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At the turn of the 17th century in the royal town of Wschowa lived and worked the famous Lutheran pastor Valerius Herberger, called "little Luther". considering his eager preaching, pastoral activity and outstanding theological works.
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Práce, ktoré sa venujú dejinám genealógie, sa ani len nezmieňujú o tom, že aj významný historik 18. storočia Matej Bel patril medzi genealógov, a to napriek tomu, že Bel mal od začiatku naplánované, že v Notitiách, v historicko-geografickej práci, predstavujúcej uhorské stolice, sa bude venovať aj dejinám šľachtických rodov. Tento svoj plán – aj keď medzerovito a zlomkovito – aj splnil. Výsledky jeho práce genealógovia 18. storočia akceptovali, neskôr sa však bádatelia na ne odvolávali už len zriedkavo. Zhromaždené údaje bratislavského vedca, resp. jeho rozhodné predstavy v tejto téme si bádatelia, zaoberajúci sa dejinami tohto vedného odboru v 20. storočí nevšimli, možno pre encyklopedický charakter Notícií, ktoré sú na prvý pohľad tematicky dosť neprehľadné, a tiež možno aj pre ich nedokončenosť. V tejto štúdii by sme chceli napraviť toto poľutovaniahodné zanedbanie. Najprv preskúmame, v akej forme sa chcel Bel zaoberať dejinami rodov, a aké uhorské, alebo zahraničné diela a vplyvy ho podnietili k takýmto výskumom; potom prehľadne z celých Notícií – nielen z tlačených častí, ale aj z tých, ktoré zostali v rukopise – predstavíme výsledky jeho výskumov, resp. ich ďalšie využitie a citovanie v 18. storočí. V druhej časti štúdie sa budeme venovať analýze histórie rodu Thurzo z Belovho pera – čo je v skutočnosti dielo v diele, veď v opise Oravskej stolice, kde sa nachádza, zaberá takmer polovicu textu. Zároveň budeme venovať pozornosť aj metódam práce Mateja Bela, mož- nostiam a hraniciam ním prevedeného výskumu.
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The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.
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Marriage was considered an institution subject to Church law from the beginning of Christianity in ancient Rome. As a result, marital disputes concerning the origin, existence and dissolution of marriages between Catholics or between Catholics and members of other churches belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the courts of the Catholic Church and were decided according to canon law. The author introduces the study with a general consideration of Catholic legal or canonist teaching, binding not only in the Kingdom of Hungary, but in the whole Catholic Church according to the norms valid after the Council of Trent. The account is based mainly on commentaries and glosses by modern civil law experts from Hungary. However, the general theoretical consideration forms only the essential and considerably reduced theoretical basis for the second part of the study, which is conceived as one of the first legal history soundings into the history of the institution of marriage in Slovakia using the example of an ecclesiastical court case on the temporary separation or annulment of the marriage of the Dubničkas, who lived in the Free Royal Borough of Trnava in the first half of the 19th century. The dispute caused a prolonged conflict, which grew beyond the private family sphere and became a publicly known social scandal and lifelong trauma especially for the husband Ján Dubnička, explicitly presented in his will, which reveals the intimate, psychic level of the whole micro-historic dispute.
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In the Ottoman classical age, timar system played an important part in the center of economic life especially in the rural areas. The Ottomans, made a kind of population census and land surveys called tahrir, at certain intervals to compute and register estimated tax revenues. Based on tahrir registers, population of the district center and its countryside besides of the district’s geographical and juridical area are inferenced. Similarly, changes in agricultural potential of the rural area and its affects on inhabitants are discussed thorougly. The data acquired from the tahrir registers are compared to the other sanjaks of the Rum Province and revealed the economic and demographic changes of Çorum during the 16th century.
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Kara ticareti vasıtasıyla Bağdat üzerinden hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun başlıca merkezleriyle hem de Safevî İranı’ndaki Şîrâz ve İsfahan ile, ayrıca deniz ticareti sayesinde de Batı Hint Okyanusu havzasındaki Sûrat’tan Muhâ’ya kadar uzanan ticaret merkezleriyle bağlantısı bulunan Basra, 1546 yılında sembolik olarak Osmanlı kontrolü altına alındı ve bu gelişmenin ardından 17.yüzyıl’da Basra Körfezi’nin en önemli liman kentlerinden birine dönüştü.
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Becoming a province of Ottoman in 1552, Temeshwar was under ruled of Ottoman Empire for 166 years. In the present study, Court Registers of Temeshwar dated 1652-53 were reviewed. Original of this register was kept at Historical Archive of Sarajevo in Bosnia-Herzegovina. One copy of it is at Kadı Registers Catalogue of Turkish Religious Foundation Center for Islamic Studies (ISAM). The register mentioned is the unique Kadı register in Temeshwar located on modern Romania. The article presents overall administrative status of the province and gives new information on social and cultural life of Temeshwar in the 17.Century.
