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Lukáš Bernard Schneider a jeho kronikářská činnost

Author(s): Miroslava Květová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 47/2017

The study examines chronicles from the second half of the 18th century written by the České Budějovice master baker Lukas Bernard Schneider. In addition to the Schneider Chronicle recounting the history of the town between 1253 and 1768, attention is paid to its copies. The external and internal attributes of the manuscripts have been analysed and the filiation and comparison of Schneider’s Chronicles with other chronicles produced by České Budějovice burghers during the early modern age have been carried out.

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Pondicherry in the Era of the French Revolution 1785–1793 Part 2: The Heights and the Fall 1791–1793

Author(s): Michal Wanner / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The study is a continuation of the same author’s contribution published on the pages of this periodical. It is devoted to the development of Pondicherry during the French Revolution, in the years 1791–1793. The course of the Revolution in French Indian colonies was dynamized by primary milestones of the development in France whose impact in each of the colonies was different in dependence on social composition and the character of economy. The development in Pondicherry was relatively calm, but was in substantial way influenced by conflicts with other factories, especially Chandernagore in Bengal and headquarters of all French colonies in Indian Ocean on the Mascarene Islands. It was concentrated on satisfying the requirements of democratization, and was free of revolutionary excesses. In principle, the loyalty towards the King, and the law and authorities in Paris remained. The main point of disputes was the question of involving classes of Indians and Eurasians into political process. While requests of the half-breeds had been accepted, crowds of Indian citizens remained beyond the politic structure despite the role they had in the economic life of the colony. But the local French elites were aware the value of this population for France, therefore attempted to find a sort of modus vivendi. The indigenous population was perceived as the population of another country and another culture, could not become French nationals, but its interests had to be taken into account. Nevertheless this concept did not get a chance to develop as a result of British action against the French colonies. Pondicherry remained virtually abandoned in this fight by Paris as well as its superiors from Port Louis. This fact after the surrender lead inevitably to an anti-revolutionary reaction among the inhabitants. The fall of Pondicherry did not result from the consequences of the French Revolution, but from the presumed British worries over the French re-expansion in India. The framework of the British action should be retrieved therefore in previous development. As a result of this operation Pondicherry definitely lost its importance.

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Author(s): Silviu Sana / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

Laura Stanciu, ed., Az erdélyi görökatolikus egyház története szinatai tükrében (1782-1900). Dokumentumok. Istoria Bisericii Române Unite din Transilvania prin sinoadele sale (1782-1900). Ediție de documente

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Císařský vyslanec Josef Klement z Kounic na cestě po jižním Švédsku a východním pobřeží Dánska v létě roku 1776

Author(s): Veronika Hřebíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

This text focuses on a tour of southern Sweden undertaken by the imperial envoy Josef Klement of Kounice in the summer of 1776. The count was active in Sweden from 1775 to 1777. On the basis of a French-language travelogue, it is possible to compile the itinerary that took Kounic to, for example, Gothenburg, Landskrona, Karlskrona and, briefly, to Copenhagen, Denmark. During his travels, the count became familiar with the country and its system of government, as well as the state of its armed forces and fortifications, which he was then able to put to good use in performing his service.

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The Haskalah in Brno (Brünn)? Enlightenment Works Produced by the Moravian Hebrew Printing Press

Author(s): Andrea Jelínková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Works influenced by the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment, were also published by the Hebrew printing press in Brno at the end of the 18th century. To date, little attention has been paid to the circumstances surrounding the publication of haskalic literature in Brno. On the contrary, the publication of haskalic editions in Prague has been well described. The relative proportion of Enlightenment literature printed by the Hebrew presses in Brno and Prague is similar, but the approach to publishing these works differed. An analysis of the Enlightenment editions and, in particular, a comparison with the situation in Prague shows that the publishing of haskalic literature in Brno was not done for educational purposes, as it was in Prague, since it was a commercial enterprise of the printing press owners, Josef Karl Neumann and Josef Rossmann. It is also conceivable that there was a degree of state involvement in the publishing profile of the Brno printing press. It was not a successful business plan, however, and the Enlightenment works printed in Moravia only had a meagre reception.

