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The article presents for the first time two not so well known works of popular literature of the 18th century from the manuscript of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg: the story About two companions and the story About a noble son. The songwriter's works have been titled: Stories of various peculiar and love cases, emphasizing the thematic and ideological affinity of texts. At this stage of research it is impossible to answer the question whether both "stories" came from a single author's pen (what would be the way of "creating" the text, exploiting popular themes and motifs, and even more or less petrified jokes. ), Or this poem dylogy was composed by one of the copyists-editors. Today, however, you can point to the source of the storytelling ideas of the creators (or creators) of both stories (guys, jokes, intermedia and love romances) and determine the peculiarities of the artist's art workshop. Popular scene. An integral part of the article is the publication of the texts of both works.
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Most of the books published in the eighteenth century in Russia preceded all sorts of prefaces, introductions, and introductions, originating in antiquity and accompanying Old Russian handwritten books from the eleventh century onward. This article examines the attitude of Russian authors of the eighteenth century (writers, translators, publishers) to the introductory parts of literary works on the basis of their statements in the text of the introductions themselves. Various opinions of the authors indicate their conscious approach to the tradition and then literary reality.
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The purpose of this article is to show the attitude towards the poor in legal acts, as well as in the plebeian and fair literature of the XVII-XVIII centuries. In the center of our attention is also the attitude of society of that time to the phenomenon of begging. The image of the beggar rarely appears in the so-called high literature, but it is around him that the plot of many works of plebeian, mass literature concentrating less on the features of individual creativity, more expressively responding to mass concepts, and therefore more authentic, and as evidence of public consciousness , And as a reflection of reality. In small verse jazz, anecdotes, facets or parables, there are two approaches to the problem of beggars. On the one hand, this is an indication of the need to carry out the Christs' covenants of mercy, and on the other, an increasing negative attitude towards laziness, vagrancy, imaginary begging, and fear of a criminal world that causes an increasing sense of threat.
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This article is devoted to Russian democratic prose of the XVIII century, its relation to the "high" literature of that century, the forms of its functioning in society, as well as to determine the distinctive features of its poetics, its constant motives and stereotypes. Among the authors of democratic literature of the XVIII century, the author of the article calls M.Pr. M. Chulkov, M. Komarov, N. Kurganov, I. Novikov. In addition to the Russian democratic literature of the XVIII century should also be attributed many anonymous collections of mixed composition, which enjoyed great popularity among the democratic circle of readers of that century.
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This article is devoted to the question of the relationship of writers to power in one aspect: the dedication of their books to the representatives of secular or ecclesiastical authority. These dedications were very widespread in the second half of the 18th century and were characterized by diverse character. The peculiar texts, however, were dominated by the low status of the writer in the material sense, and the desire to find a patron "sponsor". But there were also polemical dedications (anti-depictions) that showed the rise of the self-consciousness of the authors and the desire to become independent from the mighty caprices of this world.
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The article is devoted to a general analysis of the creativity of serf writers of the late 18th century. And the first decades of the next century. In the Russian literature of the period, they constitute a special trend, which can be called peasant. Of the rather large number of such writers, the article includes the most famous people from the serfdom: Mikhail Matinsky, Matvey Komarov, Nikolai Smirnov, Ivan Varakin, Fedor Slepushkin, Yegor Alipanov and Nikolai Tsyganov. Most of them, thanks to a lucky coincidence, could get an initial education and settled in the capital cities of Russia. Working as artisans or merchants at the same time engaged in literary activity. They attracted the attention of noble writers and patrons of art who contributed to the redemption of self-taught people from serf bondage and ensured them the printing of works. However, almost all these people from the peasant class did not reflect the true moods and aspirations of the people in their work. The life of the Russian public lower classes was little known to these former peasants. They had long ago broken away from the village, did not live by its interests, and were associated with a completely different, mostly petty-bourgeois milieu. Their works affected the influence of official, reactionary ideology. Serf writers expressed loyalty and in the spirit of the theory of "official nationality" idealized the Russian village. This creative manner was quite consistent with the policy of the government and it is not by chance that some poets were awarded valuable gifts by Nicholas I for their poems.
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The article is devoted to the events that took place in October–November of 1741 which were connected with the attempts of a number of dignitaries to work out the legislative mechanism of accession within the ruling family in order to avoid a possible interregnum. The active participants of the discussions were Regent Anna Leopoldovna, cabinet ministers A. I. Osterman and M. G. Golovkin, the first member of the Synod Archbishop of Novgorod Ambrose, as well as a member of the Economy Collegium I. N. Temiriazev and the secretary of the Foreign Affairs Collegium A. Poznyakov. As a rule, in historiography these events are deal with the court intrigues. At the same time the surviving documents are of special interest as sources of the political culture of the XVIIIth century Russian nobility. The analysis of documents (opinions and drafts of persons which are published in this article) allows us to conclude that the positions and preferences of their authors can not be explained simply by court conjuncture. They sought to solve the problem within the framework of the actual legislation. The authors showed themselves as a supporters of the «legal monarchy» but not voluntary decisions even if it was sanctified by the name of the sovereign. Also these events showed that representatives of the ignoble metropolitan nobility had a chance to express themselves and even to influence the creation of the fundamental law of the monarchy. Although the coming to the power of Elizabeth Petrovna did not allow this projects to be realized and their opinions hadn’t significant impact on the history of the imperial legislation, these documents testify to certain successes in the development of secular political culture in post-Petrine Russia.
