Руски триодни стихирар с краја XII века – рукопис Хиландар 307

Author(s): Tatjana Subotin-Golubović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 28/2020

MS Hilandar 307, a triodion sticherarion from the late 12th century, is one of the oldest Slavonic manuscripts kept at Hilandar. The manuscript has not survived in its entirety – it is missing the first part which contained stichera of the Lenten cycle; the extant part contains the pentecostarion cycle of stichera. It was written in the Russian recension. The manuscript has probably been kept at the monastery ever since its establishment and could have been even procured by St. Sava at the time of the formation of the monastery library. Its presence at the Serbian monastery confirms that there were no linguistic or practical liturgical obstacles to its use in religious services. Since the Serbian manuscript heritage does not include surviving sticheraria as a type of liturgical book, its content is highly interesting. This paper explores the interrelationship between the sticherarion and corresponding services in the oldest Serbian triodion, copied in the first half of the 13th century and now kept in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg (F. п. I. 68). Two services were selected as examples – the service for the Mid-Pentecost (Midfeast) and the service to the Holy Fathers of the First Ecumenical Council. An initial careful comparison already revealed the appearance of different translations of the texts shared by both manuscripts. Also, it was found that only a part of stichera in the sticherarion appear in full triodion services, in which stichera make up just one segment of the service as a complex hymnographic ensemble.

O identitate latină în viziunea lui Rogerius din Apulia și Toma din Split

Author(s): Iulian Mihai Damian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The paper explores the significance of the term Latinus in two important medieval literary works (Epistola in miserabile carmen super destructione regni Hungariae and Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum), written at the end of the 13th century by two important prelates of the Hungarian Kingdom. United by their common (Italic) origin, their university education, their close links with papal Rome and their collaboration at the head of the Archdiocese of Split in the latter part of their lives, Rogerius of Apulia and Thomas of Split share a common vision of their contemporary political reality, which leads them to identify themselves as ‘Latins’ and to show solidarity, whenever they have the opportunity, with other Romanic elements that appear sporadically in their writings. Thanks to a more accurate reading of this element of identity (avoided by the national historiographies of the 19th and 20th Centuries), we can detect behind the literary construction of their works a political vision in which the ‘Latin’ ethno-cultural group of the kingdom appears as a force capable of counteracting both a monarchy with proto-national accents and the influence of the Romano-German Empire, in an attempt to protect its own identity and interests.

Октоих – узор и инспирација за средњовековне српске химнографе

Author(s): Tatjana Subotin-Golubović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2011

Octoechos is not merely a musical manual in everyday use during the service in Orthodox Church, but also a comprehensive anthology of church poetry. It contains poetical works of great Byzantine poets, such as John of Damascus, Joseph the Hymnographer, Andrew of Crete. The use of Octoechos during the service is strictly regulated by Typicon. After accepting the Orthodox rite, the Slavs were acquainted with Octoechos which has undoubtedly made a great impression on the attentive audiences present at the service. Octoechos has also influenced the work of medieval Serbian hymnographers all of whom were, as it is well known, pious men. The influence of the poetics typical of hymns of the Octoechos has already been present in the Akoluthia to St. Simeon written by St. Sava. In the hymnographical work of Theodosius this influence is even more present, especially in his Canons on the eight modes (echoi) that follow the pattern of the supplicatory canons of the Octoechos. Ephraim, who was the Serbian patriarch in two turns (1375–1379, 1389–1392), wrote his church hymns and prayers following those of the Octoechos. Ephraim composed his stichera dedicated to Christ and Theotokos following the regular change of tones of the Octoechos. The spirit of Octoechos has also marked the work of the last Serbian anonymous hymnographers who wrote Akoluthia to the Translation of the holy relics of Saint Apostle Luke to Serbia and the Paraklisis to St. Luke (mid 15th century).

