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Voda v západní Africe: Zdroj konfliktu, či podnět ke spolupráci?

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Voda v západní Africe: Zdroj konfliktu, či podnět ke spolupráci?

Author(s): Miroslav Petruška / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

The article investigates the problem of sharing water from international water resources and focuses on the Niger River, the Senegal River, and the Volta River in West Africa. Its main aim is to examine the sharing of water provided by the mentioned important rivers and to point out the existence of conflicts or cooperation between the individual countries in the said river basins. When examining the situation related to the sharing of water from the mentioned rivers, the text will be based on two approaches. The first one shows the international water resources as a potential cause of conflicts, and the other one as a means allowing for the development of cooperation. In accordance with the approach, the reasons why water from the mentioned rivers becomes a source of conflicts will be discussed at first, followed by the discussion of the mechanisms supporting mutual cooperation between the individual countries in the said river basins. The aim of the article is to examine whether there is a danger of future conflicts over water in the basins of the Niger River, the Senegal River and the Volta River or an evolution of cooperation in this field.

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Stephen Collier. Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, Social Modernity, Biopolitics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.

Author(s): Alexandra Kasatkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

Review of: Alexandra Kasatkina - Stephen Collier. Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, Social Modernity, Biopolitics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. 312 pp. ISBN 978-0-691 14830-4.

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МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ И КОНТРОЛЬ В СФЕРЕ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ЧУЖЕРОДНЫХ ВОДНЫХ ОРГАНИЗМОВ И ПАТОГЕНОВ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ СБРОСА СУДОВОЙ БАЛЛАСТНОЙ ВОДЫ

Author(s): Ksenia Borisovna Valiullina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The value of the World Ocean is so important that it is extremely difficult to appreciate it. Scientists have proved that the life can exist only on planets where a large part of the surface is occupied by water. For many years, protection and preservation of the World Ocean during the operation of transport vehicles has been limited only to purification of the waters polluted by oil. However, the scientific research carried out in many countries of the world has managed to prove that biological pollution can cause much more destructive consequences because of its irreversible character. Discharge of ballast water by ships is considered as a type of such pollution. More than 7000 invasive alien species of microorganisms, which successfully survive and adapt to new living conditions, are transferred every day with ballast water from one region to another. Every vessel transporting and discharging ballast water can be considered as a source of potential danger. Therefore, governments around the world actively discuss this problem. Despite internationally coordinated actions do not cover all areas, there are examples indicating that constructive solutions to the problem can be achieved. Reasons for the protracted signing of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWМ Convention, 2004), as well as a number of measures to be taken in the shortest possible time, are considered.

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Društvo 21. stoljeća – ključna obilježja i problemi

Author(s): Abdel Alibegović,Midhat Čaušević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

The authors in the paper reflect sociological reality and substantiality on the level of meta-theoretical view of the substantiality itself and essential incline of sociology. If we put all phenomena that are encompassed by wider sociological interest, as Husserl says, between brackets, we still have question of crisis and reflection of (some) crisis imposed as a fundamental characteristic in every serious sociological approach. A question arises – whether a modern man, or a man in general, “likes“ to think, as Heidegger would say? Can the conceptual creator or the culprit of the western rationality be praised for thinking, for having learned to think? Of course, there is an immense difference between be able to think causes and being able/have to think consequences, results of your own actions. There is also an additional situation of not being able to think at all about self, the world, consequences of our actions, etc. Is the man’s faith ontological and ecological awareness, living and acting in accordance to “life sanctity“, or his destiny is a state of “dehumanization“, barbarism and false “-isms“of conscience and awareness? Following modern sociological approaches and authors, the authors tried to reflect, overview and solve the key substantiality of the epoch we live in/out, whatever this “live“means if we view it through prism of Bauman’s and Beck’s epoch of risk, liquidity of life, modernity and fear, through Konrad Paul’s meaningful scanning of catchword “society of knowledge“, to George Myerson’s revealing of range and delusions of ecologism.

