The Organisation of Scientific Research at Leszczyński´s Academy in Nancy

Author(s): Małgorzata Durbas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The development of modern science outside university walls created favourable conditions for establishing institutions under the patronage of influential and affluent people. The Académie de Stanislas Leszczyński in Nancy, which was called the Royal Society of Sciences and Literature at the time of its establishment, is the most long-lasting scientific institution founded by the Polish king, Stanisław I Leszczyński. Founded in 1750, it has been functioning till today, with a short interuption during the French Revolution. According to the statute rules, scientific meetings dealt with research concerning natural sciences (sciences naturelles) and literature (belles-lettres). Scientific disciplines were not clearly defined as science was broadly understood at that time.

Maria Theresa’s Tricentennial in the Czech Republic of 2017

Author(s): Ivo Cerman / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article provides a systematic survey of all the scientific and social events connected with the tricentenary of Marie Theresa and explores their impact on the Czech historical consciousness. The author argues that tricentenary changed the public´s attitude to the age of enlightenment. The public have accepted more general values, such as natural law and human rights, and began to perceive the Habsburg monarchy as a part of Enlightenment Europe.

Reading Enlightenment in Melk

Author(s): Johannes Frimmel / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The article discusses the changes in reading practices of monks in the Melk monasteryunder the impact of the Enlightenment. Melk was a famous Benedictine monastery. Theauthor bases his conclusions on the research in the libraries and on sources related tobook culture. It demonstrates that daily life and intellectual culture of the monks did notcorrespond with the traditional cliché of „enemies of the Enlightenment“.

Justi’s Essay on Universal Monarchy (1747): A Misunderstood Satire

Author(s): Ere Nokkala / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This article analyses Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi’s (1717–1771) early essay onUniversal Monarchy (1747) in the context of the broader eighteenth-century discussion ofpolitical order and commerce. During the eighteenth century, theorists often envisageda universal society of all nations, or a universal monarchy under the rule of a single monarch.Alternatively, many others argued that peace and tranquillity among states could besecured through the orchestration of a balance of power between states. Justi’s position inthis debate is rendered somewhat puzzling because of his early essay on universal monarchy.Here, Justi argues that a monarch ruling the whole of Europe could secure peace andtranquillity in Europe. This would seem to make him one of the last serious defenders ofa universal monarchy, as several previous scholars have asserted. This article argues, however,that Justi’s essay on universal monarchy was a satire in which he commented on theHoly Roman Empire. He ridiculed petty tyrants and advocated strengthening the powerof the Holy Roman Emperor. Justi’s preference for larger commercial units, which wascharacteristic of his later work on political economy, was already present in draft form inthis early essay.

Law of Nature as Justification for Reforms

Author(s): Paweł Fiktus,Marta Baranowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The subject of the article is the law of nature in the Polish political thought of the secondhalf of the 18th century. This article discusses the views of Józef Wybicki, Hugo Kołłątaj,and Stanisław Staszic (leading Polish politicians of this period), who opposed feudalismby promoting a compromise between the nobility and bourgeoisie. Their views influencedthe formation of the Constitution of 3 May, whose norms were not to violate natural lawat any point. Analysis of their views will enable us to track the process of conceptualizationand then positivization of the law of nature. In modern historiography, there are manyworks on the subject of political reform programs presented by Polish writers of that time.However, it is worth paying attention to the theoretical and philosophical background ofthese considerations, especially the idea of the law of nature, state of nature, social contractand the relationship between the law of nature and positive law. This article discusses thefollowing questions: did thinking in terms of the law of nature have a decisive influenceon the formation of political solutions, and did Polish thinkers creatively develop the ideasof Western philosophers?