„IN NUMERUM PROSCRIPTORUM MALEFACTORUM ASSIGNATI“. PROSCRIPTION IN BANAT AND TRANSYLVANIA IN THE MIDDLE AGES (14TH–15TH CENTURY)

Author(s): Miloš Marek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

An important part of medieval Hungarian justice was the proscription. It was a legal procedure taken at special assemblies of regional aristocracy held upon the order of the king and presided by the palatine or a person in the dignity of baron (e. g. duke of Transylvania). At these judicial assemblies people accused of crime were listed in registers. When they did not attend the assembly the county authorities found them guilty in absentia, proclaimed as public malefactors and the palatine outlawed them, which meant sentencing to death and confiscation of their property. In comparison with other parts of the kingdom of Hungary only one proscription register from the voivodate of Transylvania and its seven counties and from the territory of modern Banat has been preserved. From this and from other medieval documents we know that also in these parts of kingdom, the general congregations dealt with criminals, who had been summoned before their courts and recorded in proscription lists. Several documents about the proscribed persons and their destinies have been preserved, the data of which are discussed in this papers.

Varia

Author(s): Şerban Marin,Monica Negru / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1-2/2020

Varia

Author(s): Octavian Dascăl,Radu Stancu,Şerban Marin / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1-2/2017

Date noi referitoare la cetatea Chilia

Author(s): Mariana Şlapac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Kilia medieval fortress, now non-existant, consisted of a stone citadel attributed to the Genoese, an outer belt of fortifications, built under Stephen the Great, and an Ottoman bastion fortress, designed and built in the end of the XVIII century. This article examines two documents referring to the Kilia fortress, discovered by the author in the Russian State Military-Historical Archive of Moscow. The first document is an undated plan for a Turkish bastion fortress developed, most likely, by the French engineer François Kauffer. The figure shows the Ottoman-Turkish names of bastions (Agha Bastion, Pasha Bastion, Unique/Unusual Bastion), gates (Stone Gate, Gate with a portcullis, Water Gate, Agha Gate), stone buildings (Sultan Bayezid’s Mosque), etc. The second document, also undated, shows four images of a stone fortress, built by the Moldovans. The iconographic source offers information on the layout of some towers (rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal and complex), the tower’s shape (prismatic with four, six and eight sides; cylindrical; with a rizalit; with an upper console floor, ending in the form of a turret), the shape of the roofs (hipped with four slopes, six and eight slopes, conical, gable roof or gable one with a ridge), the shape of the merlons (simple rectangular, rectangular with a gable ending located longitudinally or transversely), etc.

Construction earthenware in Western Ukraine: continuity of ethnographical tradition (based on the examples of bricks)

Author(s): Halyna IVASHKIV / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article highlights the specificity of the brick as one of major types of construction material in the ХІV–ХХ c. in Western Ukraine. On the territory of the region, namely in Lviv, the brick has been used in construction since the second half of the ХІV c. when city walls and three main cathedrals were built (in particular, we mean the Roman-Catholic, the Armenian and St. George’s Cathedrals). Among the rare findings, there is a brick with a scratched motif of a Greek-type cross that was excavated by archaeologists in the center of Lviv. In the XVI–XVIII c., constructors used a widespread type of brick called “paltsivka”, the name of which originates from the method of its production, i. e., on one of the wider sides of the brick craftsmen made “gutters” with their fingers (Lviv, Zhovkva). This type of bricks was used in building fortifications, monasteries and castles. There are rare samples of bricks with imprints of a child’s or an adult’s foot or a dog’s paw (Lviv, Kopychyntsi). Bricks of the 19th century, which were produced industrially, contained embossed and en-graved Cyrillic or Latin initials, sometimes surnames of enterprise owners, the year and place of production. Bricks from Ivan Levynskyi’s factory were used to build Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater, the railway station and later other buildings in the city, namely in the district of Kastelivka. At that time, brickworks functioned in Boikivshchyna, Pokuttia, Western Podillia and Volyn. Using the example of items from museums and private collections, as well as the author’s own expedition notes, the article has traced the evolution of brick shapes and the inscriptions on them.

Średniowieczne zabytki polsko-łacińskie jako przedmiot badań historycznojęzykowych. Perspektywy badawcze

Author(s): Dorota Masłej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 79/2023

It is only over the last several years that Polish-Latin bilingualism has been explored in depth by the historians of the Polish language. Yet, research in this area has been limited to a rather small corpus of texts, mainly Kazania Świętokrzyskie (‘The Holy Cross Sermons’) and some legal texts. Such research data do not enable making generalisations or spotting a variety of relationships between Polish and Latin in the Polish Middle Ages. The aim of the article is to outline the perspectives for further research on Polish-Latin bilingualism in the Middle Ages, which will be carried out from two points of view: textual (based on the available material) and linguistic (that sees bilingualism as a significant factor in contact-induced change), for which a starting point will be the findings of the latest European research on language contact in medieval Europe.

