We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
At the turn of the 17th century in the royal town of Wschowa lived and worked the famous Lutheran pastor Valerius Herberger, called "little Luther". considering his eager preaching, pastoral activity and outstanding theological works.
More...
The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.
More...
Bu makale Derviš Korkut tarafından“Turske ljubavne pjesme u Zborniku Miha Martelinija Dubrovčanina iz 1657 g.” orijinal başlığıyla Saraybosna Şarkiyat Enstitüsü’ nün Prilozi za Orijentalnu Filologiju (Şarkiyat Filolojisine Katkılar) Dergisinde Sayı: VIII-IX, Yıl: 1958, ss. 37-62 yayınlanmıştır.
More...
Poem is the most layered among all other literary genre and is a closed intact with deep language patterns. In opposition to the linearity of prose unique structure of poetry enables a creative reading. In this study a poem of folk poet Karacaoglan and a gazel (ode) of Divan poet Nedim is compared thorough poetry analyzing means of semiotics. These poems brings the two poets lived in different centuries and were in different literary traditions together. Their poetry is based on love which is the main source of nutrition for mankind throughout the journey of life. As all genres of literature - poetry, novel, story or theater plays- represent a multilayered system, semiological approach enables the researchers to comprehend and evaluate the works more clearly.
More...
Vázlat egy nagyobb összefoglaláshoz
During the Ottoman occupation, Buda played an important role in the communication between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires. After the peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, Vienna had the opportunity to build up the system of “secret correspondents”, with one of its major stations in Buda. In the middle of the 17th century, Alexander Fischer, a renegade interpreter born in Vienna, who could also speak Hungarian, occupied the post. As the chiaus of Hüseyn at the side of the reigning pashas of Buda, he had access to important information, for example, about the raids on the border castles. He wrote his reports to the Vienna court under the pseudonym Hans Caspar, dated from Tata. In the turbulent 1650s, the role of Hans Caspar became more valuable to the Habsburg intelligence service, moreover, we have evidence that he even provided information to the men of the Transylvanian princes, thanks to his knowledge of Hungarian. At the same time, he most probably shared the information he gained during his missions in Vienna and Győr with his official superior. By analysing what Hans Caspar did as a spy, we can claim that his activity does not completely fit the typology the literature has drawn up about the operation of the “secret correspondents”.
More...
After the secularization of the Catholic ecclesiastical institutions in 1556, a new era had begun in the history of the place of authentication of the Chapter of Transylvania, which resided in Alba Iulia. This period has been characterized by a specific and totally different evolution of this institution, which was no more under the control of the Church. For the purposes of conducting its charter issuing activity, lay letter searchers (requisitors) were appointed by the princes, who were also paying these office holders. The majority of the members of the Chapter have left the country together with the bishop Paul Bornemissza (who’s chair remained vacant for a long time), and those who remained in Alba Iulia were converted to Protestantism. They became the office holders of Queen Isabela and, after a while, of his son, prince Ioan Sigismund of Zápolya. The fact that some earlier members of the Chapter continued their work at the place of authentication proves that the state apparatus of the newly born Principality needed these intellectuals who had been previously educated by the Catholic Church. For almost 20 years, the place of authentication and its archives had been given very limited tasks. The institution didn’t dispose of a very important object used in the authentication process of the documents, namely the seal of the Chapter. This object has been probably taken by one of the canons, who left together with bishop Bornemissza. For this reason, the appointed office holders could only transcribe the documents kept in the archives of the Chapter. That’s why they were called requisitores, which means “letter searcher”. The reorganization of this institution took place in 1575, when the requisitors were granted all the previous tasks: a new seal was given to the place of authentication, which was similar to the earlier; the requisitors among transcribing the documents started to issue different charters and to fulfill external activities on the demand of the princes (entering into possessions, boundary inspections, etc.). Starting with 1556, the requisitors were appointed and paid by the princes and the character of the Chapter’s archive has changed as the time passed: not only the documents created by the place of authentication have been kept here, but also the Libri Regii, tax registers and legislative documents. As a result of these changes, the archive became the institution that preserved the most important documents of the Principality and at the same time the reputation of the office holders grew. So, it was natural that during the period of the Principality, the office holders of the place of authentication were chosen very carefully by the princes from the members of the Transylvanian intelligentsia, which had close ties both with the Unitarian Church and the Reformed Church. The first chapter describes the birth of the requisitorial office and the secularization of the Catholic ecclesiastical institutions. This chapter, based on the consulted documents, proves that the ecclesiastical estates (including the lands owned by the Chapter) were already given to Queen Isabela and his son in 1556, and they haven’t been returned to the Catholic Church, as one could suppose from the contradictory laws issued at the end of that year. The volume continues with the description of the period until 1575, when the appointed requisitors’ single task was to search and transcribe documents. The reorganization that took place in 1575, based on a detailed written instruction dated at the end