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Francouzské podnikatelské prostředí a první průmyslová výstava na konci 18. století

Author(s): Michael Dudzik / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2 (30)/2019

The last decade of the 18th century in French history did not only mean changes in political and social order, but also in scientific progress. Although intellectual property had deep roots in France, it did not have a firm order. The interest in the codification and amendment of the patent law reflected the need to motivate the French inventive spirit and the desire to face British trade dominance on the continent in the form of trade competition. The culmination was to showcase the best products France could offer, with its latent motive to stimulate the business environment and make the country an industrially competitive area in continental Europe.

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Pleasures of the Learned in Eighteenth-Century Ukraine: The Culture of Tea, Coffee, and Wine Consumption of the Church Elite

Author(s): Maksym Iaremenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The history of stimulants and pleasurable ceremonies in Ukraine of early modern times has hardly been investigated. This article provides an overview of tea, coffee, and wine culture among representatives of the eighteenth-century church elite in the Kyiv Metropoly (subsumed as a synodal entity by the Russian Orthodox Church since 1686). The favour accorded these beverages is indicated in inventories of goods belonging to members of this social micro-group that list virtually an entire spectrum of accoutrements, locally made as well as imported (including table services from China and Germany). Although wine and coffee were already consumed in Ukrainian territories, the clergy’s passion for various kinds of tea was sparked only around 1730, when it took consumers by storm throughout the Russian Empire. As medicinal ingredients, all three beverages were also mentioned in medical guides that were used in the Hetmanate at that time. Given that their cost, especially that of tea, was beyond what most could afford, drinking tea, coffee, and expensive wine became a mark of high status. Representatives of the church elite in Russian-ruled Ukraine were able to participated indirectly in the contemporary tea, coffee, and wine culture thanks to their education. In the eighteenth century, being educated assured clerics of a successful career. By the same token, rising to the higher ecclesiastical ranks prompted changes in their day-to-day habits and provided them material possibilities to conform to high-status consumption behaviours.

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O PEWNYM NA NOWO PODNIESIONYM NOBLIWYM TONIE W FILOZOFII

Author(s): Immanuel Kant / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2021

[VIII 389]1 Miano filozofii, po tym jak utraciło swoje pierwsze znaczenie naukowo uprawianej mądros ci z ycia, juz bardzo wczes nie weszło w obieg jako nazwa ozdoby intelektu niepospolitych mys licieli, kto rym filozofia obecnie jawi się jako sposo b odsłaniania tajemnicy. – Asceci z Pustyni Makaryjskiej swo j stan zakonny nazywali filozofią. Alchemik okres lał się mianem philosophus per ignem. Skupieni w loz ach masoni czaso w staroz ytnych i nowoz ytnych dzięki tradycji są adeptami pewnej tajemnicy, o kto rej zawistnie nie chcą nam rzec ni słowa (philosophus per initiationem). Wreszcie najnowszymi jej [scil. tajemnicy] włas cicielami są ci, kto rzy mają ją w sobie, ale na nieszczęs cie nie potrafią jej wypowiedziec oraz wszem i wobec zakomunikowac za pomocą języka (philosophus per inspirationem).

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Zur Geschichte der ungarischen Rezeption Albrecht von Hallers • Zweiter Teil

Author(s): Miklós Latzkovits / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Rezeptionsgeschichte der Gedichte Albrecht von Hallers im Ungarn des 18. Jahrhunderts. Als Grundlage für die Untersuchung dienen die Haller-Zitate in zeitgenössischen Stammbucheinträgen. Mit dieser Frage setzten sich zwar sowohl deutsche als auch ungarische Forscher schon früher auseinander, jedoch, wie im vorliegenden Aufsatz behauptet wird, unter Anwendung einer gewissermaßen falschen Methode. Es wurde nämlich in diesen früheren Arbeiten nicht näher darauf eingegangen, ob das Zitat gegebenenfalls einer sekundären Quelle entnommen wurde. Dieser Ansatz führte jedoch zu falschen Schlussfolgerungen. Vorliegender Aufsatz versucht, die aus sekundären Quellen stammenden Zitate von jenen aus dem „Original“ zu unterscheiden. Es wird festgestellt, dass die in Stammbucheinträgen im 18. Jahrhundert zu lesenden Haller-Zitate überwiegend aus nachweislich sekundären Quellen herzuleiten sind. Je „berühmter“ ein Autor war – diesen Eindruck gewinnt man anhand des Korpus –, umso mehr zitieren ihn die Zeitgenossen aus indirekten Quellen.

