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During the Renaissance in Italy, on the one hand, the physicians recognize the need for a practical study of human anatomy for the needs of medicine, and on the other hand, in the artists and sculptors arises the need to master the realistic portrayal of man. One of the means of achieving this objective is the knowledge of science anatomy, in particular – of the musculoskeletal system of man. The article deals with cooperation between artists and anatomists in this era, led to a number of discoveries in the anatomical illustration for scientific and didactic purposes of the muscular and skeletal systems and the emergence of a new model for anatomical illustration, called “Ecorche.” Outlined are the contributions of Leonardo da Vinci for anatomical visualization and prerequisites, which he created with his research in the field of anatomy, the emergence of a new model. It is noted that for centuries this model strongly influenced the teaching of anatomy, both painters and sculptors, as well as the medics, especially anatomists and surgeons. Presented are the most important authors, writings and illustrations (incl. statues) type “Ecorche” of those times that have affected anatomical editions over the next centuries. There is analyzed and commented upon the style of anatomical illustrations with figures “Ecorche” of the emblematic artists of the Renaissance and educational objectives that are placed through them.
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The term pallium derives from Latin and signifies “coat”. It is a strip made of white wool, worn on shoulders, used as an element of a liturgical attire of a Metropolitan Archbishop. The pallium is decorated with six Greek crosses, three pins and silk black trimmings. Its meaning is to emphasize the liturgical function and power of a Metropolitan Archbishop and his unity with the Holy See. The liturgical rite for imposing the pallium in the history had many modifications, and the present form was approved by Pope Francis in 2015. The rite itself underlines the pastoral responsibility of the Shepard towards his flock. It is a visible sign of unity, of the communion with Holy See and it is also a call for evangelical fortitude.
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The paper examines the texts encomia in the Slavonic copies that contain the First and the Second book of Euthymios Zigabenos’s 12th century Panoplia Dogmatike. The focus is on the following written evidence: the Slavonic translation of PD First book from the first to the 11th chapter included in two manuscripts: HM.SMS 186 – a 16th century copy from Hilandar monastery, and another 16th century manuscript – miscellany III c 16, Mihanovich collection in HAZU; the only copy containing the Second Book of PD in Slavonic – Ms. Slav. BAR 296 from the repository in the Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences in Bucharest, dated from the very beginning of the 15th century; the famous Zagreb miscellany of Vladislav the Grammarian from 1469 with excerpts from PD. The texts of encomia are published as a complex for the first time. The author sustains the hypothesis that the Slavonic translation of PD had a close connection with the Athonite monastic brotherhood, whose orthodoxy and orthopraxy was the main engine for both the appearance of the translation, and its subsequent use and spread, especially in Ottoman times, when the Orthodoxy, more than ever, needed the dogmatic bases of its identity. The article tries to answer the question about the role of encomia in this process.
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The present study focuses on texts of Western Travelers (Konrad Grünemberg, Pietro Casola, Arnold von Harff, Felix Fabri) and data pertaining to the culture, languages and customs of the Balkan people. Curious details about wedding and funeral customs in the Balkans we can found in the travel notes of Konrad Grünemberg. Arnold von Harff provides valuable data on Balkan languages – Slavic, Greek, Albanian and Turkish, including short dictionaries of these languages. In the travel notes of Western pilgrims and travelers, the ethnic diversity of the Balkans is consistently reflected. The western texts state that the majority of the Balkan population was Christian Orthodox. At the same time, there is interesting information on the minorities of Gypsies and Jews in a suburb of Modon, and their characteristic cultural features are discussed at length.
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This paper elaborates the genesis of the socio-historical development of local selfgovernment in the city of Sarajevo from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Sarajevo became the urban center during the Ottoman administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, founded by Isa-bey Ishaković in 1462. The second period of Sarajevo's urban development dates from 1521 to 1541, when the role of the administrator of the Bosnian Sanjak was carried out by Gazi Husrev-bey. During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Sarajevo turned into a large city settlement under Ottoman rule. During the Ottoman administration, the City of Sarajevo was the center of trade and merchandise trade between the East and West. The turning point in the urban development of the city of Sarajevo entered with the Austro-Hungarian administration. From 1878-1914, Sarajevo got its own management and became a modern urban center like the towns in Central Europe. After the Second World War, the city of Sarajevo achieves a new rise in its development. The rise in the development of the City of Sarajevo will be especially confirmed during the preparation and maintenance of the 14th Winter Olympics. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the city of Sarajevo expanded its territorial coverage to ten municipalities with the inclusion of the city of Sarajevo: Trnovo, Hadžići, Pale and Ilijaš. The 1992-1995 siege of Sarajevo led to the destruction of the economy and social activities. After the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995, Sarajevo reintegrated its urban units that were under the siege of the Republika Srpska Army during the war in early 1996. In 1996, the Sarajevo Canton was established on the territory of the municipalities that were part of the City of Sarajevo. The Sarajevo Canton authorities have appropriated the property and jurisdiction from the City of Sarajevo. Since then, the City of Sarajevo has not completely solved the constitutional-legal and political status from the standpoint of autonomous competences and territorial organization on the whole of its urban space. The paper presents the prerequisites for changing the constitutional and legal status of the city of Sarajevo, which, as a local self-government unit, would have full competence on the basis of the European Charter of Local Self-Government.