The Question of Welfare State in Natural Law Theories

Author(s): Yuki Haruyama / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The contribution points to the fact that the historical research in German historiographieshas already revealed the evolution of the idea of the welfare state in the reforms ofEnlightenment absolutism. In this research Christian Wolff has played an important part;he contributed to the establishment of the ideas of public assistance within the scope ofnatural law. The contribution aims to be a part of those research results. Furthermore, itcomes with a revised approach towards the importance of charity. Charity did not onlygain moral value but it was a fundamental source of wealth. To follow the evolution ofthe idea of public assistance of the state and the change of opinion in terms of charity,the contribution deals with Pufendorf´s, Wollf´s, Justi´s and Sonnefels´s arguments, as intheir theories the Habsburg monarchy revealed its motivation for state leadership. Whenit came to poor-relief, those thinkers argued that the state is obliged to provide its citizenswith educational opportunities and also employment so that they could become independentand stand on their own feet. The state is also obliged to care for the poor who areunemployed and cannot earn their living because of their physical or mental disabilities orsenility. When it came to the issue of charity, those philosophers were dissenting. Samuelvon Pufendorf and Christian Wolff admitted that charity has moral values whereas Josefvon Sonnenfels banned charitable donations. For the ongoing research it will be advantageousto compare those arguments with the Christian point of view in terms of welfareand charity in the Habsburg monarchy.

Последняя соната Моцарта

Author(s): Boris Gasparov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1979

Фортепианная соната ре-мажор (Köchel № 576) написана Моцартом в 1789 году. Это последняя из законченных сонат Моцарта. К ак и последняя соната Бетховена (op. 111), она имеет в определенном смысле итоговый характер. Но если последняя соната Бетховена означает прежде всего прощание с классической сонатой и с принципами формообразования и гар ¬ монии, на которых она строилась (во всяком случае, прощание с этими принципами в их чистом, непретворенном в новое качество, выражении), - то последняя соната Моцарта как бы суммирует весь ход развития тех принципов, которые нашли наивысшее и законченное воплощение в классической сонатной форме.

Jiří Olivier Wallis a uherské bojiště v letech 1716 a 1717

Author(s): Monika Řezáčová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

The imperial officer Georg Olivier Wallis took part in the battles of Petrovaradin, Temešvárand Belgrade under the leadership of Prince Eugene of Savoy in 1716 and 1717. Heconfided his experiences there to his younger brother František de Paul Wallis in hispersonal correspondence. In addition to describing individual battles, he also recorded hisfeelings, anxieties, and fears. Although Jiří Olivier tried to present himself as a hard-bittensoldier in the above-mentioned conflicts and stylized himself as a brave and fearlesswarrior, letters addressed to his younger brother revealed another – „unidealized“ – aspectof the writer’s personality. At the same time, they also approached the everyday life of anindividual nobleman during a military campaign. In addition to his experiences on theHungarian battlefields, he also took an interest in his younger sibling. He was mainlyconcerned about his brother’s state of health, and did not hesitate to advise him on someof the medical treatments known to him

Eine Quellenedition in Vorbereitung: Josephs II. „Tableau général“ (1768)

Author(s): Antal Szantay / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

The Tableau général de la Monarchie is probably the longest but rarely quoted early memorandum of Joseph II. It is kept in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna. I am preparing a full-text edition of the source with detailed notes and analysis in a separate publication. In this research report, I provide a short preliminary introduction to the source, covering the historiography, the problem of accurate datation, and the context, as well as an outline of the contents. The document is also outstanding because Joseph II formulated here probably the most detailed views on foreign affairs. At the same time – surprisingly, in this case – he is a docile follower of Kaunitz.

THE HUNGRY TRAVELLER. 18TH-CENTURY TRANSYLVANIAN TRAVELLERS AND THE WESTERN CULINARY EXPERIENCE

Author(s): Andrea Fehér / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The present article discusses food narratives from travelogues written by the Calvinist elite of Transylvania. The paper firstly presents attitudes toward travel and travel writing in 18th-century Transylvania and then offers examples about stories associated with food and foodways. In the first instance, we discussed the attachment of Transylvanians to familiar tastes, then we offered examples of food rejection, either culturally or confessionally motivated. The asymmetrically opposed constructions of these food narratives, the constant distinctions made by the authors between “our” food and “theirs”, suggest the importance of food in identity building. In the last part of our paper, we approached the social dimension of food, arguing that we are witnessing a cultural shift and the changing of the existing food regime, processes undergoing due to the increased number of travels, especially to Vienna.