of that year, made the charter issuing activity of the requisitors of this institution comparable with the activity of the Chapter before the secularization. These characteristics remained unchanged until the end of the period of Principality.The second chapter presents a detailed analysis of a group of intellectuals represented by the requisitors of the Chapter of Alba Iulia. The chapter starts with the presentation of this institution’s structure and also discusses both the way the requisitors were appointed by the princes, and their duties and privileges. This chapter emphasizes the fact that the institution needed well-qualified personnel, and the requisitors needed to be well-trained in matters of paleography, Latin and legal issues. Romanian or German language proficiency often constituted an important advantage. It seems to be proven that the majority of the office holders spoke one of these languages.Due to the fact that the prestige of the Chapters archive constantly grew, the requisitors have been entrusted with multiple new duties and responsibilities. In addition to these responsibilities, they were also granted some privileges.As regards the estates and other properties possessed by the requisitors, it became obvious that many of the office holders were given goods and possessions by the clients of the place of authentication, in return for their services. The charters granted property rights of movable assets and real estates, and these rights represented the evidence of ownership in trials. For the clients who were taking part in actions for the ownership of properties it was of great importance to find these documents in the Chapters archive and to obtain their transcripts. The services of the office holders were rewarded with different donations.It’s well-known that during the Middle Ages, the personnel of the places of authentication consisted of clergy members who studied at Western universities or at the chapter or monastic schools attached to the chapters or convents. After 1556, the place of authentication from Alba Iulia was no longer under the jurisdiction of the church, but the society, in which this institution functioned, still remained religious. During the first period after the secularization, the earlier members of the clergy were appointed as requisitors and they have worked there until the reorganization that took place in 1575. After that, the personnel consisted of lay intellectuals, many of them with theological training. We may say that the majority of them have received higher education and have studied at Western European universi ties. A good example is the carrier of the chronicler of the court Gáspár Bojti and the personal librarian of Gabriel Bethlen, Mihály Barsi.In addition to the above mentioned objectives, our purpose was to characterize the social class from which the requisitors originated, to describe their previous career and the time they served as a clerk at the archives. We concluded that before being appointed to this office, the clerks were often notaries of the princely chancellery and sometimes this office constituted a gift for different services rendered on behalf of the princes. It was also proven that every clerk became a noble at the end of his career as a result of his services rendered at the place of authentication on the request of the princes and other clients.The third, longest chapter presents the biographies of 37 requisitors. Among them there were important figures of the Transylvanian cultural history, such as the chronicler István Szamosközy and Gáspár Bojti.The volume presents the members of a group of intellectuals who worked in the probably most important charter-issuer institution during the period of Principality.To reveal the role and importance of these office holders, it is enough to have in mind the character of the Transylvanian society, based on the possession of estates. Nevertheless, the requisitors were members of an intellectual class that continued the heritage of the Medieval Era, they’ve had close ties with the Church, which supported their activity.
More...
One of the fundamental pillars of the guild system formed in Kézdivásárhely from the 16th century was the wide spread of literacy. Later this process was significantly helped by the development and institutionalization of the educational life. The educational system in Kézdivásárhely developed due the start of confessional education. The Protestant particula and the Roman Catholic school from Kanta established in the 17th century initially had an important role in the acquisition of basic literacy, but later they contributed to the creation of schools that provided professional training and a higher level of theoretical knowledge. The educational institutions created by the Szekler Border Guard Regiment also had a positive effect on the intellectual growth of the city and the surrounding villages, even if for a short time. As a result of the civil transformations in the second half of the 19th century, the urban middle class demand created the civil boys and girls schools, where students received theoretical knowledge and practical training, in order to be able to stand in their place in life without a higher education qualification. Some talented students of the city’s educational institutions continued their studies in various upper secondary schools, which facilitated the awareness and dissemination of bourgeois ideas and cultural patterns of the new era.
More...
The aim of this paper is to present a selected ensemble of narrative and documentary sources – diaries, memoirs, chronicles, travelogues, business letters, and one confidential report – in order to pursue a sort of polyphonic path in historical research. Connecting these histories, i.e. personal stories from different, at times confronting, yet overlapping Kulturkreisen, shows a less visible web of liaisons between people. They belonged to different social strata – bellatores, oratores, nobility and the emerging third class of entrepreneurs, and stemmed from Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim religious and cultural environments. Differences in their educational, professional or cultural backgrounds seem to diminish while their interconnectedness, in the space of Southeastern Europe, comes to the fore.
