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За произхода на търновския митрополит Теофил I (преди 1527, 1528, 1530 – ?)

Author(s): Ivan Tyutyundhziev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The present article tries to elucidate the origins and activities of Theophilos I – an Archbishop of Tarnovo in the early 16th century. As a successor of the Tarnovo Patriarchate, which had existed before the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria at the end of the 14th century, the city continued to play an important role in the Orthodox world. Therefore, Theophilos I took a very high position, which is obvious by the documents mentioning his name. Unfortunately, the information about him is scanty. There are few documents, found out mainly in the archives of the Mount Athos monasteries but they are limited to the period between 1527 and 1530. The origins of Theophilos is obscure. However, based on a new reading of an inscription in the monastery of Mylopotamos, where he had been a hieromonk prior to becoming an archbishop of Tarnovo, the author concludes that his native town was Arta in Epirus, Greece.

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„Османското присъствие“ в съвременните учебници по история – мит или реалност

Author(s): Yuliya Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

During the last few years, an attempt has been made in Bulgarian society to impose the con-tention that the Ottoman period is represented in the school history and civilizations textbooks through the definition “Ottoman Presence”. The present article seeks to provide a scientifically grounded review of the educational documentation concerning school history education, and in particular the history textbooks, to ascertain whether such a definition is present or absent

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„Стари“/„нови“ селища и административни центрове в османското провинциално управление: Ала кинисе/Осман пазар и Хоталич/Серви (Селви) (по османски документи от XV–XVІІ век)

Author(s): Krasimira Mutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The study raises questions about the fate of the medieval Bulgarian fortresses and urban centers in the system of Ottoman provincial administration, which has repeatedly been discussed in Balkan and Ottoman studies. These debates are constantly related to the issues of continuity in the administration and ruling of the Bulgarian lands, evidenced in the territorial overlap of the medieval administrative structures with the new Ottoman ones, as well as in the names of the sanjaks, nahiyes and vilayets. One of the problems that is yet to be completely solved has to do with the medieval fortresses and settlements, registered with their pre-Ottoman names as important administrative centers in the system of Ottoman provincial administration (nahiyes, vilayets, kazas), but most likely destroyed during the conquest or earlier. New settlements are developing near them which have different names but the same administrative functions. Many of them are problematic to be localized, but for centuries, these “old” settlements and centers of power have been referred to in parallel with the “new” settlements as another name (nam-i diğer) for the respective administrative centers. The present study focuses on two of the examples of continuity and parallel designation of the “old”/“new” settlements – nahiye Ala Kinise (Kilisa)/ Osman Pazar and nahiye Hotaliç/ Servi (Selvi). These administrative-territorial units are typical of the Ottoman model of administration at local level, as well as regarding the presence of a particular continuity from the medieval Bulgarian state. The complex approach applied in the research and interpretation of the Ottoman register material allows us not only to trace the indications of continuity in the development of individual settlements, but also to understand the pre-Ottoman period of their existence within the medieval Bulgarian state. In a broader sense, it provides a real opportunity for a well-grounded reconstruction of the Ottoman model of power, demographic and economic control of the Bulgarian lands at local level.

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Franciscanii și cultura occidentală în vestul României. Biblioteci în mișcare

Author(s): Elena Rodica Colta / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXVI/2021

At first, monks brought manuscripts and theological writings especially in Latin, but their interest had very quicly widened to books in the field of social sciences (history, literature) and natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics). The broadening of the Franciscan’s area of study and interest in the 18th century is partially a consequence of the encyclopedism that was present in that period of time. In the Arad county there have been two large libraries: in Radna and in Arad. Because of the vow of poverty, these libraries were actually “moving”, active libraries, meaning that copies or even some of the volumes were passed on (to the convent in Deva, to the monastery of Lăzarea, etc.). However, for more than two centuries, these books had been studied here and the monks who were prepared enough passed their knowledge to the local population.At first, monks brought manuscripts and theological writings especially in Latin, but their interest had very quicly widened to books in the field of social sciences (history, literature) and natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics). The broadening of the Franciscan’s area of study and interest in the 18th century is partially a consequence of the encyclopedism that was present in that period of time. In the Arad county there have been two large libraries: in Radna and in Arad. Because of the vow of poverty, these libraries were actually “moving”, active libraries, meaning that copies or even some of the volumes were passed on (to the convent in Deva, to the monastery of Lăzarea, etc.).However, for more than two centuries, these books had been studied here and the monks who were prepared enough passed their knowledge to the local population.