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Bu makale Derviš Korkut tarafından“Turske ljubavne pjesme u Zborniku Miha Martelinija Dubrovčanina iz 1657 g.” orijinal başlığıyla Saraybosna Şarkiyat Enstitüsü’ nün Prilozi za Orijentalnu Filologiju (Şarkiyat Filolojisine Katkılar) Dergisinde Sayı: VIII-IX, Yıl: 1958, ss. 37-62 yayınlanmıştır.
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The 17th century, also referred to as the Golden Age of the Netherlands, was a time of great changes in socio-cultural and economic terms. These post-Protestant social changes had influenced Northern European Art, had led to the emergence of a new concept of art named “Genre Painting” especially in the Netherlands. Vanitas paintings which keep alive “Memento Mori” tradition had also gained popularity in this period of time. Vanitas Paintings, aiming to remind death and mortal created a symbolic language through objects.The aim of this study is to explain the concept of death which Vanitas paintings attempt to address through the sense of time, social structure and Kalvin morality and to read the artworks through the symbolic language which is created.
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Poem is the most layered among all other literary genre and is a closed intact with deep language patterns. In opposition to the linearity of prose unique structure of poetry enables a creative reading. In this study a poem of folk poet Karacaoglan and a gazel (ode) of Divan poet Nedim is compared thorough poetry analyzing means of semiotics. These poems brings the two poets lived in different centuries and were in different literary traditions together. Their poetry is based on love which is the main source of nutrition for mankind throughout the journey of life. As all genres of literature - poetry, novel, story or theater plays- represent a multilayered system, semiological approach enables the researchers to comprehend and evaluate the works more clearly.
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This paper makes an attempt to call attention and point to the importance of Manchu historical records, but at the same time warns against the pitfalls of uncritical utilisation of these historical sources (the possibility of falsification and the fabrication of historical material). The authors focus on volume 20 of the 親征平定朔漠方略 Qinzhengpingdingshuo-mofanglüe (Beye dailame wargi amargi babe necihiyeme toktobuha bodogon i bithe. orici debtelin) written in Manchu. This Manchu historical document is of prime importance in the historical enquiry of the period. It gives a clear picture of the military strategy of the time and provides accurate facts concerning the exact names of persons and places, the system of administration, wartime munitions mobilisation, and much more.
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In this study, the reasons of the reform movement in the Ottoman Empire have been investigated. As an introduction, general situation of the Ottoman Empire at XVII. and XVIII. centuries will be mentioned with the consideration of the problems in the political, military, economical, educational and scientific areas.
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The author reviews some debatable issues of life and deeds of Tara Romaneasca’s ruler Constantine Brancoveanu. During his rule, Constantine Brancoveanu showed himself as an advocate of the Orthodox faith, first of all. He aimed to reestablish the united Orthodox area on the Balkans by driving away the Turks from Europe and destroying the Austrian Habsburgs’ efforts to subdue the Orthodox church to the Pope of Rome on the captured territories. The rulers’ cultural and educational activities to support the Orthodox faith were expanding across the boundaries of the Balkan peninsula. During Constantine Brancoveanu’s rule Tara Romaneasca was thought to be a protector of all oppressed Orthodox believers. The ruler’s most active efforts were aimed at building military and political unions against the Turks. These unions had to involve Orthodox nations of the Balkans. In his foreign policy he relied, primarily, on Russia as an orthodox state, hoping to get free from the so called “Turkish presence” with its help and to fight the Catholic expansion. Constantine Brancoveanu died because of a treason. Another issue considered by the author of this article is confessional aspect of interethnic relations.
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Vázlat egy nagyobb összefoglaláshoz
During the Ottoman occupation, Buda played an important role in the communication between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires. After the peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, Vienna had the opportunity to build up the system of “secret correspondents”, with one of its major stations in Buda. In the middle of the 17th century, Alexander Fischer, a renegade interpreter born in Vienna, who could also speak Hungarian, occupied the post. As the chiaus of Hüseyn at the side of the reigning pashas of Buda, he had access to important information, for example, about the raids on the border castles. He wrote his reports to the Vienna court under the pseudonym Hans Caspar, dated from Tata. In the turbulent 1650s, the role of Hans Caspar became more valuable to the Habsburg intelligence service, moreover, we have evidence that he even provided information to the men of the Transylvanian princes, thanks to his knowledge of Hungarian. At the same time, he most probably shared the information he gained during his missions in Vienna and Győr with his official superior. By analysing what Hans Caspar did as a spy, we can claim that his activity does not completely fit the typology the literature has drawn up about the operation of the “secret correspondents”.