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ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ УМЕНЬШЕНИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ НЕФТЯНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ НА ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ КАСПИЙСКОГО МОРЯ

Author(s): A.S. Guliev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2010

Since second half of XX century, creation of powerful industrial enterprises, increase in industrial power, development of scientific and technical progress created a condition for the decision of some social and economic problems, but on the other hand it characterized increase in environmental problems and environmental pollution acceleration. With expansion and deepening of industrial activities affected negative influence on a life and health of people increased. For this reason in a market economy condition, the problem of prevention of environmental pollution comes on the first rows of social responsibilities.

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THE CONSUMPTION OF DOMESTIC GAS IN A TROPICAL SAHELIAN METROPOLIS BETWEEN A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND ADAPTATION OF HOUSEHOLDS TO NEW WAYS OF LIVING: THE CASE OF THE TOWN OF N’DJAMENA IN CHAD.

Author(s): Ndzie Souga Clotaire,Banboye Gilbert Fondze,Albertine Deyembaye / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This study analyses the strategies by the Chadian government to reducedeforestation around the town of N’Djamena as well as over the national territory.Up till date, we observe an increasing growth in the population of the capital ofChad. This growth leads to the abusive and consistent use of fuel wood andcharcoal by the households. This situation is detrimental to the environment and tohuman activities with risks on the real-life of the population. Surveys carried outwith the populations and interaction with resource persons as well as directobservations in the field permitted us to bring out the difficult adaptation ofpopulations to the requirements of modernity and to the sometimes inadequatestrategies of the Chadian government to limit human pressure on the forestresources of N’Djamena. It becomes very imperative to educate the population andto ameliorate their living conditions so as to control energy consumption and avoidcompromising the vegetation cover around Lake Chad and in the Sahel.

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Integrarea serviciilor ecosistemice în planificarea spaţială prin soluţii bazate pe natură

Author(s): Mădălina Sbarcea,Filip Raicu,Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

Global changes, driven by land use changes, human population growth and consumption or pollution, manifest themselves through extensive urbanization and amplified extreme climate phenomena, that are threatening environmental systems and human well-being. Consequences of these changes results in habitats and ecosystems fragmentation and quality degradation, that lead to lower capacity of delivering ecosystem services as well as to negative impacts for human health. At the global and European level, nature-based solutions (NBS) have gained traction as an alternative to traditional measures to tackle these environmental and socioeconomic challenges. In this context, the EU oriented its Research and Innovation agenda towards NBS, aiming at green economic growth and new jobs creation, sustainable urbanization, regenerating degraded areas and improving citizen quality of life. Nature-based-solutions projects usually tackle complex problems and provide a series of benefits, most of which can be assessed from an ecosystem services perspective. The planning and implementation process usually involve multiple stakeholders, from governments to NGOs or lay citizens. Besides further need for monitoring, especially of quantitative effects, the complexity of interactions between humans and their environment require a systems approach to adequately represent feedbacks between variables like public health, wellbeing or environmental quality and ecosystem services. Given these complex relationships and context-dependency, the development of frameworks that support spatial planning professionals and decision makers and that involve regional stakeholders in a participatory process would maximize the benefits obtained by NBS implementation.

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A world transformed by climate justice

Author(s): Madita Standke-Erdmann,Alina Viehoff / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

What will the world look like in 2040 and how did we get there? How will climate change, one of, if not the most pressing issue of our times be tackled on a global scale? With these questions in mind, this article invites the reader to perform a thought experiment into the future. Following an imagined snapshot of the year 2040, the reader is guided through major global developments regarding climate change, social movements and, eventually, climate justice from the 2020s to 2040s. By imagining social, political and economic consequences of climate change and responses to them, this article paints a picture of what the future could look like if climate justice became a guiding principle in the struggle of mitigating the effects of climate change. Suggesting a paradigm shift from securitizing climate change to securing climate justice, this ‘future’ calls for a discursive turn of the manner in which climate change is thought of and acted upon. It requires different entities, including academia, to recognize their role as political actors within society. Consequently, it is crucial to reflect upon whose security is (not) considered but also which responses are taken into account in what way to mitigate security risks related to climate change. The article concludes that imagining a future of climate justice is pivotal to finding solutions to the challenges we are confronted with, that is, keeping the metaphoric ship from crashing into the cliffs.