„…Peste locul îngropării sale…”

Author(s): Mircea Trifu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2004

In spite of his importance as one of the most representative Romanian scholars, Gheorghe Şincai’ s life, and death, continues to be covered by darkness and unknown. Today, the date of his death is well-known and accepted by all historians. But where did he die? There are some documents that give us some clues in this way, but neither of them have been scientifically verified. One of the documents has been published in Concordia newspaper, no. 5 / 1866 and, according to it, Şincai died at Keletseny parish, in November the 2nd 1816, at the age of 75, and has been buried at Sinea by the Greek-Catholic priest Andreas Koleszar. Another document proves us that Jurai Şincai has been buried in Klecenove parish. Both documents are probably just copies of a primary act and both of them have been disputed. But there are some other documents or verbal testimonies in this matter. For example, in 1968 the priest of Svinica told R. Rusan, the writer, that Şincai has been buried in there, but his grave dissapeared after the air raids from 1945; some testimonies - such as the correspondence of Francisc HossuLongin - prove the obsession in order to establish Şincai’ s grave in Transylvania. More preciselly at Bobota, Sălaj County. We have written documents, sentimental proves…; maybe the future will chose between them.

СЛИКАТА НА СОСЕДСТВОТО ВО КРУГОТ SLAVIA ORTHODOXA НА БАЛКАНОТ ВО 18 ВЕК

Author(s): Jolanta Sujecka / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 57/2011

The analytical material for such a formulated subject will be the so-called histories written from the mid-eighteenth century till the end of the nineteenth by polymaths from the Slavia Orthodoxa circle in the Balkans, i.e. Paisij Hilendarski, Jovan Rajić and G’org’a Pulevski. For them the context and point of reference were the autobiography of Dositej Obradović and the journalistic writing of Vuk Karadžić from the beginning of the nineteenth century. The reasons for choosing such a broad historical and cultural framework are not only typological, but also genetic. All the histories are linked together through language, Ruthenian Slavia Orthodoxa editing, as well as due to the sources used, from Mavro Orbini (1601, Il Regno degli Slavi), through Đorđe Branković (1684-1688, Hronika Slovena Ilhirika, Gornje Mezije i Donje Mezije), Charles du fresne du Cange (1746, Historia Byzantina), who was propagated in the circle of Habsburg Serbs by Hungarian historian and publisher Jan Tomka Saski, the sixteenthcentury Chronicles (De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum) by Marcin Kromer, and ending with the Russian Sinopsis, published in St Petersburg in 1810. The title image of the neighbourhood, reproduced on the basis of texts from the Slavia Orthodoxa circle in the Balkans from the mid-eighteenth century to the end of the ninetheenth create a multi-layered structure. Through the sources, which all the polymaths referred to, we can discover contacts - direct and indirect ones – that shaped their way of thinking, and was verbalized in the image of the history of South-Eastern Europe / the Balkans. On the other hand, ancient history highlighted by historical writers, serves not only to show their “own” Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian cultural and historical roots, but also creates an image of the Balkans, in which their ancestors from Antiquity are “smoothly” replaced by Slavonic Serbian, Slavonic Bulgarian and Slavonic Macedonian tsars, kings and princes. Thus in the histories of Hilendarski, Rajić and Pulevski, the role of Greek and Roman Antiquity does not boil down to a parallel that honours one’s own national history. Understood through the popularization of mediators, in the above mentioned histories, Greek and Roman Antiquity replaces the disintegrating confessional ties of the Slavia Orthodoxa which was shaped within the sphere of the Byzantine’s cultural influence. And it is the Byzantine’s circle, treated as being native that seems to be the main “supplier of Antiquity”, present throughout the whole Ottoman period in written texts, “domesticated” by iconography and transferred, as a way of thinking / one’s own tradition to writers of the modern era.

Onirismul cavaleresc

Author(s): Alexandru Maniu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

In Britania secolului al XIII-lea au început să circule o culegere de povestiri galeze, The Mabinogion, în paralel cu istorisirile lui Geoffrey Monmouth despre Arthur și în plin avânt al literaturii cavalerești, de proveniență franceză. Printre aceste povestiri se numără și cea a lui Pwyll.

