Sakramentarz Galezjański (Reginensis Latinus 316) - zarys roli i znaczenia najstarszego mszału kościoła
Artykuł omawia Sakramentarz Galezjański z VIII wieku.//The article discusses the Gelasian Sacramentary of the 8th century.
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Artykuł omawia Sakramentarz Galezjański z VIII wieku.//The article discusses the Gelasian Sacramentary of the 8th century.
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Mozarabs who defended their Christian identity in exceptional circumstances, historical and cultural after 711 (the year of Arab invasion to the Iberian Peninsula) may become an interesting contribution to the contemporary debate on multiculturalism and its weaknesses. In many of the euchological texts the Spanish liturgy an excellent picture of the struggle for identity. The author of the article analyzed one of the Hispanic mass called Pro tribulatis emphasizes the need to care for own consciousness. Intersubjectivity making by the liturgy understood as an exchange, commercium, and reliance on tradition understood as a creative continuation, transfer, became the foundation of attitudes of mozarabic Christians. Based on the background of historical reflection, the article intend to rethink the difficulties observed in contemporary Spain, influenced by the “new secularism”. Model of multiculturalism, is for many thinkers no longer sufficient and requires a strong correction.
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The article is a study of Chersonese copper coins dated by 850 – 10th cc. which have been found on one of the medieval sites of Kursk Posemye. Besides attribution of the finds, the author attempts to analyze probable sources and time of their occurrence in the southeast of the Ancient Russia – either as military trophies after campaigns of the Russian princes against Chersonese at the end of the 10th century, and, possibly, the second half of the 9th century, or as a result of trade relations between Byzantium and Russia.
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The author studies three hoards of cuphic coins from Poland: Klukowicze, Drohiczyn and Czekhov. Their composition marked radical change in monetary flows. Abbasid emissions of North Africa, Spain, Iran and Iraq were swept away by a powerful and rapid transit of Samanid silver. It would take just 60-70 days for the coins from monetary metal wholesale market of Central Asia (ash-Shash area) to arrive to Kiev, coming through Itil and Bulgar on the Volga River, which was major mediatory center for their further distribution in north and north-western directions.
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Commercial relations between the Xth century Abbasid state as a separate administrative unit located in the center of the Iraqi city of which were given to the administration of the Samanids Maveraunnehir of the city are the subject of our essay. This is the busiest roads in operation between the two regions, traded goods, light manufacturing and natural richness of the data source in the examination in geography and history will be made.
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This paper deals with monastic entrance as the liminal architectural element facilitat ing a transition between outer - lay and inner - sacred worlds. It examines the architectural design and spatial position of the monastery entrance as an articulation of its multiple functions, which apparently crystallized over a long period of time. By by the eleventh century the function of a monastic entrance emerged into a codified model that included multiple activities. These undertakings necessitated a further elaboration of its architectural setting including visually recognizable symbolic and prophylactic elements. Symbolically charged visual content of an entrance communicated the messages to both lay people and the monks. For outsiders holy images displayed in the monastic entrance designated the abode for people who live under the protection of celestial beings. At the same time, for insiders (monks and nuns), they had multiple meanings both apotropaic and eschatological signifying an adventus into the other-world, which may open a path to salvation.
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Ibn al-Qass (m. 335-336/946-947) nous a laissé une description du mont Sinaï extrêmement riche en détails et proche de celle d’al-Bakrî (m. 487/1094). Si la plupart des observations sont confirmées par ailleurs, un élément tranche par sa nouveauté : la présence, au sommet, d’une belle et grande église. Vraisemblablement d’époque justinienne, elle aurait été construite juste après le monastère et est identique à celle visitée par les pèlerins occidentaux du Moyen Age. Enfin, le texte parle d’énigmatiques Banü Ramad et témoigne de la réduction du nombre des moines vivants au monastère à cette époque.
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The paper presents an exhaustive list of plant names in the Kasyaplyakrsisukti, the most important Sanskrit treatise on agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry dated from the early medieval period. The Sanskrit names are given with full reference to the verses where they appear and together with the up-to-date botanical terms and occasionally with the current English names.
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In this paper the author examined the question of the Roman weapon, hasta concerning its symbolic religious, juridical use. The question was earlier studied by A. Alföldi. The author follows Alföldi’s convincing hypothesis and completed it with several new antique sources. The hasta was used as a spear ensign from the very begginings of Rome to the late Antiquity and it could influence also its medieval use (cf. the Saint Imperial Lance). The author separetely studied the so-called beneficarius-lances, their (Hispanian) origin and its use as spear ensigns.
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The collapse of the Second Türk Empire is due to a classical dynastical inner strife. Foreign forces intervened to it only at the end. The title Tä nri (Teng-li) qa γan used by both sons of the late Bilgä qaan shows a clear tendency to the introduction of sacral kingship anongst the Turks. This tendency, however, was interrupted by the intrigues of the mother of the young qaans and the inner strifes in the dynasty that also lead to the collapse of the Empire. The correct date of this event was 745.