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Zagrożenia naturalne dla bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego w powiecie gryfińskim

Author(s): Mateusz Szymczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2021

Ecological security, which refers to the preservation of an adequate ecosystem and a biological balance in a close area, was a term which oscillated around the daily sense of security of the inhabitants of a region. Natural hazards was a counterpart aimed at the dangers lurking, for example, in areas of natural value and strict protection, which was very often financed and controlled by EU bodies. The aim of the research paper was to confirm the impact of natural hazards on the state of ecological safety in the district of Gryfino. The research methodology was based mainly on institutional and legal sources. It was initial to analyse existing documents. A key aspect became the use of one of the research techniques which is an interview with a retired Border Guard officer. Gryfino County is a region of local self-government and thus of second-level administrative division in Poland. Its great advantage was not only its geographical location in the midst of the so-called Polish Amazonia, i.e. areas of a network of canals and old riverbeds connected to each other, but also its proximity to the Federal Republic of Germany. Cross-border cooperation has been developing promisingly since the period of political transformation at the security level. The public security services, through mutual assistance and common exchange of information, have been able to implement projects and programmes to improve the environment of the territories. In conclusion, it could be said that the inhabitants of both the eastern and cross-border parts of the county were exposed to natural disasters. However, it is worth noting that due to the presence of water areas they were more diverse and unpredictable in nature. Environmental awareness among the inhabitants was extremely important, but at the same time it had to be supported by the creation of a civil society in the capital’s charming areas. Appropriate coordination of public safety services, innovative local government policies and the involvement of residents were able to counteract the form and strength of natural hazards and their direct impact on ecological safety in the Griffin district.

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Effects of Anti-Corruption Governance Strategy on Organizational Trust and Job Satisfaction in Ministry of National Defense

Author(s): Hong-Cheng Liu,Hong Chin Hsiao,Jie-Shin Lin / Language(s): English Issue: 74/2021

There are many programs and measures in the administrative reform of governments in various countries, where governance related theories are broadly discussed and indeed enhance public administration changing the traditional practice and turn the government into transformation in past years. Government reform in new public management becomes more difficult for governments constructing transparent accountability systems. In this case, it is urgent to establish transparent, accountable, and corruption controlled anti-corruption governance strategies for governments’ reform. In the process of transforming government administrative reform to governance, it is necessary to establish the core concepts of accountability, openness, transparency, zero-corruption, and high-performance standard. Aiming at employees of Ministry of National Defense in Taiwan, as the empirical objects, total 360 copies of questionnaire are distributed for this study, and 273 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 76%. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected to help the government draw the goal of transparency in government and promote many measures about anti-corruption to achieve the effective utilization of public resources, enhance people’s trust in the government, and reinforce government rule legitimacy.

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Human Rights in the Remnants of a Conflict: Has the Legacy of Dayton Impaired Minority Inclusion in Bosnia-Herzegovina?

Author(s): Adriana Michilli / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2019

More than two decades following the end of civil conflict made possible via Dayton Peace Accords (DPA) instated in 1995, Bosnia-Herzegovina still utilizes this international legal instrument as the sovereign’s official constitution. This paper addresses the impact that the international community’s failure to implement the appropriate locally considerate solutions needed to sustain peacebuilding has left behind. To this end, the paper highlights the quotidian ways in which the socio-cultural landscape of the Bosnian Federation and Republika Srpska remain stratified along ethno-religious divisions. Directing its’ attention on the practical aspects where minorities face discrimination and remain excluded from social spheres the paper calls for a necessary advancement on the human rights protection of safeguarding minority members in both of the country’s de-facto territories. In closing, it argues that society’s schism from the residual consequences of the DPA can be achieved through the practices of change-drivers taking advantage of their training and capacity-building skills in the forms of: inter-ethnic dialogue, inter-cultural reconciliation and inter-religious peace. Constructing competences which demonstrate respect for human rights, encourage co-existence and the equal integration of minority members in society also bear the potential to strengthen the currently fragile relations with the out-group community, reducing a society’s propensity for conflict regression.

