ЛОРЕНС СТЕРН И ПОСТМОДЕРНИЗМ: ПРОБЛЕМА АВТОРА

Author(s): Elena Zagidovna Aleeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The paper deals with the continuity of classical and postmodern literature. The research is based on the works of Sam Savage “Firmin. Adventures of a Metropolitan Lowlife” (2006), Alex Garland “The Coma” (2004), and Laurence Sterne “Sentimental Journey through France and Italy” (1768). L. Sterne still kindles the reader’s interest in spite of the fact that he was born more than 300 years ago. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, great attention was paid to different aspects of his works. It is proved by the fact that “The Shandean”, an annual journal, was founded in 1989. This journal was devoted to the epoch, life, and novels of L. Sterne. L. Sterne established himself a postmodern writer in the 18th century, i.e., much earlier than the terms were formulated, and that is how we can explain these non-visual relations between him and modern literature. The problem of authorship and its solution in various artistic paradigms is the main aspect of this research. Special attention is paid to intertextuality that helps us to specify the main problem and to elicit types of relations between the works of the writer in the 18th century and those of the postmodern writers.

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU’NUN İNSAN ANLAYIŞIYLA AYDINLANMA FELSEFESİNİN İNSAN ANLAYIŞININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Author(s): Mehmet Emin Kiliç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

Sophists and rationalists that constitute the foundation of enlightenment philosophy, who were named as first age proponents of the enlightenment, must be mentioned before we talk about 18. Century’s “Enlightenment Age” thinkers. Sophists, who are B.C. V. and IV. Century thinkers, placed the human at the center of their philosophic thoughts therefore nature philosophy was brought to second place of importance in Greek philosophy and human philosophy obtained the first place. Sophists, the thinkers of Greek enlightenment, followed the way of filtering everything with their minds against the traditional Greek thinking based on beliefs. Protagoras who said “Man is the measure of all things”, Gorgias who said “Nothing exists; even if something exists, nothing can be known about it; and even if something can be known, knowledge about it can't be communicated and explained to others”, Antiphon who said “Naturally we are all created same in everything” and Thrasymakhos who said “Justice is the advantage of the stronger” and Kallikles who had ideas that remind “Übermensch” doctrine of A.D. 19. Century thinker Nietzsche are the most significant representatives.

GAGAUZLARIN MİLLİ LİDERİ MİHAİL ÇAKIR

Author(s): Güllü Karanfil / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2011

Her bir toplumun kaliteli bir yaşam sürebilmesi için, ruhi ve manevi gidalanması gerekmektedir. Bu açıdan Basarabiya`da yaşayan gagauzların 19-20. yy. milli ve ruh lideri Mihail Çakır`ı örnek gösterebiliriz. Gagauz Türklerinin ünlü bilim adamı olan Mihail Çakır 1861 yılında Basarabiyanın Çadır kasabasında doğdu. 1790 yılında, o zaman Gagauzların yoğun yaşadığı Bulgarıstanın Kara deniz kenarında bulunan Şabla şehrinden göç eden Yançu Çorbacıoğlunun soyundan çekiliyor. Belgelere göre, önce Basarabiyanın Ployeşt kasabasına yaşayan Çakır ailesi, çok zor koşullar içinde, çıraklık ve çobannık yapmış, bir müddet sonra 25 aile terkibinde Ployeştten Balş adlı bir zenginin topraklarına gelmişler ve burada Çadır kasabasının temelini koymuşlar. Burada sıkıntı yaşayan Çakır aylesi aynı kaderi paylaşan diğer gagauz aileleri ile birlikte daha sonra Basarabiyanın boş topraklarına göç ediyorlar. Böylece, bu gün Gagauziyanın terkibinde üç şehirden biri olan Çadır ( daha sonra Çadır-Lunga) adlı daha bir köyün temelini koymuş oldular.