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Franco-Ottoman Diplomatic Relations and the Secret du Roi, 1756–1774

Author(s): Sébastien Flynn / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The Secret du Roi was Louis XV’s secret foreign policy from approximately 1745 until his death in 1774. This article analyzes Franco-Ottoman diplomatic relations from 1756 to 1774 by using the Secret du Roi as a source. By examining the Secret du Roi, this article shows France’s hostility towards Russia and elaborates on France’s preference for having close diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire instead of Russia. The second half of this article elaborates on France’s confidence in the Ottoman Empire’s political and military capabilities, and why they thought the Ottomans would do well against Russia in 1768.

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„...Ginie Polska, padając łupem dwóch mocarstw chciwości”. O nowej książce Henryka Kocója, Dyplomaci Prus, Austrii i Rosji wobec Konstytucji 3 maja 1791 roku, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2019, ss. 250

Author(s): Krzysztof Tracki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

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Czy całkowicie dobrowolnie? Okoliczności wstępowania Polaków do carskiego korpusu oficerskiego od konfederacji barskiej do powstania listopadowego

Author(s): Wiesław Caban / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

It is difficult to determine the number of Poles who voluntarily joined the tsarist officer corps in the period from the Bar Confederation to the fall of the November Uprising because reliable source data is scarce. Available information shows that from the partitions to 1814, several dozen to several hundred officers joined the Russian officer corps. Most often, they came from the eastern parts of the Commonwealth. The situation was similar between 1815 and 1830 when mostly Poles from the so-called Russian Taken Lands (Western Krai) enlisted in the tsarist army. They either joined corps located in the different parts of the Russian Empire or the Independent Lithuanian Corps. The greatest numbers of Poles joined the Russian officers’ corps after the fall of the Novem- ber Uprising. Among them, a large part of the officers of the Uprising decided to pledge allegiance to the tsar, which enabled them to gain further promotions in the Russian army. It was mainly senior officers who chose that route. On the other hand, those officers who were in Russian captivity after the fall of the November Uprising did not decide to continue their service in the Russian army. In 1832–1833, they were systematically released from captivity and offered military service in the Russian army. Only dozens of officers, mainly senior ones, from around 1100 who had become Russian prisoners, accepted such proposals.

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Једно писмо барона Енгелсхофена патријарху Арсенију IV из 1743. године

Author(s): Aleksa Popović,Ilinka B. Mušikić Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2022

The paper presents a letter from Baron Engelshofen sent at the end of 1743 to Patriarch Arsenije IV (Jovanović Šakabenta), in which the issue of convening the Serbian National-Ecclesial Congress (1744) is considered. Baron Engelshofen here informed the patriarch about his plein potentiel as an imperial commissioner at the assembly, depicted the basis for convening the assembly and asked the patriarch to determine the exact date and number and names of the deputies (deputations) at the assembly. In historiography, the Congress of 1744 was accepted as one of the most important, because it also confirmed the Serbian Privileges by Maria Theresa and their translation into Serbian (i.e., Slavo-Serbian). Therefore, the authors believe that the attached document expands the knowledge about the functioning of Serbian privileged issues in the Habsburg Monarchy during the 18th century. After the Second Migration and the Peace of Belgrade (1739), the question of the status of the Serbian people was addressed. Also, the War for the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) in the first phase brought into question the survival of the Habsburg Monarchy, which brought relations within the state to a new level. Mostly to quell the dissatisfaction of the Serbian people due to the legal article 46/1741 Dieta Posonienssis, which prescribed that only Roman Catholics in Croatia and Slavonia have the right to immovable property, as well as legal article 18/1741, which required the development of Tissa and Moris Frontier and the inclusion of their territories in the Hungarian county system, at the request of the Serb National Deputation. Maria Theresa confirmed the Privileges on April 24, 1740 through the Austrian Court Chancellery and on May 18, 1743 through the Hungarian Court Chancellery declaring them military authorities on August 4, 1743.