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Book reviews

Author(s): Václav Bůžek,Kateřina Pražáková,Ivo Cerman,František Koreš,Josef Hrdlička,Ondřej Lee Stolička,Petr Zemek,Kateřina Horníčková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

This paper contains followinga book reviews: 1. Dana Dvořáčková-Malá, Dvůr jako téma. Výzkum panovnické společnosti v českém středověku – historiografie, koncepty, úvahy, Praha, Historický ústav 2020, 358 s., ISBN 978–80–7286–342–6. 2. Mark Hengerer – Nadir Weber (edd.), Animals and Courts. Europe, c. 1200– 1800, Berlin – Boston, De Gruyter – Oldenbourg 2020, 434 s., ISBN 978–3- 11–054256–1. 3. Monique Chatenet – Murielle Gaude- Ferragu – Gérard Sabatier (edd.), Princely Funerals in Europe 1400–1700. Commemoration, Diplomacy and Political Propaganda, Turnhout, Brepols, 2021, 365 s., ISBN 978–2-503–58743–1. 4. Lenka Pořízková – Jiřina Smejkalová (eds.), Co jsou dějiny knihy? Antologie textů k dějinám a teorii knižní kultury, Academia, Praha 2021, 253 s., ISBN 978–80–200–3222–5. 5. Gisela Drossbach – Mark Hengerer (Hg.), Adel im östlichen Europa. Zwischen lokaler Identität, Region und europäischer Integration, Berlin, Frank & Timme 2021 (= DigiOst 10), 291 s., ISBN 978–3-7329–0663–5. 6. Mlada Holá – Martin Holý a kol., Profesoři pražské utrakvistické univerzity v pozdním středověku a raném novověku (1457/1458–1622), Praha, Academia – Historický ústav 2022, 650 s., ISBN 978–80–200–3328–4 (Academia), 978–80–7286–375–4 (Historický ústav). 7. Katrin Keller, Die Kaiserin. Reich, Ritual und Dynastie, Wien – Köln – Weimar, Böhlau Verlag 2021, 429 s., ISBN 978–3-205–21337–6. 8. Jiří Just – Markéta Růčková (edd.), Bratrská šlechta v Čechách a na Moravě a formování konfesní identity v raném novověku (Archiv Matouše Konečného III), Praha, Scriptorium 2020, 416 s., ISBN 978–80–7649–016–1 (Scriptorium), 978–80–7286–367–9 (Historický ústav AV ČR). 9. Pavla Státníková – Olga Fejtová a kolektiv, Praha 1580–1680. Místo konfesijních střetů, Praha, Muzeum hlavního města Prahy 2021, 458 s., ISBN 978–80–97828–60–1. 10. Tomáš Malý – Pavel Suchánek, Images of Purgatory, Studies in religious Imagination and Innovation (The Czech Lands 1600–1800), Viella, Roma 2021, 260 s., ISBN 978–88–3313–742–1. 11. Jan Kilián, Povstalci a odsouzenci. Osudy 27 obětí staroměstské exekuce, Praha, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny 2021, 464 s., ISBN 978–80–7422–813–1. 1ě. José Miguel López García, La esclavitud a finales del antiguo régimen. Madrid, 1701–1837 De moros de presa a negros de nación, Madrid, Alianza editorial 2020, s. 216, ISBN 978–84–9181–858–8. 13. Marie Ryantová (ed.), Korespondence Josefa Kalouska s českými historiky I-II, Praha, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny 2019–2021, 427 a 702 s., ISBN 978–80– 7422–677–9 a 978–80–7422–792–9.

