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The author first gives an account of the Nazi "euthanasia", i. e. the killing of the mentally ill and the physically debilitated, in the German Reich and then in Slovenia. In the occupied Slovene provinces the Germans committed this crime upon more than 583 persons put to death at Hartheim castle near Linz in the spring of 1941.
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The article focuses on the metaphorical conceptualization of the #MeToo movement, which has spread virally as a hashtag used on social media in an attempt to demonstrate the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment. The #MeToo movement as a social issue is looked at from the perspective of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) (Charteris-Black 2005/2011, 2014, Musolff 2004, 2016, Koller 2014, De Landtsheer 2009, Hart 2010). CMA is a blend of Cognitive Metaphor Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis that aims at identifying how metaphors are used to describe socially contested issues and how they reveal speakers’ hidden intentions and attitudes (Charteris-Black, 2014, p. 174). CMA is also concerned with the different functions metaphors may perform. A predicative function, being one of many, is most likely to explain how socially sensitive issues are communicated (Charteris-Black, 2014, pp. 204-207; Musolff, 2016, p. 4). In other words, it implies positive or negative attitudes expressed towards certain issues. Thus, the paper aims to study how the predicative function of metaphor manifests in the discourse of contemporary social concerns cross-linguistically and cross-culturally. In other words, the paper looks into how different attitudes towards the #MeToo movement are communicated via metaphors in Lithuanian and English media and how they shape prevailing public attitudes.
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The sociocultural contexts of higher education institutions form the background for gender-based violence in professional structures and environment of academia. The article presents a comparative analysis of sexual violence and the reasons for its (non-)disclosure at the piloting universities in Lithuania and Cyprus. The findings of focus group interviews conducted within the framework of the Ending Sexual Harassment and Violence in Third Level Education (ESHTE) project, co-funded by the European Union, have been summarized in the present research. The focus group participants from each partner university involved university teachers, administrative staff, counselors and university students. The research was conducted during a 3-month period between 2017 and 2018. The main aim was to investigate university staffs’ and students’ experiences in the disclosures of the cases of sexual violence and harassment (SVH) in university environment and campus, as well as their awareness of existing procedures and policies in handling the cases of SVH. The results of this study discovered both universities’ academic and administrative staff and students’ personal experiences, attitudes and beliefs of SVH, as well as any of their suggestions towards the improvement of disclosures of SVH are discussed in the article.
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When faced with factors such as intense stress, trauma, family conflicts, and social environment, psychological problems begin to emerge. In search and rescue teams, which are one of the important occupational groups, triggering stress factors may arise due to very challenging conditions. Psychological resilience has an important place in coping with these factors. In this study, the duties of the rescue teams in the war and post-war period, the stress they experience during these duties, their strategies to cope with this stress, as well as their psychological resilience and moral responsibilities, under difficult conditions due to their professions, were evaluated. After the Nagorno-Karabakh War, which lasted for 44 days in Azerbaijan, it has been revealed that the rescue teams working in the search and evacuation of the dead bodies of the martyrs in the battlefields go through a process that is always accompanied by psychological and emotional stress, under difficult climatic conditions that require physical endurance, in danger. The psychological defense mechanisms of the rescuers in order to cope with stress situations were evaluated, and it was concluded that their psychological resilience was significantly improved. At the same time, it shows that they have achieved success in their moral responsibilities in terms of witnessing all difficult events and successfully maintaining their workload to the end under all circumstances.
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This paper explores the ways in which experiences of domestic violence in early childhood shape adult relationships and the sense-making of violence in adult life. Our data consists of interviews with 10 people who experienced domestic violence, most of them before the age of 9 and who also experienced inhibition, depression, anxiety, relationship conflicts with parents and partners in their adult life. Relationships with parents were severed; gender differences in couple relationships manifested in man interviewees trying not to be aggressive, while in women interviewees struggling with being the target of violence in their relationships. All interviewees believed that violence is not a way to solve problems.
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This text attempts to present a general view of the architecture of occupied Warsaw between 1939 and 1944. Based on both existing publications and new primary source material from the collections of the Department of Polish Architecture at the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology, the article discusses the design and construction activities of the German occupation administration (i.e., those officially operated and recognized by the Germans authorities of Warsaw), private investors, and individual designers working in secret.In this context, the projects the City Board commissioned are particularly interesting. These included the reconstruction of public buildings destroyed in September 1939 (theaters and the interior of the town hall) and urban plans for the transformation and reorganization of the center of Warsaw (e.g., the design of the north-south route). These projects went far into the postwar future. Strictly connected with the design activity was the documentation of the city’s monuments (especially those destroyed or damaged at the beginning of the war). The preparation of this documentation was supported and partially financed by the city authorities. After the war, these plans served—as their authors had intended—as the basis for reconstructing these buildings.
