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Поп Петър, ученикът на поп Йоан Кратовски

Author(s): Tsveta Evlogieva-Katsarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

This study presents the known manuscripts by Priest Peter, who has lived until about the first decade of the seventeenth century. The first chapter of the article deals with the manuscript in which marginalia occur, being the main source to Priest Peter: Tetraevangelion, Church-Historical and Archival Institute, Sofia (CHAI) 28. Then comes another manuscript that is also attributed to the same scribe, but features no extant notes by the author: Tetraevangelion, CHAI 26. The last chapter of the work presents yet another manuscript containing notes by the same author: Tetraevangelion, Peć 18. The latter, though known, failed to stir research interest and has not been published for the time being as a manuscript by the same man of letters. The extant marginalia in the two author’s notes provide also biographical information about the scribe, while the information about the school, where he was trained and about his workplace, along with the changes in the representative types of decoration, of the signed manuscripts, provide evidence of the clout of the literary centre on the creative selection and the aesthetic choices of scribes/decorators.

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Протестанты в царской России и их правовой статус

Author(s): Marzanna Kuczyńska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 10/2016

The paper briefly presents the history of Protestantism in Russia (16th–19th century) and the legalstatus of Protestant communities. An emphasis is placed on participation of the state and the individual tsars in increasing their number, as well as on the legal acts issued for them over the centuries. The article draws attention to the dependence of the right to freedom of religion, whichthey had in Russia, on their economic usefulness. It highlights the authorities’ interference in thefunctioning of Protestant Church as well as state protection of the prevailing faith – the OrthodoxChristianity – despite numerous religious and economic privileges granted to the Protestants.

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Die „Löwengrube“ in Hermannstadt Bericht über eine archäologische Rettungsgrabung

Author(s): Petre Beşliu / Language(s): German Issue: _/2014

1934 hielt Emil Sigerus ein wenig erfreuliches Ereignis in der Baugeschichte von Hermannstadt fest: „Seit Monaten wird in Hermannstadt daran gearbeitet, einen alten Häuserblock zwischen der Enten- und Pempflingergasse abzutragen, um Raum zu einem neuen Marktplatz und einer neuen Auffahrtstraße zu schaffen. […] Den Mittelpunkt dieser Häusergruppe bilden drei jahrhundertalte Bürgerhäuser, von denen jenes gegen Westen an seiner, der Entengasse zugekehrten Schauseite den Spruch trug: ‘Alle denen, die mich kennen, gebe Gott, was sie mir gönnen. Johann Göllner. Anno 1767.’ Das bemerkenswerteste Haus dieses Häuserblocks ist das mittelste gewesen, schon im achtzehnten Jahrhundert unter dem Namen ‚Die Löwengrube‘ bekannt. […]

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„W kręgu swoich”: O świadomości ruskiej szlachty Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w dobie Unii Lubelskiej (na przykładzie Filona Kmity Czarnobylskiego)

Author(s): Irina Koluzaeva / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The main aim of this article is to reconstruct the Ruthenian nobleman’s (szlachcic) perception of “us” and “the sphere of familiarity” in the second half of the sixteenth century and to place him within his respective communities and social groups by analyzing successive levels of his identity. It seems to be particularly important to study ideas and awareness of the common representative of the Ruthenian political nation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as scholars have so far been paying attention only to the notions of identity held by particular representatives of the elite, or else by intellectuals. Clientelist relationships of particular Ruthenian families, which are of crucial importance for reconstructing the complete image of the period, have not commonly been the subject of scientific research. The main thesis posited by this work is that the perception of one’s inner, familiar circle, of “us” as opposed to “them,” in the case of Ruthenian nobility was as multilevel as their national identity. To elucidate the posed questions, I am going to analyze Filon Kmita’s personal correspondence, his public, family and matrimonial relationships, the social practices he engaged in, and military and official environments to which he belonged. Such approach can help us not only to reconstruct the circle of relationships of this remarkable person but also to show how one of three primary nations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – the Ruthenians – was experienced from the perspective of one of its representatives.