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Response to the Review by Dr. Aminat Chokobaeva

Author(s): Tetsu Akiyama / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2022

First, I would like to thank Dr. Aminat Chokobaeva, who accepted the invitation to review the book. Dr. Chokobaeva not only carefully read the book but also provided incredibly valuable comments that will elevate my arguments pertaining to the role of the manaps in the national identity formation and modernization of the Q'irghi'z. Here, I have attempted to elucidate my response to the reviewer's comments. Certainly, Qirghiz and Qazaqs are similar in cultural and linguistical aspects, but they are different in national identity formation. In considering the process, some clues seem to lie in following the history of both groups that occurred from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century. Before the Russian Empire absorbed the Qazaqs and established its colonial rule at the beginning of the nineteenth century, they shared a certain degree of national identity. This was not only because of the Jungharian invasion that they suffered at the turn of the eighteenth century but also owing to the fact that they had formed the statehood of the Qazaq Khanate in the sixteenth century. Under Russian colonial rule from the middle of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century, the Qazaqs' "proto-nationalism" matured sufficiently to serve as the foundation of their eventual modem nationalism. While Russia's rule over the Qazaqs bore an oppressive character, it presented the Qazaqs with the opportunity to cultivate their modem orientation as participants in the colonial administration and education, which led to the formation of Qazaq secular intellectuals. Notably, the colonial newspaper issued by Russian authorities, including the Newspaper of the Steppe Region, played a crucial role as a medium for inculcating the Qazaq national identity among secular intellectuals. By the beginning of the twentieth century, they had begun to issue a series of original newspapers in their language.

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Kilka uwag na temat zobowiązań finansowych Mołdawii wobec Rzeczypospolitej i Imperium Osmańskiego w latach 1595–1606(1611)

Author(s): Cristian Bobicescu Antim / Language(s): Polish Issue: 83/2022

The article deals with the fiscal obligations of Moldaviatowards the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of Jeremy Mohyla (1595–1606). First, the text presents the theses of Polish and Romanian historiography on the size and manner of the financial contribution that Moldavia had to pay to the Crown since 1600. Given that Moldavia was under a double suzerainty (Polish and Ottoman), it was necessary to present Moldavia’s fiscal relations with the Ottoman Empire under Jeremy Mohyla and during the previous period. As a consequence of these relations, the Polish diplomacy tried either to get Moldavia for itself or to reduce the tribute it owed to the Ottomans (which would be tantamount to taking Moldavia under its protection in the relations with the Ottoman Empire), or to obtain for itself the tribute which Moldavia was paying to the Ottomans for 30–40 years. All those steps remained formally unsuccessful. The article presents Poland’s fiscal actions towards Moldavia in 1595–1606, criticises the hypothesis of Polish historiography about the alleged reduction of 40,000 red złotys set in Conditie in 1600 to 15,000 złotys, provides information on the Oriental trade of some magnates, and also on the imposition of military obligations (stacja wojskowa) in Moldavia.

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Славянская арабскоалфавитная письменность литовских татар

Author(s): Galina Miškinene / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2012