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The paper analyses architects as a professional group in General Government (GG) during the Second World War. It showcases some of their design work, projects, employment, education, and other aspects of everyday life in an occupied country. The focus is on architects working in three cities: the former Polish capital of Warsaw, the GG’s new capital city of Cracow, and Zakopane, localized in the Tatra Mountains, which was intended to become a modern resort and sport center. The paper also mentions cases from Zamość and Radom. Most of the projects were realized by Polish architects employed by the German authorities. In Zakopane, Polish architects had a stronger position and more freedom in their work than in the other cities of GG. The article investigates the relationships between architecture and politics as well as the ideological impact of the architects’ work. Using unpublished archival sources, it evaluates the post-war requitals of the German architect Hubert Groß and a Polish colleague Stefan Żychoń. Neither of the two had to face a court after the war due to his activity as an architect during the occupation. Groß was accused of having been a member in different Nazi organizations, and Stefan Żychoń was suspended from the Association of Polish Architects for one year. For political reasons, both German and Polish architects seldom included war-related activities in their official curricula after 1945. In Poland they remain a taboo until today.
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The building construction and design activity in Poznań, which was annexed to the Third Reich during the Second World War as the capital of Gau Wartheland, largely encompassed residential and landscape architecture. This begs the question about the ideological significance of the private space created for the Germans settling in the region of Greater Poland. The starting point for the discussion of this issue are the terms Heim and Heimat, which highlight the interwoven relationship of home and the surrounding spaces. The consideration of these terms provides the basis for analyzing the forms and scale of residential construction and how it was related to transformed landscape of Poznań, as well as for reflecting on how apartment layouts and their typical furnishings defined the roles and places of women and men within the system. The titular relationship between Heim and Heimat introduces the problem of the landscape and everyday lives of “ordinary” Germans serving the regime into the sphere of architectural studies and leads to the conclusion that ideology influenced everyday architecture just as much as official spaces. It also shows that the concept of Neugestaltung (redesigning) pertained both to urban planning and landscape, which together were intended to create a model landscape on the occupied lands. Scholars in search of answers to the questions outlined here would be well advised to consider various interpretative tropes that might enable a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between architecture, landscape, and ideology.
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The article reflects the key problems that arise on the grounds of conflicts of importance between people in the sociometric dimension. The necessity for their comprehensive study will help to reduce the negative moments and usage progressive results to these conflicts for the development of the individual, his or her integration into society. That is why modern psychological and pedagogical science increasingly focuses on the need to study this phenomenon as a value of the conflict of personality in agreement with its characterological education, spiritual approaches and opinions. The urgency of the work is to find normal methods to the origin and prevention of psychological bullying in the sociometric aspect. The aim of the article is to study the influence of bullying on the hesitation of teenagers in the sociometric aspect. The work is founded on the necessities of prevention and reduction of external perception, isolation, disgrace and irritation, which will serve as the features to prevent personal uncertainty in the future. Bullying undermines the victim's self-possession, destroys health, confidence, and human pride. There is a bullying structure, which is a social system that contains the perpetrator (persecutor), the victim (victim) and observers. Methods and capacities of indicators of psychological bullying are determined, the corresponding set of methods of psycho-diagnostics is presented and tested. Results of this study have relevance in creating international collaboration to study programs and projects in the context of the change of health mental health person according to the principles of global partnership and implementation of cultural exchange, carried out for the development of education and culture between countries.
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The role of the UAE in influencing the political events in the Middle East, especially the so-called Arab Spring, has become a source of controversy over the motives and objectives of this shift in the foreign political orientations of a country such as the UAE. For more understanding of foreign policies of the UAE in this paper, I reviewed the historical background of the establishment of the United Arab Emirates as well as the nature of the system of government and political decision-making, and I saw the extent of the economic and military capabilities enjoyed by the UAE in the region. By studying the keys to foreign political trends in the UAE, it gave me a clear vision of the mechanism of the UAE's moves and interventions in the events of the Arab Spring countries, and then identifying the major drivers for that intervention in the region. We will note that the fight against the rise of the Islamic political and extremist forces in the Arab Spring countries, threaten the economic and political interests of the UAE and its foreign orientations which pushed it by using its economic capabilities and modern armament in full coordination with the West and foremost the United States of America and through unprecedented harmony and harmony with Saudi Arabia The UAE has that momentum and influence in the region.
