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Od kilku lat w najpopularniejszych polskich filmach można zauważyć nowy trend: eksplorowanie ekranowej przemocy. Mamy dziś do czynienia z nadprodukcją obrazów gwałtu, cierpienia i zabijania; konstruowaniem fabuł wokół sadyzmu, masochizmu i innych sposobów zadawania bólu.
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The aim of the article is to evaluate Israel’s security perceptions about the Arab Spring. The study argues that The Arab Spring is the reshuffling of the Middle East by realigned U.S.-Turkish common policies. For Israel the devil you know is more acceptable than the unknown future. Bearing in mind all the results of the surveys showing that Arabs can easily fall into radical Islam, Israel prefers not to enter such a dangerous and risky game for toppling down the old dictators and establishing new regimes. Israel could resist such a change and force U.S. to postpone or cancel their new policies if it were a decade ago, but today she is extremely isolated in international arena thanks to Bibi’s government. On the other hand, Israel struggles to counter the Turkish offenses in diplomacy, has to avoid the ―Iranian Trap‖ that is being set by Iran slowly and carefully for the past few years, and also domestically facing serious crises. All those dynamics are forcing Israel to remain silent unless it breaks the isolation that it fell, and watch carefully the games played by U.S., Turkey and Iran in the Middle East.
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Bulgarian lawmakers ban women from wearing the burqa and niqab in public; those who do will be fined and lose their social benefits.
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Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were dubbed the worst three EU countries for sexual minorities in newly released ranking, while Azerbaijan came in last in Europe.
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Disruption appears to be work of far-right extremists acting against a symbol of an alternative lifestyle.
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The major argument in this article is that the contemporary concept of jihad inclines to have a heavy personal political baggage. In Southeast Asia, the talibanization and the influence of the al-Qaeda interpretation of the jihad appear to have made their inroad in regional radical salafi movements such as the Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), Jama’ah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT), and Hizbut Tahrir (HT). Radical salafi differs from the traditional salafi given its belief in the use of force to achieve religious-political objectives. Indonesia has been the center for these movements and their presence has been felt in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Thailand and Philippines. Some of them have been active in propagating the new concept of jihad. Therefore, this article maps out the conception of jihad as it is propounded by the three movements. It discusses how the conception of these movements of jihad has departed from the earlier salafi movements. In addition, it discusses how the idea has been expanded from Indonesia to other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago.
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Ethnos is a broad term, often understood as an element in nation making, or else an umbrella term for the processes of building the modern nation. The academic discussion around ethnos nowadays is being challenged not only by the principles of globalization, and with them a possibility of a global village, where nations will or will not have an important role, but also the efforts to establish states based on faith and strong ideology on the part of some right wing parties or the supporters of the Muslim caliphate. This article presents a short study on the problems created by globalization and discusses the parameters of possible influences imposed on the nation by world coalitions and associations. It addresses questions like: Can the nation survive in a globalized society? What kinds of nations might be developed in the future? Is the Greek ethnos compatible with these developments? What is the relation of radicalization and terrorism to nation building?
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An article refers to the ghettoization of Budapest, which plans was created just after when German troops invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. Paper presents particular stages of the Jews’ fate in Budapest. Which were: duty of wearing the yellow-stars, establishment of the ‘Yellow-star Houses’ and ‘Protected Houses’, moreover a movement to ghetto, which was established on 5 December 1944. An article contains an analyse of ghettoization theme with an example of the ‘large ghetto’, ‘international ghetto’ and also refers to the people’s fates which rescued Jews (‘Righteous among the Nations’).
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Politika i kultura u doba apatija
In The End of Utopia, noted social critic and historian Russell Jacoby takes a sobering look at the future of politics and does not like what he sees. Jacoby points to the abandonment of utopian ideals that once sustained dissent and movements of social change; and he call for writers and critics to reclaim the vision and backbone they are losing.