Lithuanian Tatars’ manuscript tradition is a unique cultural phenomenon, which was born in XVI century, when Lithuanian Tartars lost their Turkic language, and it composed an exclusive heritage feature of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The scientific literature refers to four literary languages recorded in Lithuania Tartars’ manuscripts. These are Chorezm, Chagatai, old Ottoman and Crimean Tatar languages. Over the centuries, Tatars have not lost connection with their compatriots in the East. There is much information about Tartars’ trips to Istanbul, the Balkans and Mecca. However, inaptitude of the liturgical Arabic language and loss of the Turkic language was the reason why Lithuanian Tartars were constrained to change their religious literature into Old Belorussian and later into Polish. In this way, Lithuanian Tartars’ manuscript tradition was born, when Slavic text was written in the Arabic alphabet. One of the peculiarities of these manuscripts is that it is a multilingual monument. In manuscripts, beside the Slavic languages, there are many texts written in Arabic and old Ottoman words. Lithuanian Tartars’ writing tradition, little bit modified and modernized, remained till our days. At the end of XIX century Chamail written in Cyrillic alphabet appeared, whereas Kitab written by printing-machine in the Latin alphabet appeared in 1980s. The oldest Tartars’ manuscripts (kitabs, chamails, tefsirs and tedžvids), written in the old Belorussian and Polish languages in the Arabic alphabet, are dated back in the middle of XVII century. The meaning of the word kitab in the Arabic language is a book. However, kitab refers only to a very large size and scope of a book. Kitabs for Lithuanian Tartars had a great cultural and educational value. It was possible to learn from them about Muslim rituals, traditions, and access to popular hadith – stories about prophet Muhammed and his predecessors. There were also a lot of Eastern stories, folklore, sometimes biblical legends. Chamail (prayer-book) consists of prayer text written in the Arabic and Turkic languages and explanation of the text in old Belorussian and Polish. It is also possible to find knowledge about Muslim chronology, advices how to heal disease by praying, dreams interpretations, lucky and unlucky day predictions. Quran reading rules are stated in tedžvid. Tefsir is the Quran with narration between the lines and comments in Polish. It helps to understand content of the Scripture. All the written forms are equally important and reflect the unique Lithuanian Tartars’ culture and its links with other cultures.

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Енорийски мрежа и религиозност в региона на Попово през XVI–XVII в.

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

We will concentrate our attention on the smallest entity which shaped the infrastructure of the church organization – the parish in the region of Popovo. Analysis of the registers from the 16th century in (1524–1550; 1555–1556; 1598) shows us the presence of one complete parish network. The large number of priests and sons of priests in some settlements shows growth and consolidation of the parish network in a number of settlements – Dolne Kovachofche, Palamariche, Haydar, Ablanovo and Gagovo. This is probably due to the migration of clerics from other parts of the empire to these Christian villages. On the other hand, a large part of the villages remain without priests throughout the studied period. The reason for the “lack” of priesthood is not only the “deficiency” of priests but also the small number of the registered Christian population in these villages during 17th century. The widespread use of names borrowed from the Christian church shows the high degree of religiosity of people and the place of religion in their lives.

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Количествена характеристика на хамамите в градовете от днешна България през XVI–XVII в.

Author(s): Zhulieta Gyuleva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

Together with the mosques, hamams are among the most characteristic Muslim public buildings. Usually they were part of an architectural complex – imaret. In addition to the Friday mosque and a number of commercial buildings, there was also a hamam in the urban center. Their place and importance in the architectural and urban planning of the settlements has not been studied yet. In this study we look at the issue of the number of hamams in some Bulgarian towns during XVI–XVII c., what is due to, whether it is permanent or not, and how much it is related to the size and the population of the cities. Since they are part of a vast empire, they must to be placed in any case in the context of the other Ottoman provinces. This will allow the question to be answered if there is a difference between them or the things are identical.

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THE MOLE: AN UNUSUAL ITEM OF MATERIA MEDICA

Author(s): Christopher J. Duffin / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 41/2022

The mole (Talpa europea) has a long history of use as medicament beginning with rather sparse records in classical and medieval writings. The number and diversity of mole therapies expanded during early modern times. This, the first survey of mole-containing medicines in scientific medical literature, reveals that they were used to treat, amongst other ailments, rheumatism, arthritis, hernias, prolapse, leprosy, epilepsy, wounds, and a wide range of dermal, dental, ocular and aural conditions. Preparations were generally quite simple, comprising either isolated organs from the animal (liver, blood, teeth, skin) or the whole carcass, usually in the form of a pulverised ash.

