Rebecca Friedman. Modernity, Domesticity and Temporality in Russia: Time at Home
Review of: Rebecca Friedman. “Modernity, Domesticity and Temporality in Russia”: Time at Home. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 223 pp. ISBN 9781350112438.
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Review of: Rebecca Friedman. “Modernity, Domesticity and Temporality in Russia”: Time at Home. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. 223 pp. ISBN 9781350112438.
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Charakterystyce poddano myśl teoretyczną i praktyczne rozwiązania w systemie (ach) penitencjarnych od XVI do I poł. XIX w. Szczegółowo omówiono Kodeks Karzący z 1818 r. w Królestwie Polskim, który zawiera szereg intersujących informacji z historycznego, prawnego i pedagogicznego punktu widzenia oraz pozwala na zagłębienie ówczesnej myśli i pragmatyki w zakresie istoty, rodzajów i znaczenia kary pozbawienia wolności oraz zasad na których miała się odbywać resocjalizacja osadzonych.
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The article attempts to identify the significant components of the chronotopical continuum of the poem “The Gypsies” based on the interpretation of the chronotope as a phenomenon of M. Bakhtin’s historical poetics. Bessarabia, represented by the poet in various aspects (the territory of the “long battle,” the country of “Russian glory,” the habitat of the “infant” people, the keeper of the poetic traditions steeped in the name of Ovid, the place of A. Pushkin’s own involuntary stay) acts as the dominant real-geographical, historical epochmaking and actually poetic chronotope of the poem. The examined space-time continuum of the work includes the distinctive topoi and loci that determine both the nomadic life of the gypsy camp in general and the individual fates of the characters in particular. The plot-forming role of Aleko’s “wanderings” is described as a process of searching, gaining and, as a result, a loss of himself. The hero’s rejection of civilization predetermined his moral death: his personality turned out to be unable to survive in the natural world outside the cultural and moral forms. Ultimately, the complexly structured constitutive Bessarabian continuum was dominated by the author’s chronotope with his pessimistic idea of inevitable fate, which, in turn, was conditioned by the romantic model of the world, which was established in the philosophical and artistic consciousness of the Pushkin era.
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One of the “key” works of Gogol’s heritage is analyzed — the first prose work that appeared in print, the short novel (‘povest’) “Bisavryuk, or The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” (1830). Gogol’s literary debut in prose is a key work in the sense that it opens the door to understanding the writer’s subsequent work. Based on numerous facts, it is established that since his very first steps in literature, Gogol played the role of a conscious spiritual mentor and preacher. His first prose work (Gogol began as the author of the poems “Italy” and “Gantz Kuchelgarten”) is a sort of literary ekphrasis, which is centered around the theme of spiritual discipline. The short novel (‘povest’) is “theology in images,” and the clergyman, a representative of the common man’s milieu, a rural deacon (church reader, psalm reader), on whose behalf the story is narrated, becomes the author’s alter ego. For the first time, an analytical comparison of two editions of “Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” was undertaken: the original journal version on one side and the subsequent one included in the “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” collection (the first edition of the short novel (‘povest’) was called “Bisavryuk, or Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”; in the second, Gogol dropped the beginning of the title, leaving only the second part, “Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”). The comparison shows that the first edition is more frank in expressing the religious views of the author than the second one. In the second edition, Gogol tempered the excessive edification and categorical nature of the original version. It is emphasized that as early as in this short novel (‘povest’), Gogol separates himself from superstitions and “childish prejudices” inherent in popular consciousness and focuses his talent on exposing those phenomena that have survived in the public, folk life from the pagan era. As a faithful ethnographer, a deep connoisseur of folk psychology and folklore, in the first short novel (‘povest’), contrary to the widespread interpretations of his work in radical criticism, the writer already appears not only as an original writer of everyday life, but also an astute thinker and theologian, like his predecessor, St. Tikhon of Zadonsk. From the first “Little Russian” short novel (‘povest’) one can guess many features of the future creator of “Dead Souls”, “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends”, and “Reflections on the Divine Liturgy”.