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Fra Matija Divković – perom za Boga i narod

Author(s): Fra Zdenko Frljić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1+2/2016

Skromni bosanski redovnik fra Matija Divković uputio se prije više od četiristo godina tiskati u Veneciji (Mlecima) djela Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski (1611), poznat kao veliki nauk, te mali Nauk krstjanski smnozijemi stvari duhovnijemi i vele bogoljubnijemi (1616), koji će na katolike u Bosni ostaviti neizbrisiv duhovni trag. Njegova biografija za razliku od djela ipak nam ostaje nepoznata, imamo tek slabe podatke. Franjevci i njihovi samostani u tadašnjoj su Bosni kao dijelu Osmanskoga Carstva bili veza sa zapadnoeuropskom kulturom. Pismenost je bila oskudna i puk nije poznavao latinicu koja je smatrana učenim pismom. Teška životna egzistencija i politička marginaliziranost ponukale su fra Matiju da u svom dušobrižničkom radu priredi novi oblik katekizma poslije Tridentskoga sabora (1545-1563) i približi njegov vjerski sadržaj svome puku. Time je želio svoj puk ohrabriti u vjeri, ali nigdje nije pozvao na mržnju prema turskom okupatoru. Dok su na zapadu bjesnile svađe i vjerski ratovi između katolika i protestanata, u Bosni su kršćani proživljavali drukčiju svakodnevicu. Divkovićeva djela oblikuju identitet i pučku pobožnost katoličkoga naroda, koji je s fratrima imao nadu u bolje sutra.

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The Cold Water Ordeal (Swimming) in Witchcraft Accusations and Trials in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Century

Author(s): Jacek Wijaczka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

One of the medieval trials by ordeal, the cold water ordeal, regained popularity in the Early Modern Period and served as an important element in witchcraft trials. Floating on water was seen as a decisive proof of guilt and resulted in the accused being handed over to the torturer. This paper discusses the use of the water ordeal in Poland in the sixteenth–eighteenth century, primarily by municipal courts. Among the issues mentioned in the paper there is also the question of the stage of the trial in which the water ordeal was used and whether the accused were undressed before being subjected to the ordeal.

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Bir Sürgün Hikâyesi: Maverâünnehir’deki Marâşîler

Author(s): Derya Coşkun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2019

The most sorrowful experience for a community or political formation is their exile from their own land. Being forced to leave one’s homeland where one has existed for years after all kinds of political and religious experiences is certainly a psychological trauma for those states or individuals who are exposed to such a situation. Especially the heavy depression suffered by exiled societies have often led them to assimilation in time, and normalised their estrangement from both their identity and their land. This situation, which can be described as psychological warfare, often leads to elimination of establishments and persons which could pose a threat, and destructive effects are felt for centuries. In this context, the exile story of Marashis that reigned in Mazandaran is a heavy blow inflicted on Shia. Marashis, who had formed a political identity based on Shiite ideology, were continuously criticised for their beliefs, and trivialised. The current article addresses their sorrowful exile.

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LA BULGARIA E I BULGARI NELL’OPERA DI GIOVANNI TARCAGNOTA

Author(s): Penka Danova / Language(s): Italian Issue: 3/2019

The article examines those pages of the masterpiece and huge historical work of Giovanni Tarcagnota from Gaeta (1508–1566), which are devoted to Bulgaria from its establishment to the Ottoman conquest. The author, who is of Greek origin, succeeds in extracting the most representative moments from Greek and Latin sources, as well as to present them to the Italian reader in a fascinating manner. Several sources are cited (Flavio Biondo, Platina), which not only Tarcagnota uses, but he has also translated them from Latin to Italian for the Venetian publisher Michele Tramezino.

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Prusko-­brandenburskie fascynacje islamem

Author(s): Krzysztof Bassara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 676/2019

Historia tatarskich osadników w państwach pruskich wyłamuje się z prostego mitu historii Warmii i Mazur jako czysto polskiej lub niemieckiej. Państwo na wskroś chrześcijańskie budowało swą potęgę dzięki lokalnym atutom współżycia różnorodności etnicznej oraz religijnej.