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Софийските мъченици от XVI в. като продължение на „плана Кантакузин“

Author(s): Ancho Kaloyanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The martyrdom feats of George the New of Sofia, George the Newest of Sofia and Nicholas of Sofia the New for the Christian faith are organised by the Athos School for New Martyrdom, established in 1500. Considering their sequence (in 1515, 1540 and 1559) and the chosen location, they appear to be a continuation of the Kantakouzenos Plan from the last three decades of the 15th century, according to which the Patriarchate of Constantinople made an unsuccessful attempt to separate the Rila Monastery from the Great Church of Tsarevgrad Tarnov. Through the Athos import of new martyrdom in Sofia in the first half of the 16th century, the Patriarchate aimed to discredit the authority of the Great Church in order to seize the diocese of the Sofia Metropolitanate. However, this attempt was not successful: with the third martyr, the Bulgarians recognised the robber and his feat remained unheard, and the Torture of Nicholas of Sofia the New became known as late as in 1879 when its only copy by the Russian Slavist Polychronios Syrku was discovered in the Sofia Metropolitan Church.

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Религия и идентичност (на примера на селища в района на Герлово)

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

In the paper, the author concentrates her attention upon two villages in the region – Ak dere yakasý (present-day Byala reka) and Alvanlar (present-day Yablanovo), which appear to be indicative for the religious identity of the Muslim population that inhabited them. The religious symbiosis was expressed in a local interlacement between the orthodox Islam and its heterodox variation within the boundaries of a given town or village. Nowadays they are an example of a typical orthodox Muslim centre, such as Byala Reka village, and of a heterodox centre – such as Yablanovo. These two villages were an original demonstration of a widespread religious phenomenon, which occurred in other towns and villages in the whole region during the 16th – 17th centuries. They broke up the traditional notion of the meeting of Christianity and orthodox Islam and posed the interesting problem about the religious identity of the people living in Gerlovo.

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Личното и обществено пространство на търговците в Румелия през ХVI – XVII век (по примера на Филибе и София)

Author(s): Desislava Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article discusses the personal and public space of the merchants in Rumelia in the city space of Filibe and Sofia. The main criteria for the distribution of the cities in the Ottoman Empire and the special place occupied by the two consecutive centres of Pasha Sanjak are presented. An attempt is made to trace the history of the coming into existence of the craftguilds and their professional and public functions, which is perceived as a main common feature among all the traders in the Empire. Several paragraphs of the paper are devoted to factors affecting traders: the geographical extent of the activities being performed; the goods traded – adapted to a specific market in a given city or exported outside the Ottoman Empire; the confessional belonging of traders; the producers engaged in trade or resale. All these circumstances determined one’s attitude towards the market, the workers, a city and the Empire, and, after that, towards religion, the education system, etc. Attention is paid to the activities of the people from Dubrovnik. Their colonies were established in towns attractive for their geographic situation or well developed economic relations with the different parts of the Empire. It is for this reason that they set up their communities in Filibe and Sofia. Individual motives for starting a certain entrepreneurial activity, the attitude of the central government to the confessional communities, etc. are also examined. The space around the carsi shops absorbed the everyday life of their owners. This was easily noticeable because it had different functions throughout the different parts of the day. During the business hours, all the activities related to the exchange of goods were done in the open, in front of the participants in the process. Within the framework of this process, the meeting with the other important subject of the commercial activity – the client – was realized. It was then that the shop changes its appearance. It had to become an attractive centre but a number of circumstances had to be available for this: a key location, high quality of the range of goods offered, and the seller’s talent. In the course of the day, it was transformed, its appearance was changed, the leading figures as well. The communication with the customers was ousted by the relations between apprentice and master. All this means that the workshops (and subsequently the offices) should not be regarded as a “room with the instruments belonging to it”, but as essential centres of communication between people from one and the same guild. Apart from their main commercial functions, the workshops could also have specific ones as for example guaranteeing the regulation of the rights of women in the family. The influence of merchants on urban architecture, planning and art is also discussed in the paper.