AZERBAYCAN’IN 18. YÜZYILIN İLK YARISINDAKİ TARİHİ AZERBAYCAN VE RUS YAZARLARININ ESERLERİNDE

Author(s): Elmar Halilov / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2009

The first half of XVIII century is one of the most interesting and rich with historical events by the period in history of Azerbaijan. The basic events of political and other character occurring during this period, have left deep traces in history of Azerbaijan and in certain degree have affected the further development of the country. The given period is also very contrast and dramatic. The beginning of the century is marked by strong people's liberation movement against the Iranian government and its representatives in Azerbaijan. Under the impact of this movement Shah’s power has reached a destruction condition in Azerbaijan, and in one of the major regions of the country - in Shirvan the end to the Iranian domination has come and bases of independent khanate have been put in pawn. Favorable possibility for full restoration of political independence of Azerbaijan, continuation and development of traditions of statehood has been created. However intervention of the strong next states, the Russian and Turkish empires, was given in those days by possibilities for statehood restoration in Azerbaijan.

Obnovljena muafnama Novog Jajca/Varcar Vakufa iz 1734. godine i ehalija

Author(s): Azra Gadžo-Kasumović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 37/2016

The paper deals with the renewed muafiyet of ahali in the kasaba and of re-establishment of a market day as an important need by all of its inhabitants. In addition to being intensively credited by Krzlaraga Mustafa-aga, muafiyet was the second important factor of the development of the kasaba. According to the renewed muafname, as well as according to the manner in which authorities produced documents to solve the issues of tax exemptions and benefits to certain categories of persons, it can be concluded that muafiyet referred to the ahali of the kasaba. It also explains the term ahali that, as related to the mentioned muafiyet, referred to persons who were eligible for and capable of initiating and maintaining the agricultural development of a certain kasaba. The privileges of tax exemption awarded through the first muafname of 1591 to inhabitants of newly established kasaba referred to the inhabitants personally, providing they “revive and urbanize the place”, i.e. the kasaba. However, after the issuance of a renewed muafname, it can be seen that the authorities such as vali and kadi, based on the text of muafiyet, approved privileges to ahali of the kasaba not only for use of wakf land within the limits of stipulations of the first hududname of 1590, but also for their own land out of wakf. For urban development of the kasaba of that time, it was not enough to just establish the center of the town. Because of agriculture as a prevailing industry of the time, cultivation of land was essential regardless of the fact whether it belonged to wakf or not. Muafiyet awarded to the ahali at the time of the establishment of the kasaba, which after expiry of muafname in 1697 and its renewal in 1734, was valid all until 1844. The paper explains another significant decision of 1590 connected with Varcar Vakuf. Although it was determined that the regular market day be set, there was no market day after 1697. After the attack by Austrian army and after displacement of the kasaba population, the market day was not established before 1805 although it was not on Friday as before but on Sunday.

Motyw fontanny-ran w barokowej rękopiśmiennej medytacji: wpływ ikonografii na poezję

Author(s): Joanna Panasiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

Behind the foundation of the monastic meditation about fountains is a concrete devotional graphic from Western Europe. It is the Dutch emblem that is the key to the interpretation of the religious text, which uses words to directly refer to a specific image. These cultural correspondences constitute a curious phenomenon. They present the spirituality as well as the mentality of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European society. This seems to confirm, at the same time, the fact that no artistic activity is ever isolated.

Słowiańskie zapożyczenia wśród nazw pierogów w języku łotewskim

Author(s): Brigita Bušmane / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2016

Food is an essential part of the material culture of every nation. It frequently preserves national traditions and old names longer than other spheres do, additionally, it lets observe the influence of other cultures. According to dictionary data, dumplings were known in Latvia already in the 18th century. Many names for them have been attested in regional subdialects of Latvian; borrowings usually cover wide areas. In this article, basing on ethnographic and linguistic material notations of different antiquity thus tracing the use of names for dumplings almost a century long and referring to dictionary data from 18th–19th century, the author tried to reveal the use and distribution of names for dumplings of Slavic origin in subdialects of Latvian, as well as to offer fragmentary data on the use of particular Slavic borrowings in neighboring languages. The Slavic borrowings kļocka, zacirka alongside variant names are widespread in Eastern Latvia, i.e. in a rather narrow or wide area of the High Latvian dialect. In Eastern Latvia, the names klučki, klučkas derived from the Germanic borrowing kluči, with insertion of the consonant k under influence of Russian, have also been registered. From the semantic angle, the borrowings kļockas, klučkas and their variants are denoting dumplings made of various raw materials (e.g., different kinds of flour, also pea-flour, potatoes). Further references to ingredients of this food and its preparation are included in the explanation of the Slavic borrowing zacirka and its variants most typical for the peasants vocabulary in Latgale.

К ИСТОРИИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ КИТАЯ В XIX ВЕКЕ: ЕСТЕСТВЕННО-НАУЧНЫЙ АСПЕКТ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА ИМПЕРАТОРСКОЙ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК И РОССИЙСКОЙ ПРАВОСЛАВНОЙ МИССИИ В ПЕКИНЕ

Author(s): Tatiyana Yurievna Feklova,Jiuchen Zhang / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (162)/2017

The Russian Orthodox Mission for Russians living in China was established in Beijing in 1713 (some sources give the date 1715),and it existed until 1955. It played a crucial role in the development of the Russian-Chinese relations. It also became a Russian center for the scientific study of China and the first training school for sinologists. During the first half of the 19th century China closed its country to the outside world. The Russian scientists were able to obtain reliable information about China only through the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing. It also helped in the fulfillment of some diplomacy works for the Russian government. In this article, the authors outline the history of cooperation between the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing during the first half of the 19th century. The numerous archival materials allow the authors to come to a conclusion that the Russian Orthodox mission made a significant contribution to the scientific investigation of China.

Barokowy hortus ludi w perspektywie geopoetyki (na wybranych przykładach literackich)

Author(s): Krystyna Krawiec-Złotkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The article shows a baroque hortus ludi (the garden of entertainment) in the perspective of geopoetics. The subjects of explorations are chosen works of seventeenth century’s poets in the base of which there was considered this studied phenomenon. There was demonstrated to what extent real places could inspire authors who were writing about noble or baronial patios and on the other hand, there was made a try of designation how the literary creation builds subjected places for a potential receiver (reader). As a result of analysis it was alleged that descriptions of baroque hortus ludi – creations of places processed in poet’s mind, characterised by aspect of being painterly, which can inspire not only landscape architects, but also painters and other artists. In the article there was also considered a genesis of baroque gardens of entertainment and distinctive features of park-garden assumptions, starting with medieval times to baroque. Hortus ludi present in poetry of seventeenth century was shown in new, geopoethical conceptualization.

Caste politics and state integration: a case study of Mysore state

Author(s): Asha S.,Mahesh Ramaswamy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The subject of unification is as vibrant as national movement even after 58 years of a fractured verdict. More than to achieve a physical conjugation it was an attempt for cultural fusion. The aspiration for linguistic unification was a part of the national discourse. The movement, which began with mystic originations, later on turned out to become communal. Political changes during 1799 A.D. and 1857 A.D. changed the fortunes of Mysore state and ultimately led to its disintegration and became the reason for this movement. The concept of unification is akin to the spirit of nationalism, against the background of colonial regime assigning parts of land to different administrative units without taking into consideration the historical or cultural aspects of that place. Kannadigas marooned in multi lingual states experiment an orphaned situation got aroused with the turn of nineteenth century. The problem precipitated by the company was diluted by British when they introduced English education. Though the positive aspect like emergence of middle class is pragmatic, rise of communalism on the other hand is not idealistic. This research paper is designed to examine the polarization of castes during unification movement of Mysore State (Presently called as State of Karnataka, since 1973, which was termed Mysore when integrated) which came into being in 1956 A.D. Most of the previous studies concentrate on two aspects viz ideological discourse and organizational strategies adopted to gain Unification. The course of the unification movement and role of Congress party dominates such studies while some of them concentrate on the leaders of the movement. Other studies are ethnographical in nature. ‘Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats’ written by Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil is a classic example. Mention may be made here of an recent attempt by Harish Ramaswamy in his ‘Karnataka Government and Politics’ which has covered almost all aspects of emergence of Karnataka as a state but communal politics during unification movement has found no place. ‘Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions within Regions’ is an edited book by Ashutosh Kumar which has articles on ‘Castes and Politics of Marginality’ where a reference is made to caste associations and identity politics of Lingayats, but the area of study is neighboring Maharashtra and not Karnataka. Though it contains two articles on Karnataka its subject matter doesn’t pertain to this topic. One more important effort is by ‘Imagining Unimaginable Communities: Political and Social Discourse in Modern Karnataka’ where the author Raghavendra Rao thinks Karnataka and India as two DOI: 10.1515/ijas-2015-0009 Brought to you by | LMBA Lithuanian Research Library Consortium Authenticated Download Date | 4/20/17 10:52 AM 196 International Journal of Area Studies 10:2, 2015 unimaginable communities and discuss primarily the founding moments of negotiation between the discourses of Indian nationalism and Kannada linguistic nationalism. It is more an intellectual history and throws light on nationalism in a colonial context. Mostly studies concentrate on either the course or the leaders of the movement. Invariably congress as an organization finds place in all studies. But the blemish of such studies is a lesser concentration on activities of major socio cultural groups. The role of socio cultural groups assumes importance because of the milieu at the beginning of 20th century which annunciated a wave of social changes in the state. It is a known fact that the movement for linguistic state was successful in bringing a political integration of five separate sub regions but failed to unite people culturally. This concept of unification which is akin to the spirit of nationalism got expressed at the regional level in the sense of respect for once own culture, language and people. In case of Karnataka this expression had political overtones too which is expressed by some who fought for it (Srinivas & Narayan, 1946 ). Most of the early leaders of unification movement (and for that matter even movement for independence too can be cited here) belonged to one particular caste, and with passing of time has led to the notion of domination of that caste over the movement. This paper tries to give justice in a limited way by giving legitimate and adequate recognition for those castes which deserves it and do away with misconceptions. Two concepts political modernization and social mobility are used. The later derives its existence from the former in this case. The data used here is primarily gained from news papers and secondary sources like books and interviews given by participants. No hypothesis is tested nor any theory is developed in this attempt but historical materials are examined in the light of modernity. The key problem discussed here is emergence of communal politics and the role of social groups in unification. Biases of regionalism, caste and class have been overcome by rational thinking.