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This study analyses the book named “Beyoğlu Rapsodisi” of Ahmet Ümit, who is one of the successful Contemporary Turkish Literature in the light of main assumptions of three theories of criminology. Here a literary critique is not made nor does it criticize the book. The aim is to examine the rich content of the book in the light of theories and to create a reference to theories. As a matter of the fact that assuming what was underlined in the text as the representation of the field and explaining with theories somehow identifying the real with literary construct. This process that contains problems is tried to be enlightened under the light of the “social disorder” and “anomy” and the concepts of the Developmental Criminology so as the events in the book are explained with these theories. Of these theories the first is called social disorder. This theory accepts the city as an ecosystem and explains the social pattern of the city with Darwin’s notion of “wild life”. Migration, poverty, marginalization and crime are the phenomena of the city. Neighborhood of Beyoğlu and the life going on there are tried to be explained with the conceptual sets of this approach. And our second theory is that of the developmental criminology. This theory asserts that there is a sessional relationship between the life practice of a culprit and the moment of taking part in crime. This claimed relationship between life variable and crime and the types of crime is adapted to the novel to try to understand the life sequence of a murderer. Lastly, I make use of the theory of anomy to explain crime and deviation. The theory of anomy tries to understand that how as a result of prevention, tension and oppression individuals lean toward crime and deviation to achieve a goal
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The goal of this article is to examine how different events and phenomena related to the Second World War and the Holocaust are framed via Wikipedia articles written in Polish, Hebrew and English. Departing from the pillars of the theory of framing in mass media, the article conducts a content analysis of three articles, in three different languages. The articles under analysis are the following: “Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp”, “The Pogrom in Jedwabne”, and “Righteous Among the Nations”. The analysis will use the four roles of frames as categories, determined by Entman: definition of the problem/phenomenon, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation. Analyzing how the articles fulfill each of the roles in the different languages, the research hypothesis is that the framing of the phenomena will differ between the versions, and each version will follow pillars of the collective memory of the Holocaust in its respective country. Findings, however, are not in complete compliance with this hypothesis.
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Following article deals with the Kurdish diaspora in Middle-Europe at the background of current conflict with so called Islamic State. Kurds are one of the main actors of this strong regional conflict and their diaspora in Germany and Austria are forced to react to such a situation. The text is focused not only on actual situation in Syria and Iraq, but mainly on Kurdish reaction towards it. Not only for Czech reader there is interesting part dealing with Kurdish community in Czech Republic, although this diaspora is not as numerous and strong as in Germany or Austria. One of the important outcomes of the article is an attempt to predict future scenarios of Kurds situation development. But it is necessary to mention the high dynamics of conflict with Islamic State complicates any such an attempt of prediction.
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The paper deals with complex problems in addressing the adverse housing situation of the Roma population in Košice. After World War II, part of the city known as the gypsy camp under Moldavská way found itself in an extremely exposed position at the entrance to the city. Arrival the amount of working class from rural areas with extensive construction and urbanization ratios further deepen. Numerous Roma growth was evident. Housing problems are addressed through an allocation of older apartments, phasing out the huts in the camp and fi nally focusing on specifi c Roma settlement. The idea of a separate settlement originated in the mid-60s, in 1970, the planned housing units was not built. Another intention of anticipated settlement was in the area Myslava with lower standard family houses. Because of the high costs the concept of prefabricated houses gallery type was born. The government in 1976 refused to deal with Roma housing in specifi c neighbourhoods. Council city national committee nevertheless approved the construction of Luník IX without a specifi c focus. The construction was carried out in late 1970s, several policies were processed recall procedure Roma families from the camp as well as the old city, according to various streets. In 1981 began the history of Luník IX, its ethnic ghettoization with disastrous consequences to the present.
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Wyrzeczenie się przemocy: styl polityki na rzecz pokoju — taki tytuł nosi papieskie orędzie na noworoczny Światowy Dzień Pokoju, obchodzony w 2017 roku już po raz 50. Według zapowiedzi Franciszek odniesie się w nim do przemocy i pokoju jako dwóch przeciwstawnych sobie sposobów budowania społeczeństwa.
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Zacznijmy od dzieci. Fatah (imię zmienione), lat 8, jest małą uchodźczynią z Syrii. Do Włoch przyjechała w kwietniu z Lesbos razem z papieżem Franciszkiem. W Rzymie szybko idzie do szkoły, rozpoczynając zdrową rutynę życia w pokoju, która bardzo pomaga dzieciom wydostać się z piekła wojny. Przez te pierwsze dni Fatah rysuje: zniszczone domy, bomby. Na jej obrazkach nie ma ludzi, lecz wielki czarny krzyż zatknięty nad domem — jej domem, którego teraz już nie ma. Nie trzeba być psychologiem, żeby zrozumieć traumę tych dzieci.
