Dominikanie na kresach wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów (teren dzisiejszej Białorusi)

Author(s): Marek Miławicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie historii obecności zakonu dominikańskiego na tej części Kresów Wschodnich dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie), które obecnie leżą w granicach państwa białoruskiego, począwszy od średniowiecza do drugiej połowy XIX wieku. Na terenie tym istniało 45 placówek dominikańskich, które zostały skasowane przez władze zaboru rosyjskiego w XIX wieku. Dominikanie prowadzili nie tylko działalność duszpasterską (głównie kaznodziejstwo i parafie), ale także oświatową i kulturalną. W okresie powstań zakonnicy również czynnie brali w nich udział, za co spotkały ich represje (emigracja, zsyłki na Syberię, kasaty klasztorów i konfiskata mienia i dóbr kultury). The purpose of the article is to provide an outline of the history of the Dominican presence on the Eastern Frontier of the former Republic (The Great Principality of Lithuania), in the region which now belongs to Belarus. The analysis includes the period between the Middle Ages until the late 19th century. In this territory, fourty-five Dominican locations existed and they were cassated by the Russian partition authorities in the 19th century. The Dominicans were active not only in the pastoral ministry (mostly preaching and parish-keeping), but also in education and culture. At the time of Polish national uprisings, the religious took active part in the efforts and endured the oppressing consqequences of their involvement (emigration, expulsion to Siberia, convent cassations and confiscation of property and cultural goods).

Koronacja nowego obrazu Matki Boskiej Szkaplerznej w Berdyczowie na Ukrainie

Author(s): Józef Benignus Wanat / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2000

Treścią artykułu jest koronacja nowego obrazu Matki Boskiej Szkaplerznej w Berdyczowie na Ukrainie. Po 65 latach nieobecności karmelici bosi ponownie objęli 15 XI 1991 r. w posiadanie sławne niegdyś sanktuarium Matki Boskiej Berdyczowskiej.//This article concerns the coronation of a new painting of Our Lady of the Scapular in Berdychiv (Ukraine). After 65 years of absence, the once famous Sanctuary of Our Lady of Berdychiv was returned to the possession of discalded Carmelites on 15th November 1991.

Turkic Loanwords in the Slavonic-Russian Pentateuchs Edited According to the Masoretic Text

Author(s): Alexander I. Grishchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This article presents eighteen glosses and emendations borrowed from Turkic dialects into the Slavonic-Russian Pentateuch edited according to the Hebrew Masoretic Text (in manuscripts from the 15th–16th centuries). The first group of these words – including proper names – has Arabic or Persian origins; they came into East Slavonic with obvious Turkic mediation (Skandryja ‘Alexandria’, Bagadad ‘Baghdad’, Misurʹ ‘Egypt’, Šam ‘Damascus’, Isup ‘Joseph’, sturlabʹ ‘astrolabe’, soltan ‘sultan’, olmas ‘diamond’, ambar ‘ambergris’, and brynec ‘rice’). The second group is proper Turkic: saigak ‘saiga antelope’, ošak ‘donkey’, katyrʹ ‘mule’, kirpič ‘brick’, talmač ‘interpreter’, čalma ‘turban’, and saranča ‘locust’. The author agrees with the hypothesis that this glossing/emendation was made for the East Slavonic Judaizers. Furthermore, the author suggests that there was participation of a group of merchants interested in a new and mysterious knowledge promulgated by learned rabbis.

Pomiędzy oralnością a piśmiennością: tzw. „Carmen Mauri” (XII–XVI stulecie).

Author(s): Witold Wojtowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

CANNIBALISM AS HIGHLIGHTED BY A CASE FROM THE OTTOMAN LAW COURT OF SOFIA, 1027/1618

Author(s): Recep Çiğdem / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2011

This is a study of cannibalism in the light of a case from the Ottoman law court of Sofia. To give the reader a historical background, first a short history of cannibalism will be given, then the approach of the Muslim jurists to the relation between the sanctity of human flesh and its consumption during the condition of dire necessity will be investigated. This article will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the rare case of cannibalism in Islamic environment.

THE INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE AND TOBACCO TO THE MID-WEST BALKANS

Author(s): Aleksandar Fotić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

Based on many sources, the paper makes an attempt to identify the social effects produced by the rising use of coffee and tobacco in the Balkans, and to mark out similarities and differences with respect to associated developments in other parts of the Ottoman Empire and in the European countries. The Balkans was a very interesting contact zone where influences of two civilisations intermingled and where all developments were largely dependent on the attitude of the majority population, the non-Muslim Ottoman subjects.