REKOGNOSCIRANJE ODABRANIH ARHEOLOŠKIH LOKALITETA U PRIJANOVIĆIMA, OPĆINA KLADANJ

Author(s): Merima Hajdarbegović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2023

The paper deals with the field research of the village of Prijanovici near Stupari, municipality of Kladanj, which was carried out in October 2023 with the aim of surveying archaeological sites and documenting cultural and historical assets. In addition to the previously known and registered localities, the field reconnaissance team recorded four new localities where there are material remains dated to the medieval and Ottoman periods. It is about three stecak necropolises, one of which is adjacent to an Ottoman cemetery, and a potential archaeological site called "Grkovik" where traces of a brick building were found. A significant number of recorded archaeological assets and interesting toponyms in Prijanovici and its surroundings, especially from the medieval period, points to the conclusion that this is an extremely old settlement that was inhabited for centuries. Since most of these monuments and material remains are today buried in the ground, forgotten or deliberately damaged, it is necessary to adequately research, protect and present them to the public in the future.

SREDNJOVJEKOVNA NEKROPOLA SA STEĆCIMA I STARI MUSLIMANSKI NIŠANI NA LOKALITETU MRAMORJE U NASELJU SUĆESKA, SREBRENICA

Author(s): Zijad Halilović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2023

This work includes a description of the origin and development of stecak, then technical and photographic recording of stecak and sights at the locality of Mramorje in the Suceska settlement, Srebrenica municipality. The analysis of tombstones in the field enabled the collection of basic data about the monuments. Cemeteries with stecak and niches, their archaeological and historical context, the variety of types of tombstones and decorations as well as the content of inscriptions represent the entire aspects of their appearance and study. The integrity of the tombstones is reflected in their physical integrity, homogeneity and completeness as cemetery units and authenticity.

KUŽNA MEZARJA U ZAVIDOVIĆIMA

Author(s): Jasmin Mehić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2023

The paper talks about the appearance of plague in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in town of Zavidovici, plague cemeteries and legends about the plague. The paper was written on the basis of published sources, oral traditions and field research. Cadastral parcels, geographic coordinates and photos of plague cemeteries are given.

Diplomatske ovlasti kao preduvjet uspješnosti provedenih misija glede dubrovačkih teritorijalnih akvizicija

Author(s): Valentina Zovko / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 1/2013

Ragusan attempts to expand the city territory in the 14th and 15th centuries found a stronghold almost regularly in diplomatic delegations whose representatives were most distinguished and wealthy aristocrats. Outcome of their missions was a result of complex calculations whose part were authorities they were entrusted with. Freedoms they enjoyed determined their diplomatic status, and they were formed according to importance of the mission, in relation to political circumstances in the region and new forms of communication which appeared as a result of progress of the society, development of administrative apparatus and more frequent contacts. Diplomatic practice indicated to necessity of flexibility in activity in order to save time, monitor the events on the spot and timely reaction, but changes were slow. Decisions about their authorities, contained in the text of the instruction, should have had effective results in promoting interests of the entire community but some ambassadors overstepped them, despite harsh sanctions.

Tomislav Matić, Bishop John Vitez and Early Renaissance Centar Europe: The Humanist Kingmaker

Author(s): Amina Abaspahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 52/2023

Review of: Tomislav Matić, Bishop John Vitez and Early Renaissance Centar Europe: The Humanist Kingmaker. Beyond Medieval Europe, ARC Humanities Press, 2022, 248 str.