Novopazarska “Kolo” džamija

Author(s): Redžep Škrijelj / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71-72/2016

Graditelj „Kolo“ džamije je Hadži Mehmed Кapudžibaši Hamza-aga koga ubrajamo u red najistaknutijih graditelja Novog Pazara. U osmanlijskim izvorima je poznat s kraja XV i početka XVI vijeka, kada je u istoimenoj mahali podigao džamiju i 25 dućana, zbog čega se uz osnivača grada Isa-bega Ishakbegovića, smatra jednim od najvećih vakifa svoga doba. U ovom radu je obrađena prošlost Кapudžibašine džamije, izgrađene u istoimenoj Кapudžibaši Hamza mahali, poznatije kao “Кolo” džamija, koja se u istorijskim izvorima pominje kao najveća novopazarska džamija. Džamija je zbog oštećenja u bombardovanju 7. novembra 1944. godine postala neupotrebljiva, a njeni ostaci uklonjeni 1957. godine.

CE MONDE RAPETISSANT

Author(s): Nadya Danova / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2017

This article presents in brief several rather unusual sources of Balkan social history, placing them into macro-historic context. It refers to three Greek itineraries produced for the needs of itinerant traders, which contain records that could contribute to our better understanding of Balkan national identities formation at the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century. On the micro level of history these itineraries give us direct information, but viewed from the perspective of macrohistory they become really interesting. The first one of them is a MS written during 1769 and 1773, now at the Elenka and Cyril Avramovi Library Club, Svishtov, Bulgaria. It follows the route Trieste – Brasov via Graz and Vienna. The other two itineraries are printed publications from 1824 and 1829. All these three itineraries together eventually mirror the formation of national identities, the national programs in the Balkans at the time, and all those changes of mentalities that occur during the period.

ВЕКСИЛОЛОГІЧНІ ТРАДИЦІЇ У СИМВОЛІЦІ ВІЙСЬКА КОЗАЦЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ (XVI–XVIII ст.)

Author(s): Victor Karpov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2015