Obraz Užskej stolice na základe kanonickej vizitácie z roku 1734

Author(s): Vavrinec Žeňuch / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2020

The canonical visitation focused on parishes Uzhgorod (Ужгород), Vojnatina, Onokovce (Оноківці), Senné, Pavlovce nad Uhom, Ratovce (Ратівці), Jovra (Ёр, today Сторожниця), and Ruská. In Uzhgorod, there was a temple dedicated to Saint George, which was situated on the salt street and inside were three bigger and two smaller altars. The bigger altars were dedicated to Saint Ladislaus and Saint Stephen, Saint George, and Saint Mary the Virgin, while the smaller altars were dedicated to Saint Elisabeth and Saint Catherine, Saint John of Nepomuk with Saint Rosalie, and Christ in the middle. The parish Jovra had a parish temple dedicated to Virgin Mary Queen. The local temple was from brick and had three altars. The first one was dedicated to Virgin Mary, the smaller ones were dedicated to Saint Barbara and Saint Sebastian. In Jovra, there was a teacher named Michal Kertés, who was paid in kind and with one florin. The parish Ratovce had a brick temple in a horrible condition. The temple was being under reconstruction in the year 1734 and there was an altar without a picture or a patron. The administer of the parish was John Enickei, his re-Catholic activity was focused on praying litany with the locals in their language. The parish Ruská was located on a confessionally mixed territory. The temple was made from brick and there were two altars. The third one was being produced, it should have been dedicated to Holy Cross. The parish was administered by Andrej Moštenský, who prayed prayers such as Our Father, Hail Mary, I believe in God, or Litany with the locals in their language. In the parish Pavlovce nad Uhom, there was a brick temple with one altar. The altar did not have a patrocinium since the temple had been used by the Calvinists. The administer of the local parish was Nicolas Berekovič. The parish Senné was administered by John Zaffian. The local temple was made from brick and inside there were three altars. The main was with the title of Assumption of Virgin Mary. The smaller altar had depictions of Evangelists in corners, and in the middle, there was a picture of Virgin Mary, Saint George, and Lamb of God. The third altar depicted John the Baptist. The title of the temple was Visitation of the Virgin Mary’s holiday. Onokov’s parish was located north of Uzhgorod. The temple in Onokovce was made from wood and dedicated to the Assumption of Virgin Mary. The title of the temple was depicted on an altar, other altars or pictures were not found in the church. The parish was administered by Sebastian Kašaj, who was 40 years old. In his surroundings, there were mainly presbyters orientated to Greek ceremony. The most specific parish was Vojnatina. The parish was a mission village where John Patkovič worked. Between Uzhgorod and Michalovce, there was a big amount of broken or devastated temples. As the first one, the temple in Vojnatina was renewed. The temple was from brick and inside there was one altar with the title of Holy Cross brought from Uzhgorod.

Inspiracje graficzne Heinricha Paula Groskurta podczas tworzenia medalu koronacyjnego Fryderyka Augusta (Augusta III Wettyna) w 1734 roku

Author(s): Jan Gustaw Rokita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Construcția palatului mitropolitan din Iași, de Arhiepiscopul Partenie Clinceni (1902-1905) — studiu de caz

Author(s): Vasile-Lucian V. GOLDAN / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 9-12/2021

The metropolitan Palace, in the courtyard of the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina, in its current form, is the fruit of the Archbishop Partenie Clinceniʹs efforts. Ever since his arrival in Iasi, the first concern of the hierarch was the rebuilding of the metropolitan palace, a building constructed by the Archbishop Iacob Stamate (1792-1803), at the end of the 18th century. The restoration action conceived by Partenie is in the style of the great architect Viollet-le-Duc. The metropolitan residence was uncovered to the brick and even dug under the original foundation, and the additions made radically change the original shape of the building, for this reason we can say that Partenie is the one who built, almost from the foundations the current palace, idea supported by the hierarch himself.