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ARYSTOKRATA I LEKTURY EPOKI PRZEŁOMU, CZYLI O JANIE FELIKSIE AMORZE TARNOWSKIM JAKO CZYTELNIKU

Author(s): Martyna Deszczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article takes up the question of history of reading in the era of the turn of 18th and 19th centuries, i.e. between the Polish Enlightenment and the romantic period, on the example of an aristocratic reader and owner of rich book collection – Jan Feliks Amor Tarnowski (d. 1842). Tarnowski’s family relations, travels and influence of his teachers, as well as studies in libraries shaped his intellectual personality and gave him a profound erudition. He was the activist in the culture movement, member of scientific societies and masonry, and the Senator. The methodology used here is based on the historical sciences, as the most appropriate in this kind of problem. Thesis concerning Tarnowski’s reading was proved on the ground of his manuscripts, notes, and not published fragments from his family archive (stored in the National Archive in Cracow), and his printed monography (1819), where the traces of quotations and titles of books were considered as sure evidences of reading. His interests focused on medieval and early modern history, religion and literature, and were influenced by the Enlightenment historicism, history of culture and linguistics. But he was also under the influence of the religious Catholic revival, mysticism and religiosity of Restoration. Tarnowski as a reader chose the classical European and world’s literary output, in which he wanted to place books of polish authors.

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GRULICH, JOSEF. MIGRAČNÍ STRATEGIE: MĚSTO, PŘEDMĚSTÍ A VESNICE NA PANSTVÍ ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE VE DRUHÉ POLOVINĚ 18. STOLETÍ [MIGRATION STRATEGIES: A TOWN, SUBURBS AND A VILLAGE IN THE ESTATE OF ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY]

Author(s): Josef Kadeřábek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Review of: GRULICH, JOSEF. MIGRAČNÍ STRATEGIE: MĚSTO, PŘEDMĚSTÍ A VESNICE NA PANSTVÍ ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE VE DRUHÉ POLOVINĚ 18. STOLETÍ [MIGRATION STRATEGIES: A TOWN, SUBURBS AND A VILLAGE IN THE ESTATE OF ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY]. ČESKÉ BUDĚJOVICE: NOVÁ TISKÁRNA PELHŘIMOV, 2018, 286 PP. ISBN 978-80-7394-703-3

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The “cula” from Lupoaia, Gorj County

Author(s): Ileana Cioarec / Language(s): English Issue: XXIII/2022

Since medieval times, in the area of Oltenia, several tower–dwellings were preserved, which remind, by their structure and construction system, of the Byzantine ones or of those from the Balkan world. They are called, by a term of Turkish origin, cula/ă (cule for plural = tower, turret).In Gorj County, there were quite a few cule, most of them on Gilort and Motru rivers valleys. Their placement and the construction site indicate their identity and functionality: watch–tower and signalling cule, refuge and defence cule, or dwellings. Such a request was also answered by the cula from Lupoaia, built by the members of Săvoiu family. It was built by Costache Săvoiu, called Surcel, towards the end of the eighteenth century and had, at first, the role of refuge and defense. Later, after stoves were built inside the cule, it began to be used as a permanent dwelling as well. The cula had a rectangular shape and three levels (one ground floor and two floors).

