers lived during this period.

1920-1930 Yıllarında Azerbaycan’ın Milli ve Manevi Değerlerine Karşı Sovyet Rusya Tarafından Yürütülen Asimilasyon Siyaseti

Author(s): Ülker Yakar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018

Azerbaijan, with its geographical position and natural richness, has always attracted Russia’s interest. Azerbaijan, having been invaded by Russia in the early XIXth century, declared its independence on 28 May 1918 in the leadership of M.E. Resulzade but was invaded by Bolshevik Russia again on 27 April 1920. This invasion, which lasted until 1991, caused a great destruction among Azerbaijani Turks. Soviet Russia, who wanted complete command of Azerbaijan, intended to raise new generations that served Soviet Russia’s purpose to remove the community from Turkish culture and Islam, and to impose Soviet culture. Through social and cultural policies, Azerbaijan society was broken its identity. In this aim, freedom of religion was restricted and it was necessary to write Azerbaijani on the IDs instead of Turk until 1983. With a similar assimilation policy, Azeri Turkish was ignored and the alphabet was changed, in order to make Russian the language of education and to make Turkish forgotten. This assimilation policy showed its effects in familial relationships, clothing of public and art and even playing tar, fiddle, clarion, balaban was banned. In order for these intrusive policies to not cause a riot, Soviet regime carried out these policies as “reform”. In this study, while Soviet Russia’s national and moral exploitation acts in Azerbaijan were examined. Education language, culture and family life were taken into account through archival documents and scientific works related to the topic

1920'li Yıllarda Avrupa'da Sinema ve Tiyatroda Ermeni Propagandası

Author(s): Arif Kolay / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The content of the article is the effort of Armenians to use some of the theatres/movies produced by them against Turks as a tool of propaganda in 1920’s in various cities of Europe (Stockholm, Hague, Geneva, Bern etc.) and the effort of Turkish embassy officers to prevent this. The study was prepared by using the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. The role of this propaganda will be better understood in the context of the Armenian issue reached today.

1922–1940 m. universitetas Lietuvoje, kaip pilietinės visuomenės židinys

Author(s): Mantas Simanavicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2015

The University of Lithuania (Vytautas Magnus), which was established during the first independent Republic of Lithuania and operated during the interwar period, has already attracted the attention of many historians, who have analysed its activities. Still, the research on the University from the perspective of civil society is scarce. The present article attempts to discuss and assess the role of the University and its academic community in the society and in the relationship with the government in the context of civil activity. The civil activity of the University or civil activity at the University is especially important, taking into consideration its autonomy and its use when the country changed from democracy to an authoritarian regime and consolidated it.In the present article, the processes related to civil society at the University are analysed from several perspectives: the relationship between the University and society; autonomy maintenance; the contribution and influence of the pedagogical staff; the importance of the University rector; the influence of students and their organizations, especially Students’ Representatives; and the internationality of teachers and students. The relationship with the government and its policy is integrated into different historical research as a horizontal measure. The abovementioned aspects of historical research are the components of the natural and organic activity of the University. Thus, the article aims at showing the university as the source of civil society activity.

1923 Nüfus Mübadelesine Mizah Penceresinden Bakmak: Zümrüdüanka

Author(s): Nuray Firindioglu Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The Greek- Turkish 1923 population exchange has played an important role in Turkish history both politically and socially. Since about 2 million Greeks and Turks were ousted from their homelands, this issue has quickly become problematic due to some main concerns and conflicts over its form and instruments, the definition and the scale of the refugees, and the legal status of their left property. These problems led the refugees to experience a number of tragic incidents from the start of the implementation of the exchange almost until it is completed. This study reviews the Greek- Turkish population exchange that has been engraved in collective memory in every respect by analyzing the texts and caricatures in the comic book, Zümrüdüanka, that reflect its idiosyncratic sense of humor.

1931 m. gruodžio 31 d. visuomeninių organizacijų surašymas: tautinių mažumų atstovavimo skerspjūvis

Author(s): Vitalijus Gailius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2015

Based on the data from the census of Lithuanian public organizations of 31 December 1931 and additional statistical sources, such as the population census of 1923 as well as various volumes of Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, the article addresses the problems of organizations of ethnic minorities. The paper discusses the common characteristics and provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that could decide a different involvement of ethnic minorities in public organizations in different counties. It also presents the dynamics of the organizational network.