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THE CONFESSIONS OF JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU – BETWEEN AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND SELF-PORTRAIT

Author(s): Ana-Elena Costandache / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2019

An emblematic figure of the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau has given to the French (and universal) literature books that reveal the man and the writer. Our attention is based on ,,Confessions”, a plural writing, which represents the author himself, as a philosopher confronted with realities of his time, a man of letters, who made a great passion for books, religious man, in constant search of his faith. As a consequence, we propose a fine analysis of the ,,Confessions”, in order to discover the heterogeneous writing, which mixes elements of autobiography with the self-portrait.

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Recenzje

Author(s): Piotr Salwa,Joanna A. Kościelna,Kazimierz Bem,Jerzy Sojka,Dariusz Krawczyk,Wojciech Kordyzon,Waldemar Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Review of Andrzej Tadeusz Staniszewski, Historyje krakowskie. Funkcjonowanie narracyjnych tekstów popularnych we wczesnonowożytnej aglomeracji krakowskiej, Kraków 2020, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ss. 320, 1 nlb., 8 ss. tabl., faksymilia Drew B. Thomas, The Industry of Evangelism. Printing for the Reformation in Martin Luther’s Wittenberg, Leiden 2022, Brill (Library of the Written Word – The Handpress World, vol. 96), ss. 360 Theodore Beza at 500. New Perspectives on an Old Reformer, ed. by Kirk Summers, Scott M. Manetsch, Göttingen 2021, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ss. 391 Kazimierz Bem, Calvinism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1548–1648. The Churches and the Fait hful, Leiden–Boston 2020, Brill (St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History), ss. LIII, 322, il. Michael P. Winship, Hot Protestants. A History of Puritanism in England and America, New Haven–London 2018, Yale University Press, ss. 351, 24 il.; David Hall, The Puritans. A Transatlantic History, Princeton–Oxford 2019, Princeton University Press, ss. 517 Valerie Smith, Rational Dissenters in Eighteenth-Century England. ‘An Ardent Desire of Truth’, Woodbridge 2021, Boydell Press, ss. 345 Elisabeth Heigl, Zwischen Selbstverwaltung und „furor cameralisticus“. Die Finanzverwaltung der Universität Greifswald 1566–1806, Stuttgart 2021, Franz Steiner Verlag (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Universität Greifswald, Bd. 13), ss. 520, 15 il., 41 wykr., 26 tab. Pasquale Guaragnella, Desiderosi del vero. Prosa di nuova scienza dal primo Galileo a Benedetto Castelli, Lecce 2021, Argo (Biblioteca Barocca e dei Lumi, vol. 21), ss. 264

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IBRAHIM PASHA: A CHRISTIAN HERO IN THE OTTOMAN PALACE

Author(s): Fahd Mohammed Taleb Al-Olaqi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The article examines the representation of the Turkish pioneer personage called Ibrahim Pasha (1493–1536) in Elkanah Settle’s “Ibrahim the Illustrious Bassa” (1677). He is known as the Westerner born a Christian, and the favourite to Sultan Soliman the Magnificent (1494–1566) who viciously executed him. But in Settle, the conspiracy to slay Ibrahim failed. The Turkish grand vizier Ibrahim is symbolic in Restoration Age for the terrific abuse of friendship by the Ottoman Sultan. Settle envisages Ibrahim Pasha with admiration for his success as well as his dramatic fate to encounter the Turkish tyranny. The author meticulously portrays the Christian born Ibrahim’s fidelity against the Turkish Soliman’s infidelity. However, Settle articulates his allure in the confrontation between Europe and Turkey in the Ottoman palace of Constantinople to amuse the English audience.