Евгений Михайлович Руссев – штрихи к портрету

Author(s): Izyaslav E. Levit / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2009

Килийская каменная крепость

Author(s): Mariana Şlapac / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2009

The port of Kilia known as well as Cetatea Alba, “the gate of Christianity” and “the key for the whole Moldavia Land, Hungary and the Danube countries”, becomes the object of competition between Muntenia, Moldavia, Hungary, Poland and the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Ages.The fortified core of the settlement at that time is represented by a stone fortress, which includes the Genoese citadel and the Moldavian fortress. The former represents a rectangular building. It is well known in the Genoese region as well as across Italy. The second fortress, built by Stefan the Great in 1479, represents the “Constantinople type”, often met in Byzantine lands and in those under Byzantine influence. The author discovered a topographic document in the State Military-Historical Archive of Russia, elaborated in 1794 by the French engineer Kauffer, who fixed the moment of disappearance of the stone fortress. The article shows all of the Kilia fortresses: the Genoese citadel, the Moldavian fortress and the bastion fortress built by the Ottomans later.

Инструменты и приспособления для пошива кожаных изделий в средневековой России

Author(s): Alexandr V. Kurbatov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2009

The author reviews archaeological, written and graphic sources on Russian leather industry, which hold accounts of every tool, appliance and equipment used to tailor and sew leather articles. This complex approach enables a rather precise timing of appearance of specific leather articles in daily use. Besides, it allows attributing a number of archaeological finds. Thus, in the large collections of archaeological finds from strata of medieval towns one can distinguish series of leather articles that were used as a sort of thimbles by the ancient urban population. Similarly, distinction is possible in case of aprons, linings under pattern cutting, etc. The author defines the purpose, time and area of use of such groups of archaeological finds as tailor knives, awls, patterns, wooden shoe lasts. In this regard, patterns are a very good illustration. Analysis of scarce written accounts, their comparison with rare finds of ‘patterns’ in strata of medieval Russian towns allow considering them a sort of ‘manuals’ to be demonstrated to pupils and apprentices. Iron ‘patterns’ must be regarded as special appliances used for driving wooden pegs and iron nails into soles.

Германское общество в XVI – начале XIX вв. и переселенческое движение немцев в Российскую империю

Author(s): Serghei V. Kapustin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2004

The article sets a question of social-anthropological approach to research of the situation in German society in 16th – early 19th cc. to reveal the reasons behind peculiarities of massive migration of Germans into the Russian Empire, in particular, into southern Bessarabia. The author draws attention to a deep psychological affect caused by an endless row of different disasters in Germany.Political and economic shocks accompanied by death of many people from Reformation till Napoleonic wars brought to changes in mentality and way of life. Laymen reduced to beggary and desperation were setting off to nowhere, regardless of counteractions undertaken by idle and ignorant nobility. Coming to Russia almost “naked” as they were, the Germans were given the status of colonists. The Czar’s administration ensured such conditions for the emigrants that enabled quick transformation of yesterday’s refugees into exemplary proprietors and law-abiding citizens.

Kilka uwag o wzajemnych wpływach w polskiej i węgierskiej literaturze epoki odrodzenia

Author(s): Dorota Várnai / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1(2)/2007

One can establish mutual influences in the Renaissance Hungarian and Polish literatures. The influences are due to the personal contacts of humanist poets and thinkers and due to the experience these people got in Poland and Hungary respectively. The literary interactions are manifested in various phenomena: translations, paraphrases, dedications, poems written on special occasions, and Polish and Hungarian topics.

Mittelruthenisch (Mittelweißrussisch und Mittelukrainisch): Ein Überblick

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2005

The Middle Ruthenian (Middle Belarusian and Middle Ukrainian) period is an important stage in the development of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. It is characterized by several significant innovations on all linguistic levels. Of utmost significance is the broad functionality of Middle Ruthenian as a literary language, particularly beginning from the second half of the 16th up to the middle of the 17th century.

SOME DESCRIPTIONS OF DINARIC KARST IN PUBLICATIONS FROM 16TH-18TH CENTURY

Author(s): Andrej Kranjc / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2014

From relatively scarce descriptions of Dinaric Karst the author has chosen three examples: the diary of B. Kuripečič, the interpreter of the Austrian emperor diplomatic mission to the Turkish Sultan in Istanbul; the diary of Turkish traveller, diplomat, and soldier Evliya Çelebi; and the travel report of a researcher from the Enlighten period, B. Hacquet. In 1531 the first one published his diary where just two karst phenomena are mentioned. Evliya Çelebi wrote his diary during the great part of the 17th century and it contains numerous mentions and shorter descriptions of karst phenomena, mainly in terms of traveller’s and soldier’s point of view. B. Hacquet who considered himself as a chemists or “geologist” (in modern sense of the word) wrote the most about Dinaric Karst in his travel book on the “Physical-political Travel from Dinaric through Julian … to Noric Alps” (1785) and in the description of Carniola, “Oryctographia carniolica...” (1778-1789). He is one of the first known to use the term Dinaric Alps. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century there were more and more descriptions of this part of the Balkan Peninsula, let me mention only the well known A. Fortis’ work (1774).