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Příspěvek ke genezi bezpečnostní teorie a konceptu vnitřní bezpečnosti
Internal security and so-called soft threats such as extremism, radicalism, or organizedcrime have not long been considered a legitimate part of security studies as a branchof international relations. The aim of this study is to show how the meaning of internalsecurity has changed in security research. Previously, issues of internal security havebeen discussed mainly as part of criminology, sociology or criminal law, and nowadaysthey are an integral part of security studies. The central part of the study is anintroduction to a wide variety of approaches to internal security - from the traditionalconcept of internal security as an objective state, through a social construct, and adiscourse, to security practice. The paper consists of two parts. Firstly, it focuses onthe genesis of security theory and the emergence of internal (soft) security in the 80'sand related concepts such as Homeland Security, regime security or Innere Sicherheit.The second part presents two main approaches to the research of internal security -problem solving theories and critical security theories - and summarizes their benefitsand limitations.
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The Ottoman Empire acquired a structure spreading over immense boundaries in the pre-modernization era. This required a well settled technological organization within its boundaries. The biggest portion of the rural organization of Ottoman Empire consists of States which have close ties to the center. In terms of administrative structure, it was divided into sanjaks, townships and sub-districts/village units. Within this administrative mechanism, the rural representatives of the emperor were "Beylerbeyi" in military authorities who had the title of "Bey" and "Kadi" in administrative authorities who had the title of "Effendi" The Ottoman provincial organization acquired its most advanced form in Rumelia, Anatolia, Arabia and North Africa in the 16th century after passing through long and various stages. Ottoman state administration developed this organization by taking many elements of administrative traditions of previous Turkish and Islamic states. The intended purpose of Ottoman Empire’s separation of its lands into states is the principle of self-governance in terms of economics. Each state was responsible for training soldiers required for its defense and allocated in proportion to its share. This issue was considered to be among the basic functions of Timar and Zeamet lands. The centralized state structure of Ottoman Empire consisting of semi- autonomous units was effective in developing and implementing its own administrative traditions. It is possible for a state having a vast territory to be able to satisfy this qualification only with a healthy transportation and communication network. The Ottomans improved the transportation possibilities inherited from Byzantium and Seljuks. Some of the roads that constitute the Silk Road were straight roads which were available for wheeled vehicles to pass. The large part of the roads enabled caravan transportation. Within the main policy of the Ottoman venue organization it was important to provide accessibility of the venue which will cover the entire Memalik-i Mahruse Two paths were followed for this in the Ottoman classical period. A road network was established with the names of right, middle and left branches where the first one starts from Istanbul and in one hand in the Rumelia Side and on the other hand in the Anatolian side. Besides, this main route was been expanded by secondary routes. In order to provide security and accessibility on these roads menzil and derbend organizations was provided to be functional. Another method pursued by the Ottomans for venue integration was to establish road safety circles that expanded from Istanbul to the periphery. The venues which included the capital İstanbul-Hüdavendigar and İzmit sanjask were constituting an integrity.
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Między pragnieniem wymarcia a nadzieją na nieśmiertelność
In response to growth in the human population, resulting in devastation to the planet and a rising catastrophic sentiment in the West, two radically different narratives about the end of the human species have emerged. One opts for voluntary extinction as a form of ecologically motivated altruism; the second is techno-euthanasia, which hypothesizes a quantum leap forward to a post-human era and the hope of radical life extension. However, between the desire for extinction and hope for immortality, a slowly but steadily growing number of people are choosing a third way: remaining childfree for the sake of their own lifestyle preferences. A such conceived renouncement of parenting should not be confused with childlessness and its associated lack, but should be seen rather as a sign of the times, an individual choice to enjoy the pleasures in life, which are treated as a value in themselves, without the need for the biological extension of life itself.
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Es war 5559 Kriege vom Summerzeiten bis zum zweite Weltkrieg, Nach 1945 etwa 160 Kriege. Was ist der Krieg eigentlich? Es ist ein Zustand, in dem die Staaten gegeneinander kämpfen und keine friedliche Beziehungen zusamen haben. Es ist hier wichtig ius ad bellum (also die Staat hat Recht um Krieg zu führen. Heute Krieg ist verboten, es sind nur zwei Möglichkeiten, die Selbstverteidigungskrieg und militärische Aktion auf Initiative des UN – Sicherheitsrates) und ius in bello (Internationale humanitären Völkerrechts, hier wichtig sind Menschenrecht. Hauptmenschenrecht ist das Recht auf Leben, lebende Menschen haben Rechte). Es sind Grundsätze des humanitären Völkerrechts, aber nicht immer sind beobachtet. Wir haben 4 verschiedene Systeme zum Schutz der Menschenrechte, für Polen besonders interessant ist Europäisches und Internes System. In Polen mit Recht auf Leben ist nur ein Problem, während des Krieges haben wir Todesstrafe. Der Krieg respektiert Menschenrechte nicht ot.
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