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This study analysed the levels of cognitive distortions and verified whether adverse experiences (e.g., emotional abuse) may influence psychopathological traits, empathy deficits and levels of moral disengagement and cognitive distortions. Participants were 96 sex offenders: 64 participants are Italians and 32 participants are Portuguese studied cross-sectionally. A semistructured interview was administered to collect data about family and social histories, with self-report questionnaires to evaluate psychopathology, empathy, moral disengagement strategies and cognitive distortions. The results showed that about 14% of sexual offenders reported a moderate / severe level of deviance of distorted beliefs relating to children; 28% of the total sample (but 53% of Italians) reported a moderate/severe level of deviance related to cognitive distortions "sexual right". The results also showed how sex offenders who have suffered emotional abuse during their life report higher levels of emotional empathy, depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism compared to those who have not suffered it. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.
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The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of sexual harassment perpetrated by coaches in youth sports activities and to examine the association of those experiences with depression, anxiety, and stress in later life. Study participants were young men and women (n = 501; Mage = 20,86, SD = 1,81) who participated in sports before they turned 18 years old. The results showed that 25 % of participants experienced some form of sexual harassment by coaches while they were minors. Participants who had this kind of experience obtained higher results on depression, anxiety, and stress scales. The results indicate the need to undertake measures aimed at preventing and stopping sexual harassment in youth sport.
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During the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1992 to 1995, numerous, mass and individual, crimes against humanity and international law were committed, including the crime of genocide in all occupied places and cities under siege. The commission of the crime was preceded by detailed and systematically organized and planned activities, all with the aim of creating ethnically pure Serbian territories and implementing the idea of creating the so-called Greater Serbia. A large number of criminals took part in committing crimes against Bosniaks. However, in committing the crime, individuals stood out from the rest. They stood out for the manner, methods, techniques, monstrosity of the crimes committed, which they committed either alone or with the support of their companions and helpers. Nikola Jorgić in Doboj, Milan Lukić in Višegrad and Goran Jelisić in Brčko stood out for that. An analysis of their (mis)deeds and the crimes they committed will show all the cruelty, monstrosity and inhumanity of their treatment of the victims. The analysis will be done through the prism of the influence of three factors: ideology, spatial distance and sadism. In this context, the method of analysis (content) of documents, comparative method and case study method will be used for research purposes. It can be concluded that the pattern of commission of the crimes they applied, although they were not interrelated or cooperated with each other, was identical.
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From the time of twenty-five years distance since the genocide in and around Srebrenica in July 1995, which was thus adjudicated before domestic and international courts, and the almost identical time from the establishment of peace and the end of the war of conquest, it can be concluded that Bosnian society was destroyed, and the ties between the key communities that made up the “neighborhood” were, it is clear, broken even though they had “mixed” for centuries and formed a “unity of differences”. The ideologues of genocide started from the starting point when devising techniques of committing genocide against Bosniaks, which aimed to leave the deepest possible consequences for the cohesiveness and biological reproduction of the Bosniak family, determining that men should be on the main strike, not excluding boys, who should be killed and Bosniak women should also be killed, not leaving out girls, who may continue to live, but after they have been systematically humiliated, primarily by committing sexual violence against them. The Greater Serbia aggressor achieved both goals to a significant extent. In this paper, we place a special focus on the crime of murder of children and the consequences that such a crime leaves on the family, and thus society. So, on the example of crimes committed against children and families in the period 1992-1995 in this paper, we prove that there was a planned and long-term “ethnic cleansing” of the area with the application of genocidal acts against the most vulnerable members of the ethnic group. We paid special attention to the crime of killing the youngest members of the family, since it was obviously part of the Greater Serbia state plan. We also asked several important questions, which until today were not, and must have been, the subject of interest of various sciences and scientific disciplines. One of them is the question of the measurability of the consequences of the crime of killing a child for the family, especially the consequences that this crime leaves on the mother as an individual, the “pillar of the family”, but also on society as a whole. Is there a more serious crime than the one in which the criminal takes the child from the mother’s arms and takes him to death or killing the child while the mother holds him in her arms? With this paper, we present that only in the area of Srebrenica, the most monstrous crime that could have been committed was committed against hundreds of mothers. It is a mass crime of killing children, which we recognize as the most serious form of crime against the family and society. Scientific research, especially within the framework of Bosnian science, completely ignores research on the relationship between the family and genocide, especially those that problematize the consequences that remain for society, family, and especially mothers, after criminals killed thousands of Bosniak children during aggression and genocide.
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The area of the municipality of Vlasenica, as part of the middle Podrinje, has been a territorial aspiration and obsession of ideologues and protagonists of the Greater Serbia politics since the annexation crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, when one of the ideologues of the Greater Serbia project, Jovan Cvijić conditioned the Austro-Hungarian government to give Podrinje to Serbia, i.e. the corridor along the Drina River with a depth of about 50 km, and in return Serbia would recognize the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austro-Hungary. During the WW 2, members of Serbian armed forces committed numerous mass crimes against Bosniaks in the area of the then municipality of Vlasenica. During the aggression of Serbia and Montenegro on the sovereign state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, members of their armed forces, in cooperation with local units, occupied all the towns of the middle Podrinje in one wave in early April 1992, ending on April 21 of the same year. (Zvornik was occupied on 8 April. Bratunac was occupied on 17 April. Srebrenica was occupied on 18 April. Vlasenica was occupied on 21 April 1992). On that occasion, they committed numerous mass crimes against Bosniaks in this geographical area, including the crime of genocide. The entire territory of the then municipality of Vlasenica was occupied on March 13, 1993, when Serbian forces occupied the territory of the Cerska enclave and thus eliminated the last physical obstacle on the line Pale - Zvornik - Belgrade.