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Reviews of: 1. Dr Nikola Žutić, RIMOKATOLIČKA CRKVA I HRVATSTVO, OD ILIRSKE IDEJE DO VELIKOHRVATSKE REALIZACIJE 1453-1941, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 1977, str. 335. Review by: Ljubodrag Dimić 2. THE SERBS AND THEIR LEADERS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (SRBI I NJIHOVE VOĐE U DVADESETOM VEKU), edited by Peter Radan and Aleksandar Pavković, Ashgate, Aldershot-Brookfield USA-Singapore-Sydney 1997, str. 260. Review by: Bojan B. Dimitrijević 3. NEPOZNATA STRANA KNJIGA О SRBIMA Meri E. Daram, KROZ SRPSKE ZEMLJE (1900-1903), Srpska Evropa, Beograd 1997, str. 338. Review by: Vujadin Milanović 4. Mr Nebojša Popović, JEVREJI U SRBIJI 1918-1941, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 1997, str. 231. Review by: Ivan S. Hofman 5. Dr Smiljana Đurović, S TESLOM U NOVI VEK, NOVA SINTEZA ISTORIJE, Izabrani članci iz ekonomske istorije Srbije i Jugoslavije 1918-1941, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, Biblioteka grada Beograda, Istorijski arhiv Beograda, Beograd 1997, str. 307. Review by: Miroljub Vasić 6. Dr Momčilo Pavlović, Mira Ninošević, Veroljub Trajković, IZBORNE BORBE U LESKOVAČKOM KRAJU 1919 - 1939. Knjiga prva (1919-1929), Narodni muzej, Leskovac 1997, str. 344. Review by: Ranka Gašić 7. Božin Jovanović, PRIVREDA TIMOČKE KRAJINE 1940-1990, Javno preduzeće štampa, radio i film, Bor, 1995, str. 400. Review by: Slavoljub Cvetković 8. POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CONFRONTATIONS IN TWENTIETH - CENTURY EUROPE: Essays in Honor of Milorad Drašković, priredili - Robert Conquest i Dušan J. Đorđević 1996 New York. str. 290. Review by: Predrag J. Marković 9. Dr Đuro Kovačević, IZGUBLJENA ISTORIJA, Ogledi i razmišljanja о jugoslovenskoj krizi 1988-1995, Akademija nova i Institut za evropske studije, Beograd 1996, str. 299. Review by: Miroljub Vasić
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The article aims to compare the titles of some dignitaries in the Bulgarian kingdom and the corresponding titles of the dignitaries in Wallachia and Moldova. The cited sources are mostly Wallachian and Moldovan documents from XIV–XV century, when the Byzantine-Bulgarian influence on the state regulations of the Danubian principalities is strongest.
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The Russian Chronograph is one of the most significant chronicles in Russian literature. It has several redactions – the First from 1512, the Basic from 1617 and the West Russian from the middle of the 16th century. Each of the variants contains information about Bulgarian history from the settlement of the Proto-Bulgarians in the Danube River area until the death of Tsar Mihail III Shishman. The West Russian version differs because of the distinct sources used in its compilation. This peculiarity is also noticed in the evidence on Bulgarian history, which has not yet been the subject of independent research.
More...Българско царство. Сборник в чест на 60-годишнината на доц. Георги Н. Николов. Отговорен ред. доц. д-р Ангел Николов. София, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2018. 845 с. ISBN 978-954-07-4490-2.
Documentary compilation review
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The purpose of the article is to determine the influence of the aesthetic ideals of the Italian Renaissance on the formation and stylistic diversity of aristocratic women's hairstyles. The methodology of the study consists of the principles of objectivity, historicism, multifactor, systemicity, complexity, and pluralism; and to achieve the goal methods used: problem chronological, concrete-historical, statistical, descriptive, logical-analytical. Scientific novelty. An art-study analysis of the formation of the style of women's aristocratic hairstyles in Italy in the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries was conducted in the context of Renaissance aesthetics, based on the study of rare sources and archival materials; The role of well-known Italian aristocrats, legislators of the Isabella and Beatrice d'Este, Bianchi Maria Sforza, Batista Sforza, Maddaleni Doni, Eleonora of Toledo, Lucia Albani Avogadro, and others are researched in the process of creating and promoting new styles of women's hairstyles. Conclusions. Based on the study of the specifics of the creation and finishing of aristocratic female hairstyles of the Italian Renaissance, it has been proved that their stylistic and formative features are one aspect of the modification of the human body in accordance with the humanistic views and aesthetic ideals of the Renaissance; It was found that a female hairstyle in the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries was a symbol of individual and group identity.