The Arab Islamic Civilisation as a Global Force for Good: A Reworked Science-Focused Historical Narrative

Author(s): Moneef R. Zou’bi / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2024

From the eighth century, Muslims developed not only their knowledge in the field of theology, but also astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, medicine and other sciences. It is in the nature of Islam to encourage understanding and knowledge, research and study of nature. The text wants to show that the foundations of the Islamic scientific tradition existed even before the introduction of the Greek tradition, that is, that the golden age of Islamic science began with Abdel al-Malik, a century and a half before the creation of Bayt al-Hikma in Baghdad in the 9th century. For almost an entire millennium, the scientists of the Islamic civilization not only studied and analyzed the Greek (and other) sciences, but also added to them many completely new concepts that were unknown to their predecessors. The Crusades and the Mongol invasion influenced the circumstances in which Islamic science developed. The slow introduction of printing technology contributed to the slowdown of scientific development, as did the cessation of the use of the Arabic language as a scientific lingua francae. It is important to point out that Europe in the 12th century paid great attention to Islamic works on astronomy, arithmetic, trigonometry, optics, geometry, astrology and medicine (Mushtaq 1990). The proposed narrative therefore tells us that the science that began with the Greeks came to the Arabs and Muslims where it was accepted, assimilated and rearranged. It was then transferred to Europe over the centuries, where it ultimately contributed significantly to the industrial revolution.

„Sunkiose grandinėse“: elgesys su karo belaisviais Vokiečių ordino valstybėje Prūsijoje, Lenkijos karalystėje ir Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje XV amžiaus pirmoje pusėje

Author(s): Antanas Petrilionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 52/2023

This article delves into a analysis of the treatment of prisoners of war during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The study not only examines the challenges encountered by the prisoners themselves, as documented in their letters, but also sheds light on the difficulties faced by the officials of the Teutonic Knights and lords involved in their release and care. The work highlights the most salient aspects of captivity, including the deprivation experienced by the prisoners, the means by which they were able to obtain basic necessities such as food and clothing, and the types of places in which they were typically detained. Moreover, the article explores the various factors that influenced the behavior of both captors and captives, and distinguishes between the appropriate and inappropriate treatment of prisoners based on the established norms of medieval times.

Татары в Великом Княжестве Литовском в XIV–XVI вв.

Author(s): Yaroslav Pylypchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: Spec/2023/2023

This article is dedicated to the history of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an important role in border guarding. They carried out border, ambassadorial and castle service. Interpreters of Tatars and Tatar beks were sent on important missions to estab- lish diplomatic relations with strong Turkic states. Apostates (apostates from Is- lam) Glinskie played an important role in protecting the Ukrainian border from Crimean raids. Representatives of this family went on diplomatic missions to the Big Horde. The rulers of the Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate did not con- sider it shameful to write to the apostate and the provincial prince. The Tatar origin of the clan, on the contrary, was a plus in the eyes of the Jochids and the Glinskie were generally perceived as their own people. The adoption of Christian- ity opened up broad career prospects. Tatars managed to preserve their identity in places of compact settlement of Tatars in Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in Volyn. However, many Tatars who received land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania quickly lost their ethnic and religious identity.

Борьба университетской и городской корпораций: столкновения школяров и горожан (на примере Оксфорда и Кембриджа XIII—XIV вв.)

Author(s): Vladimir Aleksandrovich Yevseyev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The article examines the contradictions between university and city corporations in Oxford and Cambridge. The main reason for the conflicts was the strengthening of the position of the academic community and the infringement of the rights of citizens. These processes were taking place from the middle of the thirteenth century for a century with the support of the papal curia and, to an even greater extent, on the part of the royal power. It was the royal charters issued to the university corporations of Oxford and Cambridge that greatly limited the rights of the city authorities. This situation, of course, did not suit the townspeople, and this in turn led to bloody conflicts between the city and university corporations. They were most clearly manifested in the events of the middle of the XIV century. In Oxford in 1355, a riot on St. Scholasticism’s Day led to the deaths of dozens of people and the looting of the property of university colleges. However, the city authorities, headed by the mayor, were on the same side with the university administration. The events in Cambridge in 1381 took place against the backdrop of a peasant uprising. This, in turn, influenced the specifics of events in this city, where the municipal authorities, headed by the mayor, were the initiators of the revolt of the townspeople. It should be noted that in both cases, the townspeople turned to the peasants of neighboring villages for help. The consequences for the city corporation and the university of Oxford and Cambridge were the same. The firm and consistent support of university corporations on the part of the royal authorities in the confrontation with the city contributed to the further settlement of disputes by peaceful means. The work uses a comparative-historical method, which involves the identification of the main causes and specific characteristics of individual collisions in the university’s towns.