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Widziane z plebanii Świat i ludzie w diariuszach dwóch duchownych ewangelickich z Rzeczypospolitej przełomu XVII i XVIII wieku

Author(s): Wojciech Kriegseisen / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

In the research on the deteriorating relations between the Evangelical-Reformed (Calvinist) minority and the Catholic majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Common- wealth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the problems of mutual perception of the representatives of these denominations, as well as the evaluation of the realities of life in an increasingly Catholic state by the representatives of the Evangelical minor- ity have been investigated the least. Based on two diaries by Evangelical-Reformed clergymen, Gabriel Dyjakiewicz and Jan Krzysztof Kraiński, who were active in Podla- sie and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the turn of the eighteenth century, the author attempts to present the image of the world as perceived and presented on the pages of these two egodocuments. After analysing the diary entries, it cannot be concluded that their authors found themselves in a social and communicative vacuum, although both of them noticed the progressive isolation of Evangelical circles. According to the records, it also appears that interfaith relations in the everyday life were not as bad as contemporary historical studies suggest. Both authors had a positive attitude towards the state, felt to be its citizens and patriots, combining a strong Evangelical religious identity with a sense of community with the society of the predominantly Catholic Polish Nobles’ Republic. Neither of the diaries reflects on the civilisational and cultural differences between the society of the north-eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the world of Protestant Europe, known to both authors from their university studies.

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„Videmus nunc per speculum“ Selbstrepräsentation und Belehrung auf dem Kupferstich in Aenigma theologicum von Álvaro de Cienfuegos

Author(s): Imre Gábor Majorossy / Language(s): German Issue: Spec.Issue/2022

The paper deals with the copperplate engraving that stands at the beginning of the main theological treatise of Álvaro de Cienfuegos, bishop of Pécs (Hungary) between 1737 and 1739. The sophisticated work includes also an artistic engraving which is clearly part of the written treatise. The study aims to point out how comprehensively the engraving presents the author's basic intellectual attitude and essential details of the theoretical work. It is a real challenge for the audience of all times: Only in the case of a successful decoding it is possible to feel not only worthy, but also suitable and prepared to read, study and understand the two-volume treatise.

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Kwestia nominacji Tadeusza Kościuszki na generała brygady armii amerykańskiej

Author(s): Dariusz Andrzej Nawrot / Language(s): Polish Issue: 110/2022

Article examines the issue of the nomination to the rank of general for Tadeusz Kościuszko, as a reward for his distinction in the War of Independence of United States. Particular focus is on the analysis of the circumstances of next proposals to nominate Kościuszko to the brigadier general, in particularly those after the victory under Saragossa in 1777, and those made based on his participation in campaign in the south of United States in years 1780–1781. He did not receive the nomination at that point. It was only after the end of the war that he solicited for an individual distinction, which would honor his previous service. Congress however was not interested in the individual promotion of Kościuszko, because it was working at the time on the Promotion Act, which would promote by one degree all officers, who did not get promotion after 1st of January 1777. That was the group of promoted officers, where eventually Kościuszko, to his great disappointment, was. George Washington tried to appease him.

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Działalność polityczna Antoniego Pułaskiego w czasach Rady Nieustającej (1776–1786)

Author(s): Witold Filipczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 110/2022

Antoni Pułaski, the brother of the American Revolutionary War hero Kazimierz, is known to historians mostly because of his activity in the Bar and Targowica Confederations. The article examines his political activity during the Permanent Council. After returning to Poland in the autumn of 1775, Pułaski, initially cooperated with the royalist party. At the same time, he was on friendly terms with the Grand Crown Hetman Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, the important figure among magnates who opposed the king. Pułaski was elected three times (1778, 1784, 1786) as a deputy to the Sejm, but left a record in the parliamentary debates only in the first of these sessions. In the 1780–1781 term, he was a judge at the Crown Tribunal, although his activities at that time were negatively viewed by king Stanisław August and his adherents. Pułaski’s political activity was primarily focused on sejmiks. In 1776, he headed the pre-Sejm sejmik held in Czersk (Mazovia). In subsequent years, he was active in Volhynia, during the sejmiks in Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Lutsk. In the 1780s, he gradually distanced himself from the court party and was increasingly cooperating with the magnate opponents. He played a particularly conspicuous role during the stormy Volhynia voivodeship sejmiks that preceded the 1786 Sejm.

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