More...
The Jesus Chapel is located at the south entrance of the town Odorheiu Secuiesc. This ecclesiastical building belongs to the group of four-lobe chapels with analogies in the west and north of the Carpatian-basin and Transylvania. Traditional belief dated the building of the Jesus Chapel to the 13th century. The chapel was mentioned in the written sources for the first time in 1602. There are no carved stone elements in its structure. The special technical components of its altar date from the end of the 17th century – beginning of the 18th century. The central picture of the altar, representing Jesus with His bleeding heart and the lamb, are strongly connected with the Jesuit order which appeared in Odorhei at the end of the 16th century. The painted wood ceiling was made in 1677, originally the chapel was probably vaulted. The archaeological researches made in 1973 and 2011 have also given postmedieval dating. Stratigraphical data proved the building of the chapel post quem the middle of the 15th century. The stone and brick crypts discovered in the centre of the building are directly linked to the foundation of the chapel, which was probably a miraculous healing. Although it has been used later as a burial chapel, there are no written documents concerning the founder’s person or their family. The chapels in Gheorgheni (Szent Anna/Saint Anne Chapel) and Sânzieni (Szent István/Saint Stephen Chapel) are in Szeklerland the closest architectural analogies of the Jesus Chapel. Their newest research dated them to the 17th century and marked them as being votive or private chapels.
More...
The service of the king played a particular role in upward social mobility in premodern Hungary, as the monarchs – thanks to the specific sovereign rights – had opportunities not comparable with that of the other members of society to reward subjects dear to them. Many commoners also managed to acquire nobility or seigneurial rights in the 15th and 16th centuries, thanks to their erudition (literacy and proficiency in Latin) which made it possible for them to be employed in the monarchic administration. The government of the Principality of Transylvania, a new state that emerged in the eastern part of Hungary in the mid-16th century, played a similar role. The present study gives the history of a family as an example of this.The father lived in Sziget, a small town in the north-eastern region of Hungary, and his profession possibly was that of a saddler. His sons were given an education. Péter started working at the Princely Treasury as an auditor (rationista), György supposedly served in the Princely Chancellery as a scribe, and István had been the private secretary to lords, and then worked as a scribe of the Princely Chancellery. The father already had been ennobled by a charter (this was usual among craftsmen from the end of the 16th century), and his sons were granted exemption for their plots in Sziget by the Prince. After the untimely death of the two elderly brothers, only István remained alive; he was awarded with estate donations as well by the Prince, and then entered into a marriage with a noblewoman from a well-to-do seigneurial family, inheriting landed properties by his marriage as well. After all, he used the cash from his father’s heritage or his court service to purchase the landed properties from different landlords being in difficulties. He attached great importance to good farming on the acquired landed properties. Old seigneurial families immediately accepted him, the homo novus, as one of them: this is clearly shown by the marriages of István and his children.
More...
This volume contains the edited texts of the papers presented at the conference "Sălaj (Szilágy) Region and the Wesselényi Family in the 14–17th centuries" held between 7 and 8 September 2012 in Cluj (Kolozsvár). The essays deal with the estate system and the political and economic history of the medieval Sălaj (Szilágy) region (Middle Solnoc/Szolnok and Crasna/Kraszna counties), as well as with the history of the Wesselényi family archives and the early modern history of the Wesselényi family.
More...
David Kaufmann’s most important historical monograph "Die Letzte Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien, Ihre Vorgeschichte (1625-70) und Ihre Opfer" (Vienna, 1889; also in Hungarian) deals with the history of the Jews in Austria in the 17th century and provides also a deep outlook on the history of the Jews in the neighboring countries.
More...
Onomastic Examination of a 17th Century Relic of Historical Linguistics
More...
Ohne Zweifel gehört der siebenbürgische Fürst Stephan Bocskay zu den eindrucksvollen Persönlichkeiten der ungarischen Geschichte. Auf dem Heldenplatz in Budapest wurde er anlässlich der Milleniumsfeiern 1896 zusammen mit Stephan I., dem Heiligen, mit Matthias Corvinus, Lajos Kossuth und anderen mit einem Denkmal geehrt. Bocskay gilt noch heute vielen Ungarn als Prototyp des aufsässigen Helden gegen die Übermacht der Habsburger. In der Zeit des ungarischen Nationalismus im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Lieder und Gedichte über ihn verfasst und seine ruhmreichen Taten gepriesen. Die deutschsprachige Geschichtsforschung behandelt ihn jedoch weitgehend stiefmütterlich1. Oft werden seine Taten und der Aufstand, den er an der Spitze der siebenbürgischen Nobilität gegen die Habsburger anführte, nur im Kontext der Widerstandsaktionen des ungarischen Adels gegen die kaiserliche Besatzung betrachtet. Dabei verdient gerade der Aufstand der Jahre 1604/1605 eine gesonderte Betrachtung, nicht zuletzt wegen der umfangreichen Briefkorrespondenz, die der Fürst dazu hinterließ.