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Die awarenzeitlichen Fibeln bilden ihrer Funktion nach zwei große Gruppen: die von ihrer Herstellungszeit her gesehen früheren, also in der Awarenzeit als „Altfunde” zu betrachtenden, die man als Anhänger, Talisman, Amulett oder interessantes Stück bei sich trug, und die mit den awarenzeitlichen Gegenständen zeitgleichen Fibeln, die großenteils Zubehör der Tracht waren. Beide Hauptgruppen sind aufgrund der Form und Herkunft der Fibeln in weitere Untergruppen aufzugliedern.
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In Kölked-Feketekapu hat Attila Kiss 1970 71 Rettungsgrabungen durchgeführt. Er legte 688 Gräber eines awarenzeitlichen Gräberfeldes frei, die 70–75% des vollständigen Gräberfeldes umfaßt haben werden. 1972 begann er aufgrund von 200 m vom freigelegten Gräberfeld entfernt auf der Oberfläche gefundenen Keramikbruchstücken auch mit der Ausgrabung der awarenzeitlichen Siedlung. An diesem Fundort „B” kamen auch mehrere Grabgruppen eines weiteren awarenzeitlichen Gräberfeldes ans Licht. Bis 1999 hatte er eine Fläche von fast 5 ha freigelegt, auf der sich außer 564 awarenzeitlichen Gräbern 166 awarenzeitliche Häuser, 160 Gruben, 131 im Freien stehende Öfen sowie zahlreiche Gräben und Pfostenlöcher fanden. Über den frühawarenzeitlichen Grabgruppen erstreckt sich die spätere Siedlung, und die spätawarenzeitlichen Gräber wurden über den Objekten aus dem 6.–7. Jahrhundert angelegt.
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The paper analyses investigation of the question of the western vector of the foreign policy of Volyn prince Roman Mstislavovich before the time of foundation of the Galich-Volyn principality in historiography, on the basis of source materials the peculiarities of the processes of Rus’-Polish relations in the second half of the XII century are revealed. The questions of finding the date prince Roman’s birth, the influence of the European factor on the formation of his outlook and his formation as a political and military figure are considered. A fairly unknown aspects of interrelations between Roman Mstislavovich and Polish princes Kazimir II Just, Meshko III Old, Leshko Byaliy and Konrad are traced. The questions of the Polish influence on the events in Berestya in 70-ies of the beginning of 80-ies of the XII century, at the time of the first coming to power of Roman Mstsilavovich in Galich in 1188, returning the Volodimir prince throne by Roman, restoration of prince Volodimir Jaroslavovich on the Galich throne in 1189, joining Dorogichin region to Roman’s possessions at the beginning of the 90-ies of the XII century, the second and final coming to power of Roman Mstislavovich in Galich of 1199 are clarified in the paper. A special attention is paid to the participation of Volyn prince in the restoration of Kazimir II Just on the Krakow throne in 1191 and in the significant battle on the river Mozgava in 1195. All this is important for proper understanding the peculiarities of the development of interstate relations of Rus’ and Poland in the second half of the XII century. The conclusions of the role of Roman Mstislavovich in the international policy are drawn.
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The present study deals with the history and applications of one of the spices, called in Greek malábathron (μαλάβαθρον) and malabathrum (or malobathrum) in Latin. It is nowadays called tejpat or tejpata. The researchers try to establish the time when it appeared in the Mediterranean and subsequently identify its medical and culinary uses, which were noted in Latin texts and first and foremost in Greek medical sources. On the way the authors of the study attempt to pinpoint the meaning of the term folium used in some recipes included in the collection entitled De re coquinaria. The researchers conclude that the history of the spice is an excellent example of globalization of ancient and early Byzantine trade. Though there is no argument for mass import of cinnamomum tamala to the Mediterranean, the spice had a tangible effect on medicine (including cosmetology) and culinary art over all centuries in interest of the article. The authors admit a failure in their attempt to pinpoint the exact moment since when the aromatic leafage of cinnamomum tamala started to be transported to reach the territories, where centres of the Mediterranean civilization were blossoming. On the other hand, they prove that a major growth in the interest in the plant dates back to the 1st c. BC., and they surmise that it might have occurred in the wake of the Roman conquest of the near East and incorporation of Egypt (which were both important points on the malábathron trade route). Anyway, the dietetic-pharmacological doctrine on the characteristics of the plant had been shaped to a commonly accepted form well before the 1st century. Subsequently (and for the first time in the extant sources) it was penned by Dioscurides in his De materia medica. The theory, after being supplemented with Galen’s findings became the cornerstone of medical deliberations on the spice composed up to the 7th century. Malábathron never became a common medicine nor a cheap culinary ingredient. The fact that it was imported from far away (precisely from China, via India, to Syria and Egypt, wherefrom it was later transported to the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea) contributed to its high price, which limited the number of its buyers and consumers. As for medicine, medical treatises suggest an unbroken use of the spice up until the time of Paul’s of Aegina medical encyclopedia (however, exclusively as a condiment utilized in medicines produced for the upper classes of society). In turn, the recipe given by Anthimus prove that cinnamonum tamala was profited from by Roman and Greek cooks, and that a taste for it developed even such barbarian as the Francs. As for the presence of malábathron-including recipes in De re coquinaria, having analyzed select Greek medical texts, the authors of the article came to the opinion that the term folium (with no adjective nor an adjectival phrase) used in the collection refers only and exclusively to cinnamomum tamala. Thereby, they support Andrew Dalby’s opinion on the subject.