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Prijelazi na islam u Bosni i Hercegovini i veze konvertita s njihovom kršćanskom obitelji, od osmanskoga osvajanja do kraja 17. stoljeća

Author(s): Dijana Pinjuh / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 106-107/2019

Na temelju dostupne građe nastoji se sagledati veze konvertita s kršćanskim dijelom obitelji te kako su prijelazi na islam utjecali na živote konvertita i njihovih kršćanskih rođaka. Prihvaćanje druge vjere nije značilo i odbacivanje starih navika i kršćanske tradicije. Bez obzira na promjenu vjerozakona i novih religijskih uzusa koje su morali slijediti, bilo je onih koji su i dalje nastavljali živjeti po kršćanskim običajima. Tome su, velikim dijelom, pridonijele veze konvertita s njihovom kršćanskom obitelji. Razlika u imenu i vjeri nije prekidala obiteljske veze čak ni onda kada su obitelji bile razdvojene.

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REPREZENTATIVNI PRIMJERI ISLAMSKE UMJETNOSTI U PLJEVLJIMA: DŽAMIJA I VAKUF HUSEIN-PAŠE BOLJANIĆA

Author(s): Aida Abadžić Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 76/2018

As exceptionally influential person who held high ranking offices in Ottoman Porte, Husein paša Boljanić (?-1594.), born in the suburbs of Pljevlje has, by establishing his waqf initiated social, economic and cultural development of Pljevlje (Taslidže) in the 16th century. The central Pljevlje mosque, named after him, has a distinctive place in the Husein pasha’s waqf. It is listed among most representative mosques with a dome of the classical Ottoman period in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The representative character of its project, the harmony of proportions, lavish decoration of interior, and especially, very rare in the architecture of this period a characteristic detail of high tholobate (drum) that is holding the dome which is strengthened from the outer side by pilasters, and keeping in mind the significance and the ranking of Husein pasha – all lead to assertion that the architect who made the plan for this mosque was mimmar Hayreddin, who was also the architect of The Old Bridge in Mostar.

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The Rabbinate of Poznań in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

Author(s): Hanna Zaremska / Language(s): English Issue: 119/2019

It is only fourteenth- and fifteenth-century sources that help build an image of the functioning of the rabbinate in Jewish religious communities of medieval Poland. Latin Christian sources dating to the period mention individuals described as doctor scholae, senior scholae, or episcopus Iudaeorum (standing for the rabbi or the major senior). However, mentions referring to such persons usually only deal with their lending activities. Still, we can learn more about the rabbis active in Poznań in the middle of the fifteenth century thanks to the correspondence (responsa) of Israel Isserlein, Israel Bruna, and Moses Minz, all of whom were scholars active in the Empire.

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Justice as the Aim of The Monarch’s Authority: The Evolution of the Idea from Plato to the Close of the Enlightenment

Author(s): Arkadiusz M. Stasiak / Language(s): English Issue: 2SP/2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 58 (2010), issue 2. The idea of the justice of the authority in the general meaning remains a central topic in Polish political theory. This has resulted in the frequent tackling of this problem, but it has not been reflected in the complexity of the theory. It is even difficult to talk about a theory in the case of the considerations analyzed. They were mostly very superficial mentions of the monarch’s justice, permeated with old-Polish legalism, a legalism reduced to the rule: the king is obliged to observe legal norms and to give priority to the good of those ruled over his own interests. This model determined the deliberations about justice. Most theoreticians could not see the possibility of strengthening the king’s influence on dispensing justice in the country, although there were exceptions to this view and not only among monarchists. Owing to this model in Polish political thought, after the fall of the First Republic of Poland it was easier to accept the idea of justice dispensed by broad bodies representing the community. The model was not even overturned by the instrumental transfer of the idea of natural justice to Poland. It was also not overturned by the doubts expressed by Wybicki about the possibilities of linking justice to the subjects’ happiness and political freedom.