More...
Hasan Kafi Pruščak is one of the most renowned Islamic scholars in Balkans. In the field of Aqaid he wrote a number of outstanding works of which “Gardens of Paradise on Principles of Creed” (Rewdatul-džennat fi usūl al-i‘tiqādāt) is one of the most significant wherein he summed up most relevant works on Aqaid studied in Islamic schools of our area in that time. This book was translated and published in our language. As the book received much attention, upon requests of some distinguished people, he wrote commentary on this work and titled it Flowers of the Gardens in interpretation of The Gardens of Paradise (Ezharur-rewdat fi šerhi Rewdatul-džennat. Regrettably, this book is not well known to our readers due to the fact that it remained unpublished for a very long time, then it was edited and published in Arabic language. In this article the author presents this work of Hasan Kafi, his motives for writing it, Kafi’s attitude towards ‘Ilm el-Kalam, methodology and sources he used and some of the issues in the field of Aqaid treated by Kafi in his works.
More...
This article presents Akhisar (Prusac), a place where Hasan Kafi Pruščak (1544–1615/16), according to the available relevant sources was born and later lived. Documented reference of Akhisar is found in Qanun-nama of Sanjak of Bosnia from the year 1516. More detailed data of Akhisar settlement is found in records of census of Sanjak of Klis, to which this area was adjoined after its establishment in 1537. In the first census of Akhisar within the Sanjak of Klis dating from the year 1550, itwas classified, in terms of significance, first as a fort and later as a varoš (settlement). In year 1574 Akhisar is recorded as kasaba (small city), what tells us it fulfilled all the requirements for changing the status from varoš to kasaba. After the Cretan War and after the loss of Klis earlier in the year 1648, it remained a part of the Sanjak of Klis. It developed as kasaba, especially as a cultural and educational centre, which particularly reflects the efforts of Hasan Kafi Pruščak and other eminent scholars that followed. With the intention to determine precise location where Kafi lived and worked a certain period, the author here also presents locality of Nevabad/Novasel todays Donji Vakuf, and concludes that Hasan Kafi actually worked there at the same time while living and working in Akhisar.
More...
The Dominican church in Lublin contains an unusual example of two pulpits in a sacred interior, which are situated vis-à-vis at the rood arch. They were sculpted by Sebastian Zeisl, who, with the aid of his workshop, made the rococo furnishing of the church in the years 1756–1761. The sculptural decoration of the pulpits makes references to their preaching function, as well as to Dominican spirituality. The solution formally seems to have been inspired by the com-positional model of two pulpits on either side of the altar, an elaboration of the symmetrical (stage-like) organization of the sacred interior. The fact that the contractor was familiar with such layout could stem from the impact exerted by local inspiration (e.g. St. Anne’s church in Lubartów) or the artist’s earlier Central European experience, probably including his education among Viennese artists. However, the construction of two Dominican pulpits, both of which were used (none of them is apparent) may indicate that their roles could go beyond merely com-positional ones. It seems that their emergence was influenced by individual needs of the Lublin Dominican monastery, especially their preaching practices. The knowledge gained so far allows us to suspect that the construction of the two pulpits is related to their role in the liturgy, namely the polemical sermons practiced by the Order of Preachers in Lublin.
More...
After completion of the essay “New Discoveries about Andreas Tharaeus Muscovien- sis” on his funeral sermon for Eva von Schönburg auf Großleuthen printed in 1618 the author discovered a further hitherto unknown funeral sermon written by Tharaeus in the holdings of the Wolfenbüttel Duke August’s library. From this sermon it becomes clear that he was already pastor in Friedersdorf in 1599, from which it can be assumed that he had already been performing his duties there for several years. The author supposes that this citizen of Muskau already assumed office in Friedersdorf in the middle of the 1590s. This assumption is supported by references in the funeral sermon for Christina von Langen auf Blossin, who had died in childbirth on 14 July 1599. In addition there is the first evidence here of Tharaeus’s poetic skills, as the funeral sermon for Christina von Langen ended with rhyming verses.
More...