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This study aims to trace in detail the development of demographic and religious processes in the settlements along the river Vacha during the last quarter of the 15th century – 16th century using data from Ottoman registers.
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The first defense structure of Kalamita was a Byzantine fortress of 550—650: it protected the passage to the Heraclean Peninsula. Not earlier than 1422 and as late as the end of 1423, most likely in spring or summer of 1423, its early medieval debris was used for building a new fortification in its place. The new structure belonged to a ruler of Theodoro who started a war against Caffa. In October-November 1423, the defense structures of Kalamita were massively damaged by a 9-degree Yalta earthquake and restored in 1425—1427. In 1434, Kalamita was burnt down by a Genoese punitive expedition led by Carlo Lomellini. Further restoration works aimed to erect a stone wall to defend the suburb. The fortifications of the Theodoro fortress were substantially reconstructed within 1450—1475, with the support of the Genoese authorities. In 1475—1771, Kalamita belonged to the Ottomans, who at the end of the 16th century (the earliest), but, most likely in the 17th — early 18th century, added two new fortifications to the fortress: wallgang and glacis.
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Splendid Encounters VIII: Les Gestes De La Diplomatie / The Gestures of Diplomacy, Gifts, Ceremony, Body Language (1400–1750), Conference, 30–31 May 2019, Toulouse, University Toulouse Jean Jaurès
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This article examines and analyses the degree of succession among the settlements which existed in the pre-Ottoman and the Ottoman period in the northern hinterland of the city of Adrianople /Edirne/ in the period of 14th – 16th century; the changes in their status which occurred after the establishment of the new Ottoman authority and the demographic development changes of the Muslim and non-Muslim population in the settlements. The present survey highlights three settlements – Skutarion, Bukelon and Provaton which in the Middle Ages were part of a group of castles protecting Adrianople from the North. After the conquest of the Balkans and their inclusion into the Ottoman military – administrative system their status changed and the three castles were transformed into centers of administrative units. Our conclusions draw on the achievements of contemporary historiography and on information, found in unpublished Ottoman tax registers from the collections of the Ottoman archives in Istanbul (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi).
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The two authors dwell on the much commented in recent years interesting medieval Fortress of Urvich near the village of Kokalyane in the vicinity of Sofia. According to the findings of the archaeological excavations, a fortification was built on the steep slope as early as the 4th–6th centuries to safeguard the important road. Abandoned in the time of the Barbarian invasions, it was reconstructed during the First Bulgarian Empire in the 10th–11th centuries. The fortification developed rapidly and flourished particularly during the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 12th–14th centuries. There are documents evidencing that Urvich was involved actively in the defence of Sofia against the Ottoman invasion and suffered the same unfortunate fate as the big city. The excavations show that in the 15th–17th centuries an important Christian monastery was founded on the ruins of the fortress; the monastery was burnt to ashes by the Ottomans during the Bulgarian uprisings inspired by the Austro-Turkish Wars in the late 17th – the first half of the 18th centuries. Information from various historical sources on the fate of the Urvich Fortress is gathered and analysed in this article. The earliest is a seal from the 11th century, belonging to the Byzantine aristocrat Nikolay Οὐρβίτζιον – the Greek spelling for the Bulgarian “Urvich”. Worthy of note is the rich Bulgarian folklore tradition, describing the resistance of the Bulgarians against the Ottoman invasion, where the Urvich Fortress is repeatedly mentioned. In this regard, it is mentioned also in the Slavo- Bulgarian History completed in 1762 by Paisius of Hilendar. A definite contribution of the two authors is the discovery that Urvich was mentioned as Oruitro in several Western European travelogues and road maps from the 17th and18th centuries. Their descriptions and designations make it clear that at that time the walls of the ancient fortress were preserved in good height, and that there was a “beautiful monastery” within the walls. This description corresponds and corroborates fully the data from the archaeological excavations.
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W początkach XX w. benedyktyńskie opactwo Maria Laach w Niemczech zaczęło ogrywać decydującą rolę w europejskim ruchu liturgicznym. Przyczynił się do tego długoletni opat (1913–1946) Ildefons Herwegen, który zachęcił mnichów do apostolatu i studiów liturgicznych. W opactwie kładziono nacisk na piękne sprawowanie liturgii, do której mnichów przygotowywały konferencje liturgiczne. Formacją liturgiczną objęto duchowieństwo, środowiska akademickie, młodzież oraz świeckich katolików. Prowadzono tam badania naukowe dotyczące historii i teologii liturgii. Szczególnym osiągnięciem była wypracowana przez Odo Casela teologia misteryjna. W opactwie przeprowadzono także eksperymenty liturgiczne, które stały się podstawą posoborowej reformy liturgicznej. Opactwo prowadziło także działalność wydawniczą. Najważniejsze wydawnictwa to czasopismo „Jahrbuch für Liturgiewissenschaft” oraz seria wydawnicza Ecclesia orans.
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