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XVI. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Üretimden Pazara Osmanlı Köylüsünün Karşılaştığı Yapısal Sorunlar Ve Bu Sorunlara Karşı Merkezi Yönetimin Aldığı Tedbirler

Author(s): Savaş Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

The main element of the Ottoman socio-economic structure consisted of production and supply-demand balance. The main source of production was agriculture and agriculture-related factors. For this reason, the elements of production in rural areas have always been under the control of central government. During the agricultural production process, the peasants faced some problems. In this context, the peasants who presented the negativity to the Imperial Council, wanted to be informed about what measures the central government took. It was necessary to investigate how the peasants behaved in the face of both human-related problems and the problems they faced during the period from the process of the agricultural fields where the seeds met to the marketing of the proceeds.It was explained that the peasants continued classical farming methods and made agriculture dependently on climatic conditions and what kind of measures the central government took against the abuse of the peasants in taxation by some civil servants.Here, the determination of the state's function against the chronic problems of the peasants was very important. The Ottoman State attached great importance to the cultivation of agricultural lands and the collection of taxes to be collected from the peasants. However, apart from the classical agricultural activities of the peasants, it was neither able to organize the peasants to cultivate their land, nor could fully prevent them from being exploited by the collectors and by the nomads and the bandits.In this context, the central government in the second half of the sixteenth century emphasized that the tax revenues provided in rural areas should not be reduced and that the cities would not have difficulties in providing basic foodstuffs (cereals and meat etc.). In the second half of the sixteenth century, the problems faced by the peasants who constitute an important pillar of agricultural production, from production to market, the difficulties they faced in the marketing of the products they have grown and the effects of the problems on agricultural activities were examined with reference to the registration books. Among the most important income items of the state were taxes on agricultural activities.In this context, from production to market, the effects of human and natural problems on production faced by people / peasants who have an important place in socio-economic structure and what kind of decisions the Ottoman State took after the problems faced by the peasants were presented to the Imperial Council were investigated.

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Kitap Tanıtımı: İran’da Kızılbaşlıktan Şiîliğe Geçiş: Şah Tahmasb’ın Dinî Siyaseti (1524-1576)

Author(s): Ali İçer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

Kitap Tanıtımı/Book Review: Mehmet Dağlar, İran’da Kızılbaşlıktan Şiîliğe Geçiş: Şah Tahmasb’ın Dinî Siyaseti (1524-1576), İstanbul, 2019.

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O problematyce przysięgi w dawnym prawie polskim

Author(s): Adam Moniuszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

Paweł Rogowski had undertaken a difficult and important task to comprehensively analyse the question of the use of oath in the medieval Polish laws. He discusses the forms and functions of the old oath against its historical and cultural background. His approach, however, is not free of errors and oversimplifications. This review article presents some polemic remarks upon the functioning of the oath in the old Polish laws.

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Музика в житті київських воєвод та губернаторів (ХV–ХVІІІ cтоліття)

Author(s): Ivan Yuriyovych Kuzminskyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 41/2018

Purpose of the article: In the surroundings of the Kyiv voivodes and governors, one of the most influential officials of the city and surrounding administrative territories, in the 15th–18th centuries formed a special cultural environment, where music was also given a certain place. The main purpose of our study is to characterize the musical life of these environments in the language of historical documents. In addition, to determine the functions and composition of musical chapels, musical repertoire, instruments, identify musicians, and so on. The methodology of the research is to apply predominantly general-historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-systemic. Scientific novelty: The musical life of Kyiv voivodes and governors has never been the subject of a special study. The collected materials, first presented in such configuration, deepen and specify the knowledge about the secular musical culture of Kyiv in the 15th–18th centuries. Conclusions: The musical culture of Kyiv of the 15th–18th centuries has not yet been sufficiently well studied, but almost completely forgotten knowledge and ideas about secular Ukrainian music of this time are gradually resurfacing. In addition, our research partially eliminates the artificial problem of Ukrainian historical musicology – the ways of reception of professional European musical culture in Ukraine, because, as can be seen from the collected documents, musical chapels existed in Kyiv during all this period, and judging by musical instruments and repertoire, they embodied the Western European musical theory and practice. The musical chapels of the voivodes differed little from those that existed in other areas of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the service of voivodes and governors there were both local and foreign singers and instrumentalists, which contributed to the spread of foreign musical achievements in the city. Subsequently, the presented direction of the study can become a model for the analysis of musical chapels in other Ukrainian historical areas.