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The article is devoted to studying the travel prose of the Orthodox clergy in the 19th century as a phenomenon of the Siberian regional literature and one of the classical versions of the “Siberian text.” The boundaries of the “Siberian text” in Russian literature are defined by the characteristics of regional identity, which is reflected in this text and is shaped by the Siberian geographical space. The hypothesis of the importance of the river image - as the most obvious space-time coordinate - in Siberian literature is put forward. The specifics of the representation of this image in the works of the clergy are examined on the example of “Travel Notes” by Nil (Isakovich), Archbishop of Irkutsk (1838–1853). The notes recount missionary journey along the Lena and other rivers in its basin in the summer of 1843. Archbishop Nil constructs the image of the river as a multi-faceted model of human interaction with space - in the context of a Christian worldview, as well as personal and cultural memory. This model is revealed in historical, emotional-psychological, mythopoetic and ontological terms in relation to the categories of chaos and cosmos, border and transition, existential solitude and spiritual transformation. The author’s intention is aimed at overcoming the prehistoric pagan essence of the river in the traveler’s mind through its aestheticization, conceptualization and sacralization as a space of meeting with the Creator. This correlates with the genre strategy of the Christian pilgrimage. The image of the river recreates a dynamic image of all of Siberia - ancient, steeped in primeval chaos, pagan and mythological in its essence, but open to Christian transfiguration and rebirth. The significance of Archbishop Nil’s travel notes, and clergy travelogues in general, in the history of Russian literature is determined by the fact that the Siberian space is reflected in their writings in its spiritual dimension. This approach, in turn, makes it possible to present the process of Siberian exploration in its ontological and axiological essence - as an incorporation into the Russian national consciousness, Christian in its basis.
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The article offers an analysis of V. F. Odoevsky’s short novel (povest’) “The Unspent House” (1840) in the context of its reflection of the “religious feeling” that was characteristic of writer-encyclopedist V. F. Odoevsky throughout his life. In the “The Unspent House,” which combines the traditions of a romantic short novel (povest’) with elements of fiction, ancient Russian legend, hagiographical texts, apocrypha, spiritual verse, “religious feeling” is manifested not only in the syncretic poetics of the work, where the gospel text sounds most clearly, but also at the level of understanding Christianity as a nationwide “religious feeling” with the most diverse connotations, but with the general meaning of forgiveness, mercy and love. The spiritual poems, whose publication V. F. Odoevsky later actively participated in, were the likely sources of the short novel (povest’). Works of medieval literature (“The Walk of the Virgin in Torment,” “The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn”) may have been the sources of the “legend”; parallels are also found with hagiographic literature. The “religious feeling” of V. F. Odoevsky, as stated in the article, intended to unite different layers of the Russian Christian culture. It asserted “joyful Christianity,” which was characteristic of book culture and oral folk art, and based on the belief in the power of mercy, compassion for sinners and the ultimate salvation of the soul.
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The article contains the analysis of Church history in the historical texts of Wincenty Zakrzewski (1844–1918). In his considerations, the historian of the sixteenth century places a heavy focus on the role of Polish clergy in the Polish past. The field of his scientific interests also concerns the relations between Poland and the Holy See. The views of Wincenty Zakrzewski are presented against the background of contemporary historical thought.
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The aim of this article is to show the transformation of cyclic forms of Polish reporting due to the expansion of new media technologies. This analysis is directed by the concept of cycle as a collection of autonomous, though correlated partial narratives published in the appointed order at a certain place and time. This mechanism is examined in the diachronic perspective on the example of selected reporting accounts, discussed in three depictive parts. The first one illustrates the development of the press series of reporting, printed similar to serialised novels in newspapers and magazines at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The second portion of the article concerns the phase in which journalistic cycles have evolved as a result of integrating the internet and turning into a convergence experience. The final section of the article contains an overview of cyclic genre innovations, that have developed in social media as an alternative to conventional methods of documenting facts. The distinguished tendencies allow for a thesis that literary reporting is gradually being replaced by more broadly understood reporter’s intention which reveals itself in accounts created through different codes and media platforms.
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L'auteur y analyse le contenu d'un document garde aux archives Nationales de Bacău. Le document en question contient le mode concret d'organisation de certains établissements publics et du marché intérieur de Moldavie conformément au règlement Organique introduit de l'er(13) janvier 1832.
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E.W. Blyden a été l'un de plus représentatif de la race noire. Dans le climat de l'expansion coloniale, il a élabore un philosophe originel concemant Ia personnalité africaine.
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This article presents Alexandru Macedonskiʼs contribution to Romanian literature concerning the promotion of new literary tendencies – at the beginning in those times – Symbolism and Parnassianism. In this study I brought into discussion the vocation of “Mecenas poet” that Macedonski had in the literary space of Bucharest after the foundation of the society Literatorul. I also presented in this paper the Macedonskiʼs conception on versification. His ideas were published in the pages of the magazine “Literatorul”, in the colection entitled Arta versurilor. I highlighted here his activity as a promoter and guider in the Romanian literary space, because this is a quality that makes him radically different from his contemporaries.
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L'histoire est vue de la perspective des rapports avec les grandes puissances de l'époque, dans une conjoncture internationale dominee par les tentatives de la diplomatie tsariste d'imposer sa suprématie sur les Principaures, pour les annexer.