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This paper offers an insight into the literary presentation of the situation in Iraq after the American invasion, with special reference to topoi of death. The war apocalypse exacerbated the misery of the country that had already been crushed under Saddam’s dictatorship. The literal destruction of the country and society in a paradoxical way caused the awakening and affirmation of the novel, a literary genre that had largely been under the Baa’th party embargo or written in exile. Ahmad Saadawi and Shakir Nuri are prominent novelists who tried to reconstruct the torturous reality of contemporary Iraq in their fiction. Their novels, Frankenstein in Baghdad and The Madmen of Camp Bucca, present a new geography of bare existence and thanatopolitics as the newly established norm of life. Furthermore, these novels question the fractures of the homeland through Foucault’s perspective of narrative and formal heterotopias produced within the structures of biopower. The figure of Baghdad’s Frankenstein or The Nameless symbolizes a new Iraqi “overman” or an improved version of homo sacer, and Camp Bucca proves to be the ideal paradigm of thanatopolitics’ mimicry and the symbolic order of the twenty first century.
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Faruk Šehić’s literary work sublimates the most significant features of anti-war literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina. First of all, it is an interest in the reality of war, an infrequent interference with autobiographical elements that testify about the soldier’s experience of war. Sehić writes authentic stories of war and trauma, ultimately the anti-heroic nature of a one-generation war experience. His work is subversive because it destroys the myth of the heroic experience of war, reducing it to the experiences of deeply traumatized soldiers, who are permanently marked by it.
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The result of the proclamation and activities of the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina is aggression and genocide committed by Serb military and police forces against Bosniaks. In the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian aggressor, with the use of superior military force, killed, wounded, destroyed their property, forcibly expelled them from their homes and forced them to permanently leave their homes and property. Forced relocations and deportations of Bosniaks and Croats from the territory of Bosnian Krajina were massive, systematic and planned, and were accompanied by killings, violence, various coercion, illegal detention, rapes, bombing and burning of houses, property robbery, and psychological pressure by Serb military and police units and civilian authorities. The goal of these persecutions and deportations was to reduce the non-Serb population in the territory of Bosnian Krajina to 2%. In the period 1992-1995 several hundred thousand of non-Serbs were forcibly expelled from the Bosnian Krajina.
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One of the major changes occurring on the African continent during the last 40 years is the feminist redefinition of gender roles. Yet, in a fast-changing context and despite all the critical advances in terms of women's conditions, a lot still needs to be achieved. A deeper exploration of how African women are represented in an era of globalization marked by State failure, migration crises, and extreme poverty is essential. This paper aims at analyzing the way women are represented in contemporary African literature. A feminist comparative analysis of three international prize-winning novels, namely Americanah (2013) by Nigerian writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, We Need New Names (2013) by Zimbabwean author NoViolet Bulawayo, and Juillet au Pays: Chroniques d’un retour à Madagascar (2007) (July in the Country: Narratives of a Return to Madagascar) by Malagasy writer Michèle Rakotoson enables us to shed light on hitherto unexplored images of African women. According to these writers, African women are victims of several forms of violence and injustice; however, they are resilient and are able to achieve agency thanks to national and transnational feminist solidarity. Such solidarity offers them freedom and the power to cause changes to their country. The novels also highlight the symbolic importance of storytelling for women.
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On the night of October 25th to 26th in 1964, Zagreb was hit by a catastrophic flood. Floods of the Sava River in the Zagreb area were not uncommon, while decisions to postpone the construction of the embankment and the flood defence system showed all proportions in October 1964. The flood mostly affected the southern part of Zagreb where most of the urban working population was located. This paper observes the course of the flood in the urban Zagreb area and first responses of city and republic authorities. Actions taken to aid the flood-affected population and long-term accommodation options for citizens who were left without their homes are being analysed. The paper also studies different aspects of aid programmes to help the city and flood victims. At the same time, all the difficulties of such a large action, which also has a distinct humanitarian character, become visible. After the initial placement of the population in temporary accommodations, the development of a plan for the reconstruction of the flooded area and detailed elaboration of future housing construction, which should now include solving the housing problems caused by the consequences of the 1964 flood, began.
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