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The choice of the above address is not accidental. The praedicatum of this Hungarian noble family extinct on female line, indicates that they probably originally did not live in Trencsén. Our renowned genealogists only briefly deal with the family and its members, which is understandable, as there was no successor who could have provided relevant information on the male line. The purpose of this paper is to address this shortcoming of the aforementioned books on the basis of a strange testament, and, at the same time, to analyse and interpret the testament itself.
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According to proponents of the “Military Revolution” theory, musketry volley fire was among the military innovations that fundamentally altered early modern field warfare. The origins of European volley fire date back to the 1590s, but no western army, with the possible exception of the Dutch in 1600, was able to use this tactic in action until the 1620s. Furthermore, it has been thus far assumed that the Ottomans failed to adopt this new tactic and thus experienced setbacks in the face of their European adversaries during this period. By utilising hitherto overlooked Ottoman narrative and visual sources, this article first shows that the Janissaries were indeed using volley fire in action in 1605, and possibly before. Secondly, it raises questions about the origins of Ottoman volley fire, which are currently unclear. Overall, the Janissaries' use of this tactic during the Long War not only affects our understanding of Ottoman warfare but also necessitates a reassessment of the patterns of invention and diffusion of military innovations in the early modern period.
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Hans Dernschwam, an agent of the Fugger merchant company at Buda in the first half of the 16th century, wrote in his memories that the Hungarian moneyers used an instrument called draw bench (Zieh-Banck). The draw bench was applied to thinning the metal molds (Zaine) which were handed over to the moneyers. In 1526 the moneyers, returning to Körmöcbánya (today Kremnica, Slovakia), threw the draw bench into the Danube at Esztergom. The reason of this act remained unrecorded. News of the draw bench became known outside Hungary as well. Bertrand Behaim Jr, a chief official of mining and minting at Körmöcbánya – and previously chief master of coinage in Tirol and later in Austria – had the draw bench carried to Hall, close to Innsbruck, where the moneyers of Körmöcbánya presented the new instrument in the course of work. The new instrument also came to the attention of the city of Nuremberg. We know from a letter of Christoph Fürer, a well-to-do patrician, mining entrepreneur and wholesaler from Nuremberg, that with the draw bench used in Hungary, two moneyers could do the work that was performed by 6 to 8 of their colleagues working with the traditional methods. It is, consequently, fairly obvious that it was in fear for their living that the moneyers of Körmöcbánya threw into the Danube the instrument which would have made their work much more productive. They certainly had good reasons to do so, for the description of Dernschwam makes it clear that the application of the draw bench made it possible to produce greater number of better-shaped and cheaper coins than before. The fact that the name of the inventor of the draw bench was not recorded, has given birth to a number of hypotheses. The author of the present study is of the view that the inventor(s) of the instrument should be looked for among the personnel of the Thurzó Fugger mining enterprise. It is known from the researches of Oszkár Paulinyi, that János Thurzó and his son constructed and implemented at Nagybánya (Frauenbach; today Baia Mare, Romania) an instrument which permitted the extraction of water from the mines. This mechanical structure was much more complicated than the draw bench mentioned above. The employees of the Thurzó-Fugger mining company were consequently in possession of the required capital and professional skills to manufacture effective mechanical instruments. While the draw bench ceased to be used in the course of the 16th century, its expansion in Europe took momentum after the first quarter of the 17th century.