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Балаклава: введение в историческую топографию османского города 1475—1774 годов на Крымском полуострове

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2019

The article discusses the main points of the historical topography of the town of Balaklava, located on the Crimean Peninsula coast, which was part of the Ottoman Empire between 1475 and 1774. The author offers a graphic reconstruction of the general plan of Balaklava for the last quarter of the 18th century, the final stage in the life of this Turkish town. All basic elements of the historical topography of the late medieval town were recreated. The quarterly development plan and street network were reconstructed. The Ottoman city consisted of three fundamental parts: a fortresses with military and residential buildings, the town territory outside the fortifications and the unfortified suburbs. Localized were four city mosques, three Greek churches, one Armenian temple, a bathhouse, five fountains supplying the town’s population with water, one hotel — caravanserai, a market square with shops and coffee houses, shopping arcades, the main cemeteries of the town, a tile factory and vineyards in the northern suburbs. At the final stage of the Ottoman rule on the Crimean Peninsula, the total urban area of Balaklava was 10.2 hectares, including the ruins of the fortress of 3.3 hectares, the main territory of the town with an area of 5.8 hectares and the northern suburbs occupying 1.1 hectares.

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Східнохристиянські (візантійські) стимули проторенесансних позицій європейської культури й музики Середньовіччя та Відродження

Author(s): Olga Viktorivna Muravskaya / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of the article is to highlight the phenomenon of the influence of the Eastern Christian tradition on the pan-European cultural area of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, which determines the interdependence of world cultures, including music, in which artistic and creative transformation is a symbol and image of the world. The methodology of the work is complex and is built on the unity of means of the cultural, historical-typological, hermeneutical and musical-aesthetic type of research. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it first systematized the data of scientific literature regarding the Eastern Christian (Byzantine) culture-making factor in the formation of European medieval Renaissance, as well as the artistic and musical Renaissance area. Conclusions. The history of medieval non-Byzantine revivals (Ostrogothic, Carolingian, Ottоn, 12th-century revival) is traced, revealing the significant role of the Eastern Christian component represented by or through the early Christian European traditions and the spiritual and ascetic experience of Ireland, Gaul, Britain, or directly through Byzantium. The influence of the latter is noted by the cult of scholarship, the development of not only Latin but also Greek, associated with the high liturgical practice, active translation activities, thanks to which works of Eastern Christian patriotism were introduced into the theological everyday life of Western Christianity. The role of the Academies, which united the intellectual, highly educated, encyclopedic erudite European elite grouped around the monarch and his Christian empire, is essential. Interesting is the interest in ancient heritage, but with the dominant role of the Christian cosmos and the adaptation in it of the ideas of Neo-Platonism, which in turn will later determine the spiritual-philosophical and artistic specifics of the Italian Renaissance of the XIV-XVI centuries, the genesis of which was also formed by the Greek-Byzantine elite.

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The Inverse Forms of Women's Activities in the Traditional Ukrainian Culture of XVI-XIX Centuries

Author(s): Serhii Viktorovich Sherbynyn / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Purpose of Article. The purpose of the article is to research some inverse forms of women's activities in the traditional Ukrainian culture of XVI-XIX centuries. Methodology. The methodology of the article is based on the interdisciplinary approach, which includes the following methods: analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative, legal-comparative and culturological ones. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is the analysis of the inverse forms of the women activities in the traditional Ukrainian culture of XVI-XIX centuries such as the woman’s right for matchmaking, the woman in army and woman in the urban corporative culture. Conclusions. Thus, in the Ukrainian culture, the women played various roles such as a mother, sister, and a homemaker. Despite those positions, the historical and social circumstances made the woman to realize themselves in political, social and economic activities. Such processes were manifested in the inversion between male and female social roles. The most popular embodiments of it are the women’s right of the matchmaking, women military service and craft professions.

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