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По стъпките на паметта от XIV до XVI век: Никополският владетел“ Шишман в османската история на Кемалпашазаде

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По стъпките на паметта от XIV до XVI век: Никополският владетел“ Шишман в османската история на Кемалпашазаде

Author(s): Delyan Rusev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This paper offers a reproduction, Bulgarian translation, and analysis of a previously unexplored account in the “Annals of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Ottoman scholar Kemalpashazade (ca. 1468–1534). The text of the source concerns the relations between the anonymous Byzantine lord of the town of Bolayır on the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Bulgarian ruler of Nikopol called Shishman in the context of the early Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. The purpose of the research is to reveal the historical figures and events included in the account as well as the possible paths by which the memory of them reached Kemalpashazade. The juxtaposition of Kemalpashazade’s text with a number of historical sources from the 14th through 18th century has allowed for two major conclusions. Firstly, the lord of Bolayır is probably identical with the Byzantine governor of Gallipoli who appears with the name of Asen tekfur in Enveri’s Dusturname and can be identified with either Manuel Asen or John Asen, the sons of the Byzantine aristocrat of Bulgarian origin Andronikos Asen. Secondly, the image of Shishman in the “Annals” has likely resulted from a contamination of the memory of several representatives of the Shishmanid dynasty such as the Bulgarian tsars Mihail III Shishman, Ivan Alexander, and Ivan Shishman as well as, possibly, the latter’s namesake uncle. Particular attention is paid to some parallels with the information about Bulgarian-Byzantine relations at the time of Tsar Michael III Shishman as described in the fifteenth-century History of Laonikos Chalkokondyles, whose possible reception among Ottoman literati including Kemalpashazade is also discussed in the paper.

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IX. ve XVI. YÜZYILLAR ARASINDA MÛSİKÎ RİSÂLESİ YAZAN MÜELLİFLERİN ÎKÂ‘ TARİFLERİ

Author(s): Ehsan Raeisi,Ferit Bulut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2023

This research examines the îkâ‘ descriptions of the authors who wrote music risâla between the IX and XVI centuries. The definition of the concept of îkâ‘ in the music risâla of that period, which was written between the centuries mentioned above and played an essential role in the formation of today’s Turkish music theory, and to determine how this concept changed and developed within that period presents the significance of this research. Besides, the opportunity to compare the authors’ descriptions of this concept came out with the help of this research. It is descriptive research, and the relevant data were acquired using literature review and musical analysis methods. As a result of the research, it was determined that naqra and proportion elements, especially the time element, were used as the key elements in the îkâ‘ descriptions of the period mentioned above. It also came out that the îkâ‘ descriptions made by Fârâbî and Urmevî guided many authors in this regard.

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GELENEKSEL SANATLARIMIZDA KULLANILAN SAZ ÜSLÛBU YAPRAKLARIN TABİATTAKİ BENZERLERİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMA

Author(s): Üyesi Hamide Nur ÖZSOY / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2023

Our traditional arts, whose origins date back centuries ago, have developed and progressed with different styles and artists. Saz style ranks first among the styles that has made a difference in our traditional arts and have survived until today. The style, which initially carried the impressions of the Far East and manifested itself with ink works since the 14th century, emerges as a different decoration style from the hand of one of our 16th century artists, Shah Kulu. Saz yolu was a style created by Shah Kulu in the 16th century. The most distinctive features of the Saz style are richly detailed, dagger-leaves with a moving appearanceIn our study, similar examples of leaf motifs in saz yolu patterns in nature were investigated. Similar trees were scanned in terms of leaf shape. Comparisons were made by observing dried and curled leaves in various ways. It has been observed that the leaves of the willow tree are the most similar to the leaf motifs in the patterns. The leaves presented visually in our article are selected from hundreds of leaves that have fallen from the Willow Tree (Salix babylonica), dried over time and collected randomly. It is aimed to reach the origins of the motifs in nature and to reveal how the artists reflect the nature with the help of their imaginations.

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