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Review of: Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz "Czy rewolucja może być legalna? 3 maja 1791 w oczach współczesnych,"; Publisher DiG, Warsaw 2012, 226 pages; by: Adam Lityński
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Seminary of the Latin rite in Przemyśl was erected in 1687 and entrusted to the Missionaries of St. Vincent de Paul, who led the formation and education of seminarians. Canon law was taught in the context of moral theology. After the dissolution of the seminar the students were educated in the General Semi-nary in Lviv. Re-opening of the seminar already under the care of diocesan priests took place in 1819. Since then the teaching of canon law were separate and the basic subject-oriented practice. Lectures commissioned educated and ambitious canoeists, which subsequently presented in the article.
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Józef Kazimierz Kossakowski was a one of most interesting representives of catholic Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the end of XVIII century. Bishop and progressive author of literature, finished as traitor to hanged on the gibbet in times of Kościuszkoʼs insurgency. For recognize of his career itʼs necessary analyzing itʼs between 1772 and 1781, after the fall of the Bar Confederation. During that time developed political goals of churchman and his economic status; in this period also he became one of the most commit-ted collaborators of Otto von Stackelberg, Russian ambassador.
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The present article depicts the practice of holding office by two town notaries Władysław Łukaszewicz and Franciszek Waskielko in the small town of Knyszyn at the beginning of the 18th century. Franciszek Waskielko was a heir to Władysław Łukaszewicz but the former notary was committed to helping him out. A detailed analysis of the forms used by both notaries such as wills and contracts of sale points to the fact that Francizek Waskielko, while referring to forms used by his predecessor, was also capable of creating some new clauses. Most probably small-town notaries in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who had not been formally educated in law at schools, gained professional knowledge during their work by reading court records and speaking with associates.
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During the Early Modern Age the study of Roman and canon law was undoubtedly an important fact in the Spanish universities. However, the instruction in the Castilian laws – like the Siete Partidas or the Nueva Recopilacion – was a gap in the academic curriculum in law faculties. Several scholars learned the legal procedure and the “national” laws on their own – reading legal handbooks, practice treatises or dictionaries. In the eighteenth century the establishment of Chairs in royal laws was taught in some important centers for legal studies like Valladolid, Salamanca and Alcala´. In 1771 Igna- cio Jorda´n de Asso and Miguel de Manuel Rodriguez published the first edition of their work Instituciones del Derecho civil de Castilla, a well-known handbook that also contained the Aragonese civil law. The reforms in the curriculum had a royalist purpose at the expense of Roman law and the papal power. At the same time, the renewal was necessary because the contents of the courses in universities were not suitable for the practice of justice before the various courts. Although some regulatory provisions tried to effect the transformation of legal studies since 1713, the establishment of native law teaching occurred under the reign of Charles III, a considerable delay. The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the transformations of legal education in Spain during the second half of that century.
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In our article, after listing the archival documents about Gence-Karabakh region, we provided brief information about “the detailed state recordings of Gence-Karabakh region“ dated 1727. By using the state recordings, we examined the social facilities such as: water resources, water and ding mills1 and technical establishments like: mosque, mumhane, dye house, soapery, dabaghane copper shops of the first half of XVIII century. In the first half of XVIII century, the most advanced industry was milling. The province with abundant rivers had 1162 mills that was named as "âsiyâb" The annual income from this meals was 146.420 akche. In the province there was rice mills that was known as ding mills. The number of such mills was 219 and the tax taken from them totalled 74.290 akche. Gence, the centre of Gence-Karabakh province was situated on the silk road and at the most strategic points of the region. Genca, that means treasure was a bridge between Chine and Europe.
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The author presents Farkas Cserey Jr’s relation to the “Neptunists”, the followers of a superseded scientific theory of geology, proposed by Abraham Gottlob Werner in the 18th century.
More...Adalékok a 18. századi erdélyi házassági szokásokról
The purpose of our study is to present some customs and traditions related to 18th century Transylvanian marriages. The study aims at interpreting a wide range of published and unpublished biographical works from the 17-18th century, all regarding marriages in the Székely family. From these diaries, autobiographies, memoirs, written by members of the political elite, stands out the unpublished autobiography of Count László Székely, which provides a great amount of data regarding our subject. Grounded in the Count’s very personal and emotional narratives, the paper briefly sketches the way our ancestors entered into marriage, from the fi rst encounters and betrothal to ecclesiastical and secular wedding ceremonies.
