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André Caplet is a noteworthy figure in the early years of the 20th century French music. A founding member of the Société Musicale Indépendante and advocate of new contemporary music, Caplet is also remembered for his contributions to Debussy’s Le Martyre de Saint-Sébastien and La boîte à joujoux.Caplet’s musical output from the years pertaining to the Great War and beyond demonstrates a colourful harmonic language. This authentic harmonic language presents itself as a highly complex and sophisticated interweaving of modality and diatonicism, and there are numerous instances of progressive use of modal structures within these mélodies.This article presents a reflection upon some of the developments within Caplet’s exploration of tonality through the lens of selected works, from 1914 to his death in 1925. Supporting examples of Caplet’s distinctive approach to the fusion of diatonicism and modality, and the usage of synthetic scale structures will be considered.Caplet’s inventive harmonic language offers much richness in terms of creativity and imagination. He was a composer who favoured different musical processes and conventions. Exploring his compositional approach will help illuminate André Caplet’s individual harmonic language, and place within the field of French musical modernism.
More...A Magyar Tenger megalkotása (1868–1914)
Following the Austro-Hungarian Settlement, the Hungarian-Croatian Compromise (1868) (re)defined the relation of landlocked Hungary and maritime Croatia, granting the latter limited home rule within the framework of the Kingdom of Hungary. During the negotiations, the parties could not agree on the question regarding the possession of the port city Fiume (today Rijeka, Croatia), which lay on Croatian soil but was administered directly from Hungary. The legal status of the only maritime port of Hungary, extremely important for Hungarian economic and national ambitions, remained contested until the end of the era. In these circumstances, the stakes of symbolic politics grew enormously, as the Hungarian political elite tried to make the concept of the Hungarian littoral accepted and familiar to every citizen of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In the first part of my paper, I investigate different areas of symbolic politics and nationalist representation (belles-lettres, travel, scientific, popularising and juvenile literature, press, political discourse etc.). With the help of this enumeration, I aim to show the dimensions and variety of this eff ort to construct a new nationalized space, the so-called Hungarian littoral. The second part of the paper will detail a specific way of making the Hungarian littoral: the establishment of the Hungarian steam boating. Steam boating, on contrary to traditional sailing, represented a modern way of possessing the seaside and controlling the sea. As a result, modernity and the Hungarian character were inherently linked in the Hungarian national discourse on the littoral. This interconnection was the differentia specifica of the Hungarian variant among many rival national attempts to appropriate the sea, and was a rather rarely used trope in the Hungarian self-representations. In my paper, I investigate the roots of this phenomenon.
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Based on existing knowledge, archival documents, old newspaper articles, and documentation from the contemporary city company ‘Vodovod Dubrovnik’ (Dubrovnik Waterworks), this paper follows the development of the Dubrovnik waterworks during the 19th and 20th centuries. The backbone of the new waterworks until the mid-20th century was the gravity flow water distribution system built in the 15th century. This was an important project that signified a turning point in socio-economic progress and left a significant mark on the further development of Dubrovnik. Its communal value is also apparent from the fact that a water canal was built at that time and, with several extensions and modifications, continued to provide water to the city area until the mid-20th century, when construction of the contemporary Dubrovnik water supply system began. Due to financial difficulties, repair work was limited to the most critical issues, while the increasing demand for water was met by smaller-scale reconstructions of the aging water canal and reinforcing the existing gravity flow system. However, with the increase in the urban population in the late 19th century and the introduction of water into certain institutions and private objects, supplying water became increasingly problematic and the necessity of building a new, complete water supply system increasingly apparent. The first attempt to improve the water supply took place in 1897, when a contract was made with the owner of the mills at the spring of the river Ombla, the most abundant source of potable water in this area, to transmit a certain amount of water to the old water canal. However, this solution soon proved inadequate, and the issue of supplying water remained unresolved until 1964, when the project of the contemporary Dubrovnik water supply system was realised and a tunnel through the Srđ hill was built, allowing water from the Ombla river spring to be pumped with electric pumps to newly built reservoirs and objects in the city area. The gravity canal was then almost completely abandoned, leaving only the part from the Šumet spring to Komolac and Sustjepan active (until the 1980s).
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A Database Model for Social History: Historical Data Grinder and the Transylvanian Society of 19th and 20th Centuries – The study presents a new model for building a historical database, namely, the Historical Data Grinder (HDG). It is based on the EAV design model developed in bio-medicine and it offers some advantages for the historian especially when dealing with a large variety of heterogeneous sources. The database is very flexible and has a simple architecture, with fewer tables and relations when compared to a relational database. The HDG database has the possibility to store any kind of historical information with no limitations regarding the time period, geographic area or thematic range to which reference is made, and is also suitable as a teaching and experimental tool.
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Born on 17 December 1871 in the village of Smilevo, Bitolya region, and distinguished for his studiousness since an early age, Damyan (Dame) Grouev studied in his native villages, as well as in Bitolya, Salonica and Belgrade, where he was confronted with the Serbian chauvinism. Having seen the threat by the Serb propaganda for the Bulgarians in Macedonia, he left school and came to Sofia where he enrolled in the University.
