Символіка Києва в контексті символіки світових міст
The article ideals with symbols of world cities (Athens, Moscow, Jerusalem, Kyiv) Kyiv and in the context of the secities.
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The article ideals with symbols of world cities (Athens, Moscow, Jerusalem, Kyiv) Kyiv and in the context of the secities.
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City emerges as a structure in which culture develops, industrialization and enrichment of social relations. With sociological, political and economic parameters, Urban areas living human and human mass, emerge with structure and went to change. Urban concept, which is effective in the formation of artistic creation in many eras has found an important place in the production of the artist. In this sense, “cityscapes” have been the main topic in this process while maintaining the supporting, ancillary factor in its historical development. As for today, Mark Bradford and Julie Mehretu, interpret cityscapes in contemporary sense and many factors related to the city that adds to this review have a reputable name in this field.
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Urban entity should not be evaluated as a whole of functional results of absolute urban planning and design, activity of crafting, architecture or engineering, which is conducted by decisions of local authorities. There are semantic and aesthetic aspects as well as functional aspects of all human activities. From the point of view of this postulate, it is possible to suppose that there are three aspects of the design of urban sphere as function, semantics and aesthetics, and that the order of human consciousness reverberates through artefactual world with these aspects. Cultural mood and social ecology encircling the design tendencies disclose themselves as multi-dimensional human renditions through design objects while they become sources for teleological interference to the world of designed objects. Conceiver imagination that is shaped under the instruction of cultural procedures operates around the multi aspectual meanings which is consolidated by cultural patterns, social norms and structures. Hence, blending of meaning and aesthetics with function brings forth a communicational trait to urban sphere by executing a legible city image. But urban design is a multiactor, eclectic and complex process. Therefore creative works concerning significations and usages of urban space are essentially different from the design of monic artefactual objects.
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The oldest preserved seal of the Pressburg Burghers is attached to a charter from 1302; the words SIGILLVM CIVIVM IN PRESPVRCH can be seen in its circular inscription. The seal was probably made in the second half of the 13th century and provides evidence of a common identity of the burgher community. However, who were these "cives" mentioned in the inscription when this seal was made? From which social classes did the town political elite arise that made crucial decisions on behalf of the entire community around 1300? The author examines the social structuring of burgher citizens in the High Middle Ages of the Kingdom of Hungary. In his detailed analysis of the historical sources, he observes the relationships between categories of cives and hospites. The author examines whether there were differences between regular hospites and hospites of the castle. He closely deals with the disappearance of jobagiones from document sources referring to Bratislava after the Mongol invasion of Europe. Attention is also paid to the issue of the possibility of legal or social differences between the town nobility and the village nobility who own estates in the towns. Finally, the text deals with question of who were the comites mentioned in the oldest town documents and what role did they play in the founding of the city.
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The study deals with the issue of the presence of nobles in three towns – Modra (Modor, Modern, Modorinum), Pezinok (Bazin, Bösing, Bazinium) Svätý Jur (Szentgyörgy, Sankt Georgen, Sanctus Georgius) – located under the slopes of the Little Carpathians mountain range. The author studies the motivations that caused the members of the middle and lower Hungarian nobility settle down in towns, as well as the reactions of the town and municipality to this trend. A mode of coexistence that would be acceptable for both sides and that would not harm the town's economic and political interests and at the same time would respect the privileges of the nobility, was searched for in the following period. It was found during the 17th century, this being evident from statutes from the second half of the 17th century that regulated the relationship between the town and nobility, as well as the fact that the majority of positions in the municipalities of these towns was held by noblemen or nobilitated burghers. Never-ending sources of serious conflict were the free mansions and their owners who robbed the town of much of its income from wine and beer. State-implemented counter-reformation, propagated mainly by the Catholic noble families that resided in towns, significantly intervened with the town as an entity, its functioning and municipality.
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The aim of the study is to make clear the relationship of the Hungarian queens to their dowry towns – dowry estates that originated as institutions by the end of the first half of the 15th century. At first, they were supposed to serve as a source of income for widowed queens; later, the endowment of a town became an after-wedding tradition. The study focuses on the royal estates in the central areas of present day Slovakia, especially the mining towns that were amongst the most profitable towns in the Kingdom of Hungary. It pays attention to their management and use by the Hungarian queens, as well as the protection, function and position of these towns in the military conflicts related to succession. The analysis deals in the greatest detail with the significance of these estates in funding the queens' expenses and the related mutual communication.