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Book-Review: Zofia Brzozowska ̶ Mariusz Bartnicki, Władca i poddani w historiografii ruskiej XI–XIII wieku, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 2015, ss. 344.
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In the late sixth century and the fifth Theseus became a popular Athenian hero. The story of his synoikismos of Attica was already current before Cleisthenes’ new organisation of the Athenians, and was perhaps invoked as a precedent for that new organisation. Theseus as a democratic king in Euripides’ Supplices is unproblematic within the conventions of fift h-century tragedy, but it is remarkable that in the fourth century this came to be accepted as serious history: there are allusions in speeches early in the century, and by the time of the Athenaion Politeia (late 330’s) a detailed account had been worked out, presumably in one of the Atthides. Theseus the democrat may have been invoked in debates on the patrios politeia at the end of the fifth century (though there is no direct evidence that he was); and the particular interest in him in the years around 340 may have been stimulated by Euphranor’s painting in the Stoa of Zeus.
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In the work of the Kievan Metropolitan Hilarion from the mid 11 th century, known as the Sermon on Law and Grace, we can find the earliest testimony of the penetration of Byzantine political elements into the East Slavic area. The Head of the Russian Church, highly educated, fluent in Greek, familiar with patristic tradition and medieval Eastern Christianity literature, seems to have no doubt that the imperial and princely authority come from God. Moreover, in connection with Justinian’s Novel 6, he calls for the need of consistent cooperation between the monarch and the clergy who manage the Church. Praising the grand prince of Kiev, Vladimir the Great, on the pages of the Sermon on Law and Grace, he creates his literary image in accordance with the canons functioning in Byzantine literature. An interesting issue is the issue of preliminaries, which appear in the text by Hilarion. The Metropolitan never named the Kievan prince as the Emperor/Tsar, but called him “Khagan” – a word taken from the language systems of Russia’s eastern neighbours.
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This paper deals with the role and function of the Parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard in Old Slavonic literatures dedicated to the Christianization of the Slavs. It is possible to find analogous symbols, motifs and concepts subordinated to the ideological Christianization-missionary complex in Bulgaria (works written by Kliment of Ohrid, Theophylact of Ohrid), Kievan Rus’ (works of Nestor, Hilarion) and Serbia (works of Teodosije the Hilandarian, Domentijan). The works, where we can find references to the Evangelical Parable, depicted the evangelical activities of Cyril and Methodius and their cultural resonance (in Bulgaria), the baptism of Vladimir (in Kievan Rus’) and missionary activity of Simeon and Sava (in Serbia). The Christianization of the Slavs was interpreted in eschatological categories, because it happened in the seventh millennium (according to the Byzantine era) and at the “eleventh hour” according to the Evangelical Parable. Along with the end of the seventh millennium the end of the world was anticipated. The Parable was applied to the Slavs, who became the workers of the eleventh hour, though they came late, they were in no way inferior to the other Christians. According to the prophetic words of this text “the last shall be first”, the Slavs seemed to be a new God-chosen nation. We can observe an evolution of the Christianization-missionary ideological complex on the basis of the Evangelical Parable from the universal level in the literature dedicated to Cyril and Methodius to the local level in Old-Serbian and Old-Russian literature, because the same ideas were used there to show affirmation of the concrete nation.
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Considering this topic to be a useful and necessary material for thought, we shall in this paper address the mutual relations of people in the way of the acquisition of science. The main characters and concepts that may be encountered in this field are teachers, under which term we include all the persons with the knowledge - and students, which includes all persons who receive knowledge. The third important link that connects them is science. To be more specific, we will talk about qualities and virtues of persons associated with the science. We aim to introduce these themes through the eyes of a scholar from the golden age of science in the Islamic world. Also, we would like to point out the lasting values from this period, and why is al-Ghazzali, "read" and "interpreted" for almost an entire millennium. More specifically, this year marks the nine-hundred year (900) anniversary of the death of this prolific scholar (died 1111). The paper gives an overview of the pedagogical methods that Ghazali wrote in the form of 'conditions for success' offered to both students and teachers (teachers, professors and lecturers). Science is what binds students and teachers and it is a link which lifts them morally and scientifically.
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