The article analyzes the process of becoming veksylolohichnyh traditions of the Cossack state (XVI – XVIII). Ukrainian Cossacks represented the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the XVI – XVIII centuries. Formed on the basis of state-forming forces (first Zaporizhzhya Bazavluk January 1590 – in 1638 and Cossack State Khmelnytskoho 1648 – 1657) from the end of the XVI century. became known Zaporizhia Army. By Cossack watches KLEYNOD, that character troops pertained regimental flags, centesimal icons hetman Bunchuk; Military music – drums; Cossack attributes of power – mace Hetman, colonels pernachi; Rush military judges, clerks ink.At first glance, this vast list of subjects for understanding and have irregular, random. But it reflects a concept, general requirements and aspirations to develop their own Cossack culture of the people – writing (scribes ink), Justice (Rush military judges), spirituality (music – drums), state (attributes Cossack power – mace Hetman, colonels pernachi) and Orthodox state (flags with symbols that reflect the essence of the aspirations of the Ukrainian Cossacks).History of prapornytstva Cossack army and origin veksylolohichnyh tradition meets the basic stages of formation of the Cossack state. Note that in pervogo Cossacks flags received. The emphasis on the fact of receipt of flags from different sources – from kings of the Commonwealth or of Muscovy, Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Crimean Khanate, the Habsburg Empire, and even both at once a sign of their presence on the content of a pattern. Hiring of the European, and not just the Army, Cossack detachments received flags as symbols of mercenary. This shows the impact on the development of the Cossack state's own system of symbols in prapornytstvi other traditions of Ukrainian Cos-sacks – European, Moscow, Asian. During the Liberation War XVII. Cossack regiments at their own expense "stroyily", ie produced their flags of various sizes, formats and colors.So awarded the Cossack army flags of other countries have symbols of states and wore a sign of subordination, membership Cossack troops those countries. Cossacks honor bestowed flags. However, they had their own preferences, which were based on folk traditions. It turned out well during the war, proving the historical sources and preserved in museums originals flags.Significant prosperity acquired Ukrainian military in prapornytstvo legendary Cossack hetman day of the second half XVII. During the long years of constantly enrich, strengthen national features in form and content, the creation of regimental, centesimal banners, flags for military campaigns. Among the heraldic symbols that they used the Cossacks on their banners – sun, moon, crescent, six-, seven-, vosmykonechni stars, weapons, circles depicting saints. As an ex-ample, the 36 flags of the regiments Zaporozhian first half of the seventeenth century. Image 9 times find Michael, The-otokos – 8, Nicholas – 7, George – 3 [16, 747].Obverse and centesimal regimental flags had been a new logo – knight Cossack with a gun in yellow (golden) shield on a blue field panel, reverse – regimental or squadron emblem corresponding to the specified color image. Only after the abolition in 1764 Cossack with a gun disappears from government seals, but later appears as a sign of the Kuban Cossacks Black Sea [33, 11].Prapornytstva Cossack traditions have evolved and during the eighteenth century. In 1709 Cossack regiments and Cossacks huts that remained loyal to Ivan Mazepa, had their own flags, "Eagle archangel and Ukraine Zaporozhye povivaly of the army" [32, 128]. In 1712 Peter I issued the act whereby regiments had flags to produce the Armory in the Kremlin. In the Cossack prapornytstvo all nastiylyvishe penetrates Moscow heraldic tradition. During the second half of the XVIII century. to some extent continued "unification" colors and images on the banners of Cossack regiments. It can be explained by the design of the Cossacks as a specific part of the Russian army at the time, which contributed to relative institutionalization flags samples for this kind of armed forces. In the second half of the eighteenth century. there was an established system images on regimental and centesimal signs: national emblem – the double-headed eagle, the national emblem – a Cossack with a musket and arms of regimental and centesimal cities. Striking evidence of this is the flag Domontovskloyi hundreds Pereyaslav Regiment [1, 283].Thus, the Cossacks historiography symbols indicates the presence of sufficient historical sources and artifacts that reveal the theme of the origin and development veksylolohichnyh traditions of Cossack troops in XVI – XVIII centuries. Symbols Cossack state, which found reflection in the flags passed a difficult way of evolution. First, the foundation were taken heraldic symbols of the Polish-Lithuanian state – the Commonwealth. Later in the Russian cossack banners appear, Austrian, Turkish state symbols. Employing Cossacks for military campaigns, monarchs gave them jewelry, which then remained in the camp. This stage of the use of symbols of the protectors. During the Liberation War 1648 – 1654 рр. Cossacks produced their own idea of symbols and colors flags, flags of different colors used with the image of stars, crosses, month, or hetman territorial emblems. The second half of the eighteenth century. became Ukrainian Cos-sack era heyday own prapornytstva.

FREEMASONRY IN UKRAINE: THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Tetiana Sergeevna Reva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Freemasonry as a political and social phenomenon is viewed. The main versions of freemason origins and its typology are reviewed. The main symbols of the freemason and their meanings are characterized. The historic links of the freemasonry with different churches and state authority are analyzed. The stages of Ukrainian freemasonry development and its political orientations in XVIII-XX centuries are highlighted.