The Making of a Catholic Parish in Eighteenth-Century Hungary: Competing Interests, Integration, and Interference

Author(s): Béla Vilmos Mihalik / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In this essay the potentials for political interaction among local communities will be examined through parish organization in the century following the expulsion of the Ottomans from the territory of Hungary, i.e. the period referred to as late confessionalization (1681–1781). Roughly 150 years of Ottoman occupation had wreaked havoc on the parish network, which was reorganized over the course of the eighteenth century. Village communities took the initiative to establish parishes, but as they did so, the clashing interests of the Catholic Church, the landlords, and the state had to be addressed and negotiated. The dynamics of this process and the ways in which the local communities were able to assert their specific needs should therefore be discussed. The complexity of often divergent interests and aims compelled the communities to devise cautious means of communicating with the competing groups, and it also helped further the internal integration of the local societies and the integration of these communities into church and secular structures. However, growing state influence made abundantly clear that the roles of the church administration and the parishes would soon undergo slow but meaningful change.

THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF KARLOVAC IN THE SERVICE OF HEALTH – PLAGUE EPIDEMIC IN SYRMIA 1795–1796

Author(s): Nenad Ninković,Goran Vasin / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2021

The plague which led to a high mortality rate and left severe consequences in Syrmia during the second half of 1795 and the beginning of 1796 is not a topic unknown in historiography. It was studied on the basis of reports sent by the Health Commission to various state institutions, but also from memoirs. A particularly important place here belongs to the description of the epidemic by Franz von Schraud, who was sent to Syrmia as a doctor precisely because of the plague. Researchers also touched on the role of the Archbishopric of Karlovac, primarily through several epistles of archbishop Stefan Stratimirović, which were published in 1940. However, an entire corpus of documents remained unknown, although it provides a picture of the events. This historical material was created as a consequence of the fact that the archbishop was not present at his headquarters (Sremski Karlovci) during the plague epidemic, so the archimandrite of the Grgeteg monastery – Stefan Avakumović, and the protopresbyter from Sremska Mitrovica – Gavrilo Isaković regularly informed him about the situation in Syrmia and their activities. Additional importance to this material is given by the fact that Avakumović was part of the escort of the royal commissioner sent to Syrmia due to the plague – first baron Pichler, and then baron Lovas. With them, he visited all places in the Syrmia County with infected people, but also the ones in their vicinity where the infection was not transmitted. During that time, Isaković was entrusted with the management of all Orthodox faithful in the Petrovaradin Regiment of the Military Frontier, which Avakumović did not enter. Their letters show how the church was organized with the mission of preventing the spread of the epidemic; all orders of the Health Commission were published through it, because priests could reach all residents easily and they were the only ones who knew them personally. The Church accompanied all state orders with its comments, in order to convince the people that changes in liturgical and funeral practices are not in conflict with the Orthodox teaching and thus facilitate their acceptance. The paper also points out how the church helped the population and the Syrmia County economically, but also documents what abuses existed, both by the County and by the population in the vicinity of the Syrmia monasteries. The material on the basis of which the work was written is located in the Archives of SANU in Sremski Karlovci.

Epoca Luminilor pe rafturile Bibliotecii: cartea străină de secol XVIII la Complexul Muzeal „Iulian Antonescu” Bacău

Author(s): Lenuţa-Gabriela Ocneanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLIII/2014

Article presents foreign 18th century book from the library’s collections the Museum Complex „Iulian Antonescu” Bacau.

Biserica şi „Mănăstirea” ortodoxă din Cluj-Mănăştur, cea mai veche vatră eclesială românească de pe raza municipiului Cluj-Napoca. Întregiri documentare din secolul al XVII-lea

Author(s): Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2021

The Church on the Hill, dedicated to the Holy Trinity (1796) is the oldest Orthodox place of worship in Cluj. However, the parish of this church is not the oldest Romanian Orthodox ecclesial community documented on today’s surface of the city. Administratively incorporated in the city of Cluj in 1894, the village of Cluj-Manastur has a thousand-year history, including the Romanian wooden church here, existing in 1656 and rectified in the last three decades of the seventeenth century by two Greeks merchants from Macedonia. In this study we insisted on the history of this church, also called monastery, translating into Romanian and commenting on an original document, preserved in the State Archives of Cluj, issued by Metropolitan Teofil Seremi, on June 17, 1696, by which the Transylvanian hierarch recognized the Greek merchants from Macedonia, Paul and Gheorghe Christoph, as the founders of the Cluj-Mănăştur monastery.