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The article examines the origins and evolution of the European system of collective security after the end of the First World War until the mid-1920s and the Locarno Treaties. Based on the analysis of international documents and literature, this study traces the development of European collective security through the League of Nations and by examining the impact of the Locarno Treaties.
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Review of: Božo Rudež - Margareta Matijević: Između partizana i pristojnosti: Život i doba Svetozara Rittiga (1873. — 1961.), Plejada i Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, Zagreb, 2019., 455 str.
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The article presents and examines attitudes towards formation of the Yugoslav state (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) in 1918 within two groups of Croatian politics. The first one acted abroad, organised in the Yugoslav Committee, led by Frano Supilo and Ante Trumbić. Without this group, the countries of the Entante would not be well informed about political aspirations and problems of the Croats, Serbs and Slovenes within the Austria-Hungary. They wanted to liberate themselves and to unite in a Yugoslav state with Serbia and Montenegro. The Yugoslav Committe was active in preventing Italian aspirations in Eastern Adriatic, which were based on the London Agreement between Italy and the Entante. The other group was active within the country. It requested unification of all Croatian and Slovenian lands, as well as Bosnia-Herzegovina, in one unit within the Austria-Hungary. As of 1917 the position of this group too moved towards unification with Serbia and Montenegro. The article follows political evolution and attitudes on the issue of unification with Serbs in Yugoslavia by the leading Croatian politicians of the time: Frano Supilo, Ante Trumbić, Ivan Lorković and Ante Pavelić (the dentist, not the Poglavnik of 1941) and Stjepan Radić.
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At the beginning of the twentieth century, the fate of the teachers, like that of all the intellectuals, was uneasy as they were permanently suspected of conspiracy against the Austrian local and state authorities. During the period of Austro-Hungarian dualism (1867-1918), the role of the teachers was extremely important for the Romanian communities. Together with the priests, they represented the connection between the population and the cultural, national and political movements of the time. After the start of the First World War, the Romanian intelligentsia in Transylvania was faced with an avalanche of arrests. The efforts of the teachers to promote the national culture also caused reactions from the Hungarian state, and one of these was manifest in the "Case of David Pop”. The teacher D. Pop was recruited by the Romanian Information Services in 1914 with the help of his brother Romulus Pop and his wife. Like the teacher from Brașov, many Romanian patriots from Transylvania volunteered for the secret front supported by the Romanian Civil and Military Information Services. The most important information centers in Transylvania were supported by the lawyer Spiridon Boita and the teacher David Pop. Sixteen Romanian intellectuals, four of whom were teachers, were arrested and sentenced to death following an investigation. The reason for the arrest was related to espionage, but the Romanian intellectuals invoked the unjust persecution, the lack of concrete evidence about the secret activity. Following the efforts of their lawyer, Dr. Ioan Erdely, and by the means made available by Al. Vaida Voevod and Isopescu Grecu, the case of the sixteen accused people arrived in Vienna. Erdély demonstrated that, through the numerous lawsuits filed against Romanian intellectuals, it was desired to discredit the image of the Romanian people. The emperor appointed a commission consisting of five military judges, who reviewed the case and released the 16 intellectuals. David Pop escaped the death sentence, was released and tried to serve as a teacher, then as a priest. Abandoned by friends and accused of duplicitous attitude, David Pop became a target even after the 1918 Union. On 19 May 1919 he was arrested by the Ruling Council and imprisoned for 13 days as an alleged traitor. The Transylvanian teacher tried to defend himself by sending letters to the newspapers and asking for the right to reply but without success.
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This essay addresses issues of periodization, with a specific focus on the importance (or overvaluation) of the reconstruction of the Polish State and its effects and consequences on contemporary Polish culture and literature: in fact, 1918 was perceived as a turning point and as an ideal boundary between an old and a new era. At the same time, different opinions about the “limits of modernity” in Polish culture and literature were discussed, emphasizing the longue durée of such cultural macrophenomena as the “romantic paradigm” or “Sarmatian” mentality and their significant impacts on the processes of continuity and discontinuity of culture. Searching for a merely literary explanation for the periodization of this first troubled period of the “short century”, the author stresses the importance of two texts by Julian Tuwim, Spring (1918) and You All, Go Kiss My Ass (1938), which feature all the euphoria of the beginning and the drama of the end of the period. The article also offers an initial attempt at an Italian translation of the Tuwimian Poem in which the author politely but firmly implores the vast hosts of his brethren to kiss his ass.
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Shadows and reflections of the city; Considerations on the urban imagination; Polish fiction after 1989;
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Review of: Darina Volf - Sarah Lemmen: Tschechen auf Reisen. Repräsentationen der außereuropäischen Welt und nationale Identität in Ostmitteleuropa 1890-1938. (Peripherien. Neue Beiträge zur Europäischen Geschichte, Bd. 2.) Böhlau. Köln 2018. 358 S. ISBN 978-3-412-50798-5. (€ 50,–.)
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Review of: Johanna Bichlmaier - Wolfgang Templin: Der Kampf um Polen. Die abenteuerliche Geschichte der Zweiten Polnischen Republik, 1918-1939. Ferdinand Schöningh. Paderborn 2018. 254 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-3-506-78757-6. (€ 39,90.)
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