Древнерусская Ладога в контексте Варяжской легенды: Ревизия источников и интерпретаций

Author(s): Nadezhda Igorevna Platonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2 (34)/2023

The Chronicles contain limited information about Ladoga in the 9th – 10th centuries. Epic and toponymic legends are visible in these news. The first news is found under the year 862 in the copies of the «Povest’ vremennykh let» of the Ipatiev tradition. It belongs to the text of the Varangian legend from the «Ladoga» version. The second news about Ladoga is discovered in 922. This year, the First Novgorod Chronicle reports the death of Prince Oleg the Prophet and his grave, preserved in Ladoga. The political relevance of both news in the historical context of the 11th – early 12th centuries can be clearly seen. An article by N. I. Platonova deals with the problems of sources, meanings, genre and chronology of various versions of the Varangian legend in the Primary Chronicle. The types of oral sources, which became the basis of the earliest texts, and the cultural mechanisms for the preservation and transmission of information about the past in the Old Russian society are briefly characterized. The author supports the N. Lopatin’s hypothesis about the emergence of the «Novgorod» version in the early 11th century and its historical context. Particular attention is paid to the chronology of the «Ladoga» version and the political situation that gave rise to it, as well as the problem of the existence of a princely residence in Ladoga in the 9th – 10th centuries. The article demonstrates that both the original and editorial versions of the Varangian legend are, first of all, sources for studying the history of the period when they were created. It is impossible to consider any of them — as a direct reflection of the 9th century events. Nevertheless, this text contains indirectly important information about the early stage of Old Russian history, which can be extracted analytically.

Raûf Yektâ Bey Türk Mûsikîsi’nin 24’lü Ses Sistemini Risâletü’ş-Şihâbiyye’den mi Almıştır?

Author(s): Mehmet Öncel,Turgut Yahşi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The theoretical system of Ottoman music was developed through the works of Safi al-Din alUrmawī (d. 693/1294) and ʿAbd al-Qādir Marāgī (d. 838/1435). Considering the first period, although the 24-tone sound system was not developed in theory, it is clear that it was used in practice. However, in a theoretical sense, the 17 sound system initiated by al-Urmawī continued to be used until the 20th century. In this century, the Turkish theoretical musical system evolved into a different point with the efforts of Raūf Yektā (d. 1935). Here we have an unequal 24-track sound system. The first written traces of the 24-tone sound system can be seen in the work of La Borde (d. 1208/1794). Later, Muhammad al-‘Attār (d. 1243/1828) and his student Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah (d. 1305/1888) found fame with their 24-tone sound system. Mishāqah's work named Riṣālah alShihābiyyah fī al-ṣināʻah al-mūsīqiyyah, which also includes this system, has become an important cornerstone in the shaping of modern Arabic music. Raūf Yektā, who noticed this system through a newspaper article, determined that this note system, which is divided into 24 equal parts, provides great convenience in Turkish music, especially in naming intermediate sounds. This determination of Yekta is largely similar to the note names in Mishāqah's system, despite some differences. The main difference between this system that Yektā introduced to Turkish music and Mishāqah's system is that Yektā prefers unequal sounds. In this study, information about who first introduced the 24-tone sound system is included. However, no clear data on this subject has been found. From the perspective of Turkish music, this systematic breakthrough succeeded by Yektā - although not put forward by Yektā - enabled him to lay the foundations of today's theory with the Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek trio. In this research, it has been determined that some of the concepts included in Mishāqah's work are the same in terms of content with the concepts in Turkish music. The focus of this study is the work named Riṣālah al-Shihābiyyah fī al-ṣināʻah al-mūsīqiyyah, written by Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah, which Murat Bardakcı clearly stated in an article and which we think Raūf Yektā used in creating the sound system of Turkish music. The aim of the article is to reach the first traces of the 24-tone sound system and to reveal its connection with Turkish music. In the literature study, it is founded that no detailed study has been conducted on both Mīkhāʾīl Mishāqah and where the traces of the 24-track sound system can be traced. In this respect, seeking answers to these questions constitutes the originality of the article. Qualitative research method is used and, the information obtained through literatüre review was discussed with data analysis.