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Danas se ljudske spoznajne moći istražuju unutar filozofije duha. Kritika2 se ne usmjerava ka njenom cilju postizanja jedne šire klasifikacije, to jest „teorije“ naših duhovnih kapaciteta. No, ukoliko je čitamo između redova (Kritiku), nalazimo brojne osnove za jednu transcendentalnu psihologiju čija je spoznajnoteorijska strana često zanemarivana. Ona je sve drug osim jedne, kako to Strawson (1966) na čudan način kategorički tvrdi, fantomske znanosti. Sam program Kritike usmjerava filozofiju duha u jednom osobitom pravcu; ona (Kritika) zahtijeva da se ova (filozofija duha) usmjeri,a ne da to direktno i bude, u pravcu jedne kritike spoznaje. Protiv jednog novijeg pokušaja da se Kritika čita kao direktan doprinos današnjoj kognitivnoj znanosti (Brook) je metodološka provalija koja dijeli jednu transcendentalnu od jedne empirijski dokazive teorije. Ovdje nije odlučujuće to što Kant današnje znanosti koje proučavaju kogniciju nije poznavao, već to što one, neurofiziologija, psiholingvistika i računarska znanost, postavljaju empirijska umjesto transcendentalnih pitanja. Zato i ne čudi da Kantova glavna teza u filozofiji duha, naime teza transcendentalnog idealizma, kod Brooka igra samo jednu sporednu ulogu.
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A year ago, together with Orsolya Tóth, we have published a separate volume about the activity and preserved manuscripts of Antal Jósika (1745–1803). Previously only Jósika’s connections with the Freemasons were known, but the material preserved in the archives outlines a very active career of a talented and busy aristocrat, who in his youth was a member of the Jesuit Order. Between 1759 and 1761 the young baron Anthony attended the Jesuit grammar school and later the academy of Cluj-Napoca (Romania). His works reveal that he studied at Trnava (Slovakia) and taught at Székesfehérvár. In 1773, after leaving the Order, the 28 year old Jósika married the sister of Ferenc Teleki, Mária Jozefa and as a result of this decision his life took an entirely new direction. On the one hand, he had to regain his family estates and set their economy in order, and on the other hand he needed to overtake more serious political and public responsibilities. After leaving the Order, Antal Jósika moved to Transylvania and in 1773 he immediately demanded the split of the family estates between him and his elder sister in order to be able to overtake his due share of the estates. Being the Lord Lieutenant of Kolozs county, Article LXIV of the Diet of 1791 enabled him to be the member of the regular Committee of Urbarial and Educational Issues. Due to his views on the importance and use of the Hungarian language, Antal Jósika became an active member of those useful ambitions in Transylvania and Hungary, which, after the death of Joseph II, also appeared at the diets, in the pursuits of the orders and in the intellectual initiatives of both parts of the country and which in fact resulted in educational achievements. His manuscript entitled „Thoughts on the Education of the Catholic Youth” was probably written at the beginning of the 1790s and is in reality much more than a simple notion about the establishment of an education system. Jósika’s proposal about education closely correlates with the summary and proposal describing the contemporary state of the Catholic Church which is entitled „About the Compensation of the Deficiencies of the Transylvanian Roman Catholic Clergy, 1797”. Jósika died on January 16, 1803 in Cluj-Napoca. He was buried in the crypt of the Jesuit Church of the town and his widow found her final resting place there as well in 1815.
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After Turco- Russian wars of 1768-1774, Crimea gained so-called independence from the Ottoman Empire. Because of a revolt that broke out in Crimea, Russia militarily intervened in 1782, then invaded the peninsula in 1783. The Ottoman Empire began military preparations to retrieve the first loss of Muslim territory, Crimea, and declared war on Russia. Kinburn Fortress given to Russia with the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarja 1774, was located right across Ocakov Fortress which belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces, first, planned to retrieve this fortress from Russia to provide the security in western Crimea, then start a military operation to Crimea in this direction. To this end an assault was made to Kinburn Peninsula, a close combat took place, but Ottoman forces could not capture the fortress because of the strong defence. This unsuccesful assault cost the Ottoman Empire a lot and Russia, strenthened by the situation, captured the Ocakov Fortress in a short time. These incidents, changed the course of war to the disadvantage of the Ottoman Empire. on the other hand violent clashes took place in Odessa, ochakov River and eastern Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire unable to achieve success had to end the war, which it ventured in order to reclaim Crimea, with Iaşi Treaty.
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In this paper, it is examined that oppressions by Yakup's son Suleyman who Âyân was a notable of the Inferior Kurtun of Gümüşhane, which was an ottoman sanjak in late of the 18th and early of 19th centuries, was some related compleints of the people, Suleyman's capture, his execution an a survey of the accident. Oppressed to the people he was arbitrary killing people, violating women and girls, and sizing by force the properties of people. Upon these, people of Ashaghy-Kürtün and its environments compleinted him to the local administrator. So the rulers acted to catch him in difficulty Consequently, after his judging he was executed. Besides, İt is touched on some subjects such as occuring of the Ayânlık as a institution, its working and corruption.
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