Uwagi o białorusko-polskich kontaktach językowych w miastach Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego

Author(s): Jerzy Gordziejew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2004

The article deals with the development of the Polish language and the Polish- Belarusian language relationship in the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The text concentrated on the example of the city of Grodno situated in the western part of the Duchy. According to the sources, specific features of the Polish language were that it adopted interesting Belarusian lexical loans, Belarusian personal names written in Latin alphabet. The materials collected contain a lot of examples of the Belarusian influence on the Polish phonetic system. The results of the research problem are discussed on the wide historical background: ethnic structure of the city and the cultural contacts of its inhabitants. The author’s attempt to describe the problem is based on the numerous valuable sources, preserved and gathered in the Belarusian archives: the council files of old Grodno, the court’s records and the Civilian-Military Commission of Grodno district, the inventories of the nobles’ and the monasteries’ possessions and other kinds of contemporary sources.

Что такое «простая мова»?

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2002

The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.

Lehnprägungen nach italienischen Vorbildern in der Sprache der Dramen der kroatischen Renaissance

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 1-3/2003

Following К. Schumann’s classification, the paper establishes 8 of the 23 possible types of loan translations and semantic loans in the Renaissance Croatian drama. At the same time, two new types of calquing are also identified: “Lehngebrauch der Rektionen von Verben und Substantiven“ and “syntaktische Lehngebrauch der Rektionen der Lehnwörter“. In using loan translations or semantic loans the authors’ individual choice is for the lexical types, while in terms of syntactic loans the widespread and generally accepted forms are preferred.

Nowożytne testamenty jako przykład źródła dokumentu osobistego

Author(s): Katarzyna Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2017

Modern testaments are a reflection of the customs of the era in which the deceased lived. They contain information about family relationships and social relations of their authors. On the other hand, they are a separate literature genre, whose method comprises several basic elements, which are usually placed in the same structure. Last will of Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski and Józef Stanislaw na Dąbrowicy Firlej were chosen as examples of testaments. The aim of the article is to characterize last wills in terms of their content. Content as an example of personal documents source.

Obywatele u władzy: narodziny, rozkwit i zmierzch szlacheckiej republiki

Author(s): Joanna Choińska-Mika / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

The article examines the expansion of political rights and the changing forms of nobility’s political participation in the context of constitutional transformation of the state since the late 14th c. to the end of the 17th c. First, there was a noted increase in political aspirations among nobility which resulted in a growing number of noblemen participating in local public/political life. This, in turn, resulted in a gradual broadening of political agenda. As a consequence, these stimulated the emergence and development of parliamentary institutions, and varying communication methods between the Crown and the localities. In addition, these processes triggered the emergence and development of a distinct civic/political culture among the nobility; one which was strongly rooted in republican ethos, respect of the law and the ideals of civic consensus.

Słownictwo i frazeologia "Psałterza krakowskiego" (1532) na tle ówczesnych przekładów biblijnych

Author(s): Ewa Woźniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2002

Plałterz albo ko/cielne Jpiewanie Krola Dawida nowo pilnie przełożony z lacińjkiegc ięzika w p o l/k i według Jzczerego tekstu. PraJfowano lata Bożego M. D. XXXII. to trzeci z zachowanych polskich psałterzy, a pierwszy drukowany w 1532 r. w Krakowie w oficynie Hieronima Wietora. Miejsce wydania oraz nazwisko wydawcy posłużyły do stworzenia dwoch identyfikujących zabytek skrotowych jego nazw stosowanych w dotychczasowej literaturze przedmiotu: przez jednych nazywany jest „Psałterzem krakowskim”, przez innych „Psałterzem Wietora” lub „Wietorowym”

Українське козацтво та його роль у зовнішній політиці Великого Князівства Литовського (кінець XV – початок XVI ст.)

Author(s): Mariya Parakhina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2012

The article is based on an analysis of archival materials, published documents and the results of modern research determined the geopolitical situation and the role and place of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Cossacks in the foreign policy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.