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The author deals with the relationship of the significant noble family of Zápolyas (Zápoľský, Szapolyai) with the town of Kežmarok (Késmárk, Käsmark). She considers the period when the town was administrated by Emeric and Stephen Zápolya, Stephen's widow, Hedwig of Cieszyn, and, for a short period, John Zápolya. They started to administer Kežmarok before 1464, when they were ordered by the king to build a castle beneath the Tatras. The Zápolya family began to build the castle in the town. Later, there were conflicts between the burghers and castellan of Zápolya castle.
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The Dóci (Dóczi; Dóczy) family belonged amongst the important noble houses in the Kingdom of Hungary in the late High Middle Ages; it had its estates mainly in the Transylvanian counties. A new branch of the house arose in the 15th century, with estates in the counties of Upper Hungary, neighbouring the free mining towns in the territory of contemporary central Slovakia. The study observes the relationships between the high noble family and citizens of the free mining towns during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The attempts of the Dóci family to intervene in the economic activity of the mining towns and vice versa, and logging that was performed by the mining towns in the Dóci woods were sources of conflict that led to violent confrontations. The study observes the impact of the central power – dynasty on the long-lasting dispute between noble families and the patricians of the free mining towns.
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In the introduction, the author describes the development of the town status of Šamorín (Somorja, Sommerein, Sancta Maria) and the resulting rights and obligations. By the end of the 16th century, Šamorín had definitely become a landowner town of the Pálffys'; however, the town refused to accept this. Even though Šamorín possessed wider competences in the economic, legal and administrative fields in comparison to other landowner towns, the landowners had a growing influence on town administration from the end of 16th to the first half of the 18th centuries.
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The article provides information on Johann Nepomuk Mitrovsky († 1760) – a member of a noble family that resided in Pernštejn in Morava and the founder of the Hungarian branch of the Mitrovsky family – and his son Carl. The author mainly documents their appointment to senior posts in the royal mining office in Banská Štiavnica (Selmecbánya, Schemnitz) in the 18th century: Johann Nepomuk was the Commissioner of Central Slovak mining towns and Chief Comes Urburarius in Banská Štiavnica (in 1734 – 1747); Carl was the Advisor for Mining Issues at the Main Office of Comes Urburarius (in 1765 – 1769) and Chief Comes Urburarius during two periods (in 1774 – 1777 and 1790 – 1798), meanwhile, he held the post of Director of the High Mining Institute, Master of Mining and Mint Issues in Morava and Bohemia and Chief Mining Master in Klagenfurt. While Johann Nepomuk was active, a mining school was founded in Banská Štiavnica, production from the mines increased along with gold and silver processing in the Central Slovak mining territory, partially thanks to the support of Samuel Mikovíny who built mine water reservoirs. Carl Mitrovský was granted the title of count for his service to the state by emperor Leopold II. He is also known for his donation of the second chapel at Calvary in Banská Štiavnica.
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The study deals with the relationship of the entrepreneurial Schoeler family to the Levice (Léva, Lewenz) estate in the second half of the 19th and the first half of 20th centuries. The author analyses the impact of the family's entrepreneurial activities on the Levice and its surroundings, especially in relation to the development of investments in entrepreneurship in the town and its surroundings, the intensification of the industrialization process in the region, rural development, the taking over of patronage of Church congregations, as well as the development of social and cultural life in Levice.
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Ormana is a country under the governance of İbradi province, Antalya. The settlement which is located on Toros Mountains with a steeply and stony geography is one of the significant samples of Mediterranean architecture known for its constructions built with conventional materials, technics and methods. The houses dubbed as ‘buttoned house’ has been categorized within Akseki-İbradi group. The households in Ormana are generally designed and built two stored including basement and first floor. Traditional households mostly share common characteristics and follow each other on subjects such as function, outline of plan and organization of residence. Intensive labor power used to build mansions is not applied to build plain and simple public apartments. The most encountered construction method in the area is the common construction technic. The method, traditionally called as ‘wall with pistuvan or wall with hatil’ is extremely simple but functional based on strengthening the walls that built without concrete through wooden ‘hatil’. The reason for this technic is that Ormana and its periphery is deprived of lime sources geologically. The archaic knowledge of this architectural style, using these domestic materials as a crucial part of construction, without a doubt, is a part of our cultural legacy. Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is defined by UNESCO as practices, representations, expressions, information, skills and other parts of these such as tools, equipment and cultural places belonging to certain communities, groups and in some cases to individuals. An article written according to information obtained through field work in the area, in 2013, embodies the architectural style peculiar to area, architectural terminology, knowledge of construction and construction traditions in context of folklore by definition and analysis.