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Zygmunt Bauman – socjologia – lewica

Author(s): Mirosław Chałubiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The author attempts to analyse Zygmunt Bauman’s ideological and political assumptions affecting his sociological and social journalistic writing. The most interesting is the process of ideological evolution of this outstanding sociologist starting with his accession to Marxism and communism then passing through the stage of late socialdemocracy and finally reaching postmodernism – this evolution is visible in his many papers dealing with the crisis of the contemporary civilization. Bauman focuses his attention on criticising the outcomes of neo-liberal politics in modern capitalist countries and on forecasts of what can happen in the future. It can be stated that at the end of his scholar and journalistic activities Zygmunt Bauman represented a moderate optimism, but his main concern was the future of the world.

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Co to znaczy być „dobrym wilkiem”? O dyskursach ogrodu zoologicznego

Author(s): Katarzyna Szalewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2022

In her article, Katarzyna Szalewska offers a reading of the idea of the zoo in the context of Michel Foucault’s concept of the spatialization of discourse. Lars Berge’s book A Good Wolf. The Tragedy in a Swedish Zoo was an inspiration for Szalewska’s reflection. Szalewska refers to the history of the zoo and places this facility against the history of ideas, especially the nineteenth-century concepts of economization, scientism, collections and taxonomy. She then considers the zoo in the context of visual practices, especially the role of the gaze in the dialectic of power and knowledge. She shows that the zoo, functioning as it does in relation to the political and hierarchizing view, will always remain the domain of the cultural and the anthropocentric. Szalewska also addresses the perception and role of zoos as modern Noah’s arcs in the Anthropocene era and the ethical dimension of the “socialization” of animals.

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Jakie transformacje energetyczne na rzecz trzech ekologii? Entropie, ekologie i gospodarka w antropocenie

Author(s): Anne Alombert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2022

This article considers the contemporary ecological crisis a triple problem of environmental ecology, mental ecology and social ecology: while natural ecosystems are threatened by industrial infrastructures, which exploit mineral resources at the service of a globalized consumerist economy, psychic and social ecosystems are threatened by connected devices, which exploit libidinal resources at the service of attention economy and data economy. This triple ecological crisis is described in the article as a process of increasing entropy at different levels (thermodynamic, biological and informational or psycho-social levels). In order to reverse this process a double energetic transition is needed – a transition which would save and take care of energy generated from mineral resources, as well as of psychic and libidinal energy. The article relies on the works of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Bernard Stiegler, who envisage this transition as a fight against the increase in entropy on the physical and environmental levels on the one hand, and on the psychic, technical and social levels on the other.

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Ergon w erze antropocenu i nowe pytanie o bogactwo

Author(s): Bernard Stiegler / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2022

This article endeavours to rethink wealth and the meaning of work (understood not only as ponos, but also as ergon), in the context of the Anthropocene. It is argued that only through redefining work it is possible to safely overcome the limitations of this age. As the article proves, the Anthropocene is in fact the Entropocene: an age in which the biosphere is confronted with a sudden and mass increase of entropy in each dimension of life on Earth. In order to resolve this threat, the transformation of knowledge and skills is essential. These qualities are, arguably, capable of producing negentropy, that is, the way through which human beings produce artificial organs that enhance the world in its technological (and not biological) dimension. Therefore, negentropy is discussed as an adequate alternative to the economic models that fail to respond to the dynamics of the Anthropocene/Entropocene.