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After the secularization of the Catholic ecclesiastical institutions in 1556, a new era had begun in the history of the place of authentication of the Chapter of Transylvania, which resided in Alba Iulia. This period has been characterized by a specific and totally different evolution of this institution, which was no more under the control of the Church. For the purposes of conducting its charter issuing activity, lay letter searchers (requisitors) were appointed by the princes, who were also paying these office holders. The majority of the members of the Chapter have left the country together with the bishop Paul Bornemissza (who’s chair remained vacant for a long time), and those who remained in Alba Iulia were converted to Protestantism. They became the office holders of Queen Isabela and, after a while, of his son, prince Ioan Sigismund of Zápolya. The fact that some earlier members of the Chapter continued their work at the place of authentication proves that the state apparatus of the newly born Principality needed these intellectuals who had been previously educated by the Catholic Church. For almost 20 years, the place of authentication and its archives had been given very limited tasks. The institution didn’t dispose of a very important object used in the authentication process of the documents, namely the seal of the Chapter. This object has been probably taken by one of the canons, who left together with bishop Bornemissza. For this reason, the appointed office holders could only transcribe the documents kept in the archives of the Chapter. That’s why they were called requisitores, which means “letter searcher”. The reorganization of this institution took place in 1575, when the requisitors were granted all the previous tasks: a new seal was given to the place of authentication, which was similar to the earlier; the requisitors among transcribing the documents started to issue different charters and to fulfill external activities on the demand of the princes (entering into possessions, boundary inspections, etc.). Starting with 1556, the requisitors were appointed and paid by the princes and the character of the Chapter’s archive has changed as the time passed: not only the documents created by the place of authentication have been kept here, but also the Libri Regii, tax registers and legislative documents. As a result of these changes, the archive became the institution that preserved the most important documents of the Principality and at the same time the reputation of the office holders grew. So, it was natural that during the period of the Principality, the office holders of the place of authentication were chosen very carefully by the princes from the members of the Transylvanian intelligentsia, which had close ties both with the Unitarian Church and the Reformed Church. The first chapter describes the birth of the requisitorial office and the secularization of the Catholic ecclesiastical institutions. This chapter, based on the consulted documents, proves that the ecclesiastical estates (including the lands owned by the Chapter) were already given to Queen Isabela and his son in 1556, and they haven’t been returned to the Catholic Church, as one could suppose from the contradictory laws issued at the end of that year. The volume continues with the description of the period until 1575, when the appointed requisitors’ single task was to search and transcribe documents. The reorganization that took place in 1575, based on a detailed written instruction dated at the end of that year, made the charter issuing activity of the requisitors of this institution comparable with the activity of the Chapter before the secularization. These characteristics remained unchanged until the end of the period of Principality.The second chapter presents a detailed analysis of a group of intellectuals represented by the requisitors of the Chapter of Alba Iulia. The chapter starts with the presentation of this institution’s structure and also discusses both the way the requisitors were appointed by the princes, and their duties and privileges. This chapter emphasizes the fact that the institution needed well-qualified personnel, and the requisitors needed to be well-trained in matters of paleography, Latin and legal issues. Romanian or German language proficiency often constituted an important advantage. It seems to be proven that the majority of the office holders spoke one of these languages.Due to the fact that the prestige of the Chapters archive constantly grew, the requisitors have been entrusted with multiple new duties and responsibilities. In addition to these responsibilities, they were also granted some privileges.As regards the estates and other properties possessed by the requisitors, it became obvious that many of the office holders were given goods and possessions by the clients of the place of authentication, in return for their services. The charters granted property rights of movable assets and real estates, and these rights represented the evidence of ownership in trials. For the clients who were taking part in actions for the ownership of properties it was of great importance to find these documents in the Chapters archive and to obtain their transcripts. The services of the office holders were rewarded with different donations.It’s well-known that during the Middle Ages, the personnel of the places of authentication consisted of clergy members who studied at Western universities or at the chapter or monastic schools attached to the chapters or convents. After 1556, the place of authentication from Alba Iulia was no longer under the jurisdiction of the church, but the society, in which this institution functioned, still remained religious. During the first period after the secularization, the earlier members of the clergy were appointed as requisitors and they have worked there until the reorganization that took place in 1575. After that, the personnel consisted of lay intellectuals, many of them with theological training. We may say that the majority of them have received higher education and have studied at Western European universi ties. A good example is the carrier of the chronicler of the court Gáspár Bojti and the personal librarian of Gabriel Bethlen, Mihály Barsi.In addition to the above mentioned objectives, our purpose was to characterize the social class from which the requisitors originated, to describe their previous career and the time they served as a clerk at the archives. We concluded that before being appointed to this office, the clerks were often notaries of the princely chancellery and sometimes this office constituted a gift for different services rendered on behalf of the princes. It was also proven that every clerk became a noble at the end of his career as a result of his services rendered at the place of authentication on the request of the princes and other clients.The third, longest chapter presents the biographies of 37 requisitors. Among them there were important figures of the Transylvanian cultural history, such as the chronicler István Szamosközy and Gáspár Bojti.The volume presents the members of a group of intellectuals who worked in the probably most important charter-issuer institution during the period of Principality.To reveal the role and importance of these office holders, it is enough to have in mind the character of the Transylvanian society, based on the possession of estates. Nevertheless, the requisitors were members of an intellectual class that continued the heritage of the Medieval Era, they’ve had close ties with the Church, which supported their activity.
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With his Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne really wanted to unfetter the New English Puritan scions, or at least make them think what has morally degraded the “Iron Men” and destroyed a steadfast faith of the primogenitors. Hawthorne’s answer is that they have forgotten to express emotions. The Scarlet Letter thus responds to the hypothetical questions raised by the Puritan Community of the seventeenth-century New England; however, the novel is not directed against the positive traits of the Puritan New Englandism, e.g., discipline, home life, education, etc. Moreover, Hawthorne’s opus has a universal philosophical and moral sense, although its tone is usually mildened by his humanity and subtle humor. All of that enabled Hawthorne’s voice to be keenly heard in the twenty-first century as well.
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