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 la fin des grandes confrontations intemationales, comment a été et celle de l'époque dite "napoléonienne", "Ia voie vers la paix" a présupposé des "expériences" plus complexes, sous I'aspect des " procès de conscience", que même Ies guerres.
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The article present reflections on the book Politycy czy klakierzy? Żydzi w krakowskiej radzie miejskiej w XIX wieku (Kraków, 2019) by Hanna Kozińska-Witt. The author of the publication sought to verify the thesis according to which the activity of Jewish councillors in Kraków was not proportionate to their number. For this purpose, she used the theory of arenas developed by Dietlind Hüchtker. The book consist of introduction, four chapters, and an excursus. Hanna Kozińska-Witt’s book is a valuable source of information. In comparison to earlier publications on the participation of Jews in Kraków’s municipal council, it tackles a broader set of issues and offers fresh research outcomes. However, the construction and overall methodological aspect of the book is lacking.
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This paper discusses the use of African American Vernacular English as a literary dialect. The analysis is based on a corpus containing data collected from two 19th century American novels: ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ by Mark Twain and ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The speech of two characters of African American descent is under scrutiny: Jim and Aunt Chloe. The first part of the study provides an overview of the sociohistorical context in which AAVE originated and subsequently developed. The paper also highlights several morphosyntactic features attested in AAVE and the last part aims at identifying such features in the speech of the two African American characters aforementioned.
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L'auteur insiste dans leur étude sur d'origine et de l'évolution historique des catholiques de la Moldavie, analysant d'uns aspects sur l'identité de ces pendants Ies XIX-XX siècles.
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The first wooden waterworks in Wadowice was built at the end of the 19th century and operated by gravity. The water intake was a well made in the upper part of the city and it supplied water only to a few buildings of wealthy owners. The rest of the inhabitants took water from various streams, ponds and wells. In the 1920s, the city board began building waterworks, commissioning, inter alia, project by Eng. Włodzimierz Dziakiewicz. Ultimately, the investments were put into operation in 1934.
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The work traces the penetration and proliferation of the Bulgarian Revival literature (books, newspapers, magazines, calendars) among the Bulgarian community in the Romanian town of Craiova in the 19th century (until 1878). The study is based on sponsorship lists (pre-subscription) to books published at that time as well as other evidence from the era. Between the 1830s and the 1870s thanks to that kind of sponsorship, the local Bulgarians became familiar with publications whose authors, translators or compilers were famous Bulgarian writers and public figures such as An. Kipilovski, Raino Popovich, G. S. Rakovski, Sava Dobroplodni, P. R Slaveykov, Dobri Voynikov, Lyuben Karavelov and others. Some of the most zealous admirers and distributors of this literature in Craiova were Dr. Peter Beron, Hadzhi Danilovs brothers and others. The dissemination of the Bulgarian Revival press, the one published in Constantinople, as well as the one printed in the Bulgarian emigrant centers in Romania and Serbia, is also included in the article. The results show that, compared to other major centers of the Bulgarian diaspora in Romania (Bucharest, Galați, Braila), fewer publications appeared in Craiova, which reduced their impact on the national awakening of the Bulgarian community and diminished the role of the Bulgarian residents there in the Bulgarian national revival.
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The supremacy of Constitution is a reality also due to the role of the Constitutional Court, as defined in article 142 paragraph (1) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court's powers contribute essentially to the achievement of the lawful state and, therefore, a historical analysis of the evolution of this important constitutional institution is likely to highlight the legitimacy of the constitutionality control of the laws in Romania,but also its perspectives. In our analysis, we are debating for the concept of constitutional justice, regarded from a historical point of view, which includes the main attribution of a constitutional court, namely that of controlling the constitutionality of the laws. From this perspective, we point out the main evolution moments of the constitutionality control of the laws in Romania, analyzing briefly the particularities of the constitutional regulations during the evolution of constitutional justice in our country. At the same time, we emphasize the contemporary features of the control of constitutionality of the laws in Romania, and we argue that guaranteeing the supremacy of the Constitution, through constitutionality control, must be seen in the broad sense and in terms of the attributions of the courts in this field. We believe that the role of the Constitutional Court must be amplified by new powers, including through future revisions of the Fundamental Law, as this creates new guarantees regarding the reality of the principle of separation and balance of powers in the state, and obviously the guaranteeing of the supremacy of the Basic Law.
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Review of: Vasile Alecsandri, Opere. Poezii. Vol. I, II, București, Academia Română, Fundația Națională pentru Știință și Artă, 2019, 2388 p. (Colecția „Opere fundamentale”).
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