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Akty prawa międzynarodowego dotyczące odpowiedzialności karnej w prawie ochrony środowiska w kontekście środków penalnych przewidzianych w prawie polskim

Author(s): Rafał Fic / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The subject of the article is, first of all, the presentation of legal acts adopted by the international community as part of the fight against environmental degradation, with particular attention to Directive 2008/99/EC of the EP and of the Council on the protection of the environment through criminal law. The most important regulations of these legal acts were analyzed, with an indication of the penal measures proposed by the international legislator aimed at protecting the legal good, which is the natural environment. The evolution of legislation in this area will also be presented. In the following part, the catalogue of criminal law tools resulting from the above-mentioned acts has been compared with penal measures used in Polish criminal law in response to crimes against the environment, with an indication of the prospects for the development of legislation in the discussed area.

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Obrona „życia”

Author(s): Marta Zimniak-Hałajko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

In this article, I will discuss discourses on defending “life” as a value that does not require justification and must be unconditionally protected. Using material collected during research on Polish public discourses and social movements (anti-abortion, environmental, and human rights movements), I reflect on how a life worth protecting is defined in individual cases, along with the conditions and tools connected with this protection. In my analysis, I refer to the concept of “fragile life,” relational ontologies, the ethics of care, and other ideas.

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FROM KNIGHT ERRANT TO EXPLORING PIONEER. The Influence of Medieval Romances on the Depiction of Human and Non-Human Others in John Filson’s “The Adventures of Col. Daniel Boon”

Author(s): Giulia Magro / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article analyzes, through a comparative approach, a frontier narrative, John Filson’s “The Adventures of Col. Daniel Boon” (1784), in relation to selected medieval chivalric romances from an ecocritical perspective, exploring the way in which medieval patterns have been employed in the American mythopoeic process, especially in relation to the frontier and the wilderness myths. In fact, medievalist narratives have been often employed to justify an anthropocentric, expansionist, and imperialistic agenda with grievous consequences on the way in which Americans engage with nature and with nonhuman species. At the same time, this tendency is often accompanied by an androcentric and ethnocentric rhetoric, contributing to the marginalization from dominant national discourses of significant sections of the population due to their race and gender. For this reason, attention will be also given to how attitudes toward the nonhuman can reflect and bear an impact on those toward other humans. By investigating how narratives develop, evolve, and circulate across time and space, it becomes possible to reveal the harmful logic they carry, and stress the importance of shifting the narrative in the direction of more sustainable intra- and inter-species relations.

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Utváranie vzťahu k prírode a jej ochrane prostredníctvom filozofických literárnych príbehov

Author(s): Simona Borisová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2022

The paper focuses on working with philosophical literary stories, which by their nature, in addition to the development of children’s thinking can be useful in developing awareness of nature protection and sustainable living. Attitudes in solving environmental problems are related to education in the past, present and future. The inspiration for writing this paper is the educational program Philosophy for Children. The application part of this program includes several activities — reading philosophical stories, questions creating, philosophical discussion and other complementary activities. We consider Philosophy for Children as a form of applied philosophy, focused on the area of practical human interests.

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Jak ocalić drzewa? Osobista więź z drzewem w opowiadaniu „Cud kwitnących sadów” Wandy Osuchowskiej-Orłowskiej oraz powieściach „Ostatnie drzewo na Ziemi” Małgorzaty Kur i „A kiedy zniknie pustynia” Marie Pavlenko

Author(s): Karolina Starnawska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2024

The aim of the article is to present the short story Cud kwitnących sadów (1987) by Wanda Osuchowska-Orłowska and the novels Ostatnie drzewo na Ziemi (2021) by Małgorzata Kur and A kiedy zniknie pustynia (2020, Polish edition 2022) by Marie Pavlenko, addressed to young readers. These stories, subjected to an ecocritical reading, can help in repairing the future thanks to new, better stories about it, as postulated by Marcin Napiorkowski. All of the above-mentioned texts analyzed in the article are intended to make the recipient aware of the consequences that threaten the human species if all trees disappear from the Earth. These are fantasy stories set in the near future. They all bring hope that even damaged ecosystems can be rebuilt, and the key to this is the personal involvement of people – scientists, but above all, children characters – in saving trees. This personal involvement is made possible by building a personal relationship with trees. This bond in turn, is created thanks to stories passed down from generation to generation.

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