François Cadilhon : Les Montesquieu après Montesquieu. Tenir son rang du XVIIIe au début du XXe siècle

Author(s): István Majoros / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2014

Берат за търговската дейност от Арбанаси, Великотърновско

Author(s): Ivan Tyutyundzhiev,Veselin Gorantchev / Language(s): Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Issue: 3-4/2015

This publication presents an unpublished document relating to the economic history of the Bulgarian lands in the 19th century. This historical source is a translation of an Imperial Ottoman Act from Ottoman into Greek language (Μετἀφρασις τοῦ Ὑψηλου Ὀθωμανικοῦ Περατίου). It is a part of the archives of Georgi Popsimeonov, also known as Georgi Chorbadji or Georgi Anangnost of Arbanassi, Veliko Tarnovo district. The publication presents information about the document, its segmented version of the Greek language, as well as its translation into Bulgarian.

Карлово в годината на Васил Левски

Author(s): Dora Chausheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

Глобалне комуникације и светско друштво: Проблем легитимацијског дефицита

Author(s): Milorad Đurić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

In this paper we analyzed the thematization of the world as a world society. Our premise is that, thanks to global communications, the world has become a single social field, that the world of living now has become the life of the world. In fact, modern societies are constituted as a relatively closed, self-referential systems, in which the world of lives framed by borders of nation states. Intensification and extensifi cation communication process relativized the border this closed system, creating the possibility for establishing a world society. However, the political (infra) structure remains fixed on the old forms lags behind this change, thus creating a deficit of legitimacy in the political field. Old forms based on the idea of society as a completely separate system. In this sense, the concept of society is, of course, the most complex concept that we inherited from a social and philosophical theories of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Minimal definition of this term, we have based on the Parsons’ criteria (and he is, in fact, relies on Aristotle) according to which the society is one type of social system, which achieves the highest degree of self-sufficiency in relation to their environment. The society is limited, self-enclosed, self-referential and self-sufficient system. The operations of closing the society withdraws the border in relation to their environment, becoming the exclusive area of social experience, the whole area of social world of life. These are processes that are in the nineteenth and the greater part of the twentieth century produced the nation-state, i.e., specific societies that are in the process of self-describing his own identity relied on gathering point in the relationship between society and the state. This social self-description is based on reflexive appropriation of cultural traditions and products strongly integrated community, self-sufficient social totality, with very us-them perspective. Although, this differentiation is not absolute, but relative: it represents the correlation of self-perception, which introduces differences in reality and only in the framework of meaningful boundaries established by communication. According to Niklas Luhmann it is logical, because the basic process of social systems in which these systems are composed in such circumstances may be only communication. However, if the process of communication universal constituent elements of any social system, the basic question is what lies in changing the types of social systems. The only possible answer is – changing ways of producing communications. Technological revolution in the way of conveying information inevitably, as a consequence, have social and political change. In this sense, global communication establishes world society, and world society produces the world’s problems. New problems are strongly influenced by the place and the role of the nation-state. Nation-states are no longer able to be the exclusive control of social relations within its borders, nor are they able to “protect” its citizens from the effects of processes that occur outside their borders. It resulted in changing the level at which these problems are solved. It is a kind of “unburdening” normative centers, i.e., in concurring or non-concurring delegation of conflicts and problems at a supranational level. Still, the problems are not resolved in this way completely, since the over-national level does not possess its own political system, but is composed of fragmented organizations, regimes and informal associations and groups. This is not about, then, “inhabit” trans-national organizations. Trans-national organizations in the sphere of politics, law, security, social security and economics are compelling indicator of the situation in which the nation states become less operators and more objects within the globalization process. The absence of normative foundation of inevitably produces a deficit of legitimacy. The deficit of legitimacy, then, produces situations where the operation of trans-national organizations were less likely to be expressions of the reproduction of any order, and more as conducting its own action programs. It is therefore necessary to see the problem from the perspective of the world horizon. Simple: world society requires a world government. It is not a matter of choice, but an imperative of the future. From the perspective of the world horizon, the only way to global processes to be democratic is that democracy to be globalized.

Нова книга за културната история на Българското възраждане

Author(s): Ognyana Mazhdrakova-Chavdarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

Maseinheiten in den bulgarischen Landern vor der Einfuhrung des metrischen Massystems

Author(s): Mancho Vekov / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/1998