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The process of demographic ageing is one of the most apparent features of the demographic development of Serbia. The increase of the percentage of aged population is also present in Belgrade, although Belgrade itself, being the center of immigration and the major urban agglomeration, has a specific population development. This paper analyzes the dynamics and demographic features of the citizens of Belgrade older than 60, in the period between 1981 and 2000. It discusses the changes in gender and age distribution of this population group, as well as the processes of ageing and feminization of the elders. It also indicates related differences between the municipalities of Belgrade, as well as between the City of Belgrade, the Settlement of Belgrade and the settlements of Belgrade outside the inner urban zone.
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Cities in Serbia are passing through the initial phase of economic, social and physical renewal. At the same time the cities are confronted with major wave of investing by foreign and domestic investors. The majority of he investments are being directed to greenfield locations resulting with rapid decrease of agricultural land. With land problems in perspective as well as with new economic, demographic and social situation in Serbia, combined with the enormous problem of regional disbalance, the EU and USA experiences point out the urgent need of recycling building land and activating neglected or depleted locations within urban area. The idea of mobilizing brownfields i.e. unused industrial, military or communal structures and locations, should help in solving many economic, social and environmental problems in Serbian cities and towns. The article cites European experiences with brownfields and offers some measures, instruments and recommendations relating to city land recycling and activating brownfields in Serbia.
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In this article, which is an integral part of our announcement published in the previous number of this publication, we examined commuting of school children and youth toward Čačak as well as from Čačak toward surrounding settlements in which, according to the census results in 2002, 2,330 pupils and students took part. The volume of pupils’ and students’ daily migrations of Čačak is approximately 4.3 times lower compared to the convergent and divergent daily migrations of its labor. That is why this type of continual daily migration has less importance in integration and transformation of the settlement network of Čačak and neighboring functional centers.
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Our aim is to define the importance of rural tourism in Serbia for the development of Serbian rural spaces generally. This paper presents Serbia as a country of varied, well-preserved Nature, with many attractive and representative elements, and with a developmental priority oriented towards ecological and village tourism, which has a strong chance on the choosy international tourist market. As the Serbian village tourism is only beginning to develop, we identified, in this paper, the potentials for its further development, but we also pointed out the weaknesses which are now obstructing the growth of this, in many ways the most important, form of tourism, in Serbia.
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Changes of demographic, functional and physiognomic characteristics of Knic were analyzed in this paper. From the demographic viewpoint Knic represents the largest, and according to the functions the most important settlement of the same called municipality. The closeness and direct influence of Kragujevac determined to a great extent the course and level of the development of Knic. The settlement is depopulation with poorly developed functions, the territorial range of which does not exceed the territorial border of the municipality.
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Spatial-demographic tendencies in present development of settlements on mountain Suva Planina are characterised by territorial grouping and decreasing number of settlements, positive demographic development of a small group of settlements, and several decades of desertion of a great number of settlements. All these characteristics, both individually and in interaction, have led to formation of specific differences in settlement development and in present situation between groups of settlements located in various altitude zones. They have also led to differentiation of settlement areas with negative and variable (positive and negative) development tendencies.
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In this paper are given adapted morphological, demographical and functional determinants of the Novi Pazar municipality development settlement network, on the basis of relevant teorethical and methodological assumptions and qualitative and quantitative indicators. Municipality settlement network is observed as a subsystem in the settlement system of Novi Pazar functional area. Speciafically are emphasized interdependency and conditionality of settlement functional transformation process, which caused differentiation of community area into an urban core-Novi Pazar, periurban ring- more or less suburban villages and rural surounding. Suggested is a model of microdeveloping nucleuses as an instrument for community decentralization. On the ground of spatial and functional level of settlement integration, some micro functional - micro regional structure of the municipality territory, has been identified.
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Nowadays, more stable socio-economic growth of the local municipalities of Jablanica has caused many changes and initiated numerous development trends in rural settlements of this spatial whole. This paper analyses the accommodation characteristics, some demographic changes and general morpho-physi- ognomical tendencies of Jablanica villages, which is of basic importance for representing the essential segments of the local rural settlements.
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