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Zrod moderného mesta: zmeny obrazu slovenských miest v druhej polovici 19. a prvej polovici 20. storočia

Author(s): Henrieta Moravčíková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

The period from the Austro-Hungarian Compromise to the outbreak of World War II can be considered as decisive for the modernization of cities in the territory of Slovakia. It is because processes, the impact of which is still today determining the appearance of the urban landscape, took place during these seven decades. Intensive modern urbanization took place in that period in the Kingdom of Hungary and Hungarian cities reached the standards of Western Europe. Particularly between 1867 and 1918, development took place in the same temporal, functional and structural context. Hungarian cities were characterized by an identical typology of urban structures and spaces. In them, the modernization process became visible at more or less the same time, independent of the size, population and city‘s position within the country. The re-organization and modernization of transport, roads and street networks, as well as modern infrastructure had a complex impact on cities. Modernization influenced city growth, accelerated urbanization, the development of new city functions and economic transformation. While, until 1918, the concepts of a modern city had been implemented quite equally in all Hungarian cities, historical turning points, such as the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary and the establishment of Czechoslovakia or the changes in the architectural and urban paradigm, had a direct impact on the later development of cities in a rather selective and unique manner. The study provides information on the modernization of cities located in the territory of the modern day Slovakia, with special attention paid to Bratislava, Košice and Žilina as they went through the most dynamic and complex developments and are unique examples not only of the implementation of the concept of modern city's but also of development under various cultural and geopolitical influences.

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Bývanie v mestskom dome Košíc v druhej polovici 19. storočia: medzi pohodlím a reprezentáciou

Author(s): Zuzana Labudová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

Similar to other cities that had removed the limitations of the city wall system, there was a development of urban life in the second half of the 19th century in Košice. The middle and upper-middle burgess classes inhabited multiflat houses that were developed with a rational organisation and were functionally divided into presentation and service rooms. The representative features concentrated mainly on the facades and main staircases, copying features from palace structures in a moderate mode of neo-renaissance and neo-baroque styles in a way that we are able to see in the newly built houses on Rooseveltova Street in Košice. According to recent research, the construction of the vast majority of these houses in the 1880s and 1890s was managed by the local builder and architect Michal Répászky. He was the author of the completion and reconstruction of the great house in Hlavná Street where the world-famous writer Sándor Márai later lived.Márai wrote a dynamic description of the everyday life and rituals of life in the burgess flat of the upper-middle class in his work Confessions of a Bourgeois. The direct confrontation of Répászky's newly identified projects in this house from 1896 along with Márai's description has confirmed and added details to his artistic expression. At that time, the house was modern, yet deeply rooted in the 19th century – serving the traditional and largely conservative values of bourgeois life – and according to Márai's description, it can be said objectively that the construction history of the house overlaps with Márai's personal history.

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Princípy moderného bývania a urbanizmu v diele architekta Josefa Mareka

Author(s): Katarína Haberlandová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2016

Josef Marek was an architect of Czech origin who arrived in Slovakia in 1919 along with his colleagues – young architects who had studied in Prague. He began his professional activity in Bratislava in the newly established democratic state – the Czechoslovak Republic. At that time, architectural designs as well as the construction industry in Slovakia were not at the same level as in Bohemia. There was no independent school of architecture that could establish a national tradition. Therefore, Czech architects faced many problems – from enforcing new regulatory plans for Slovak towns to the application of a national architectural style. This eventually appeared in the work of Czech architects for only a short period of time during the first half of the 1920s. Josef Marek, a student of Jan Kotěra – the founder of modern architecture in Bohemia, was part of this complicated process and created a number of major works, including regulatory plans for several Slovak towns, the capital city, Bratislava, and Petržalka in Bratislava. Housing as well as city and municipal construction were the two areas he focussed on the most. After all, his apartment building Avion is one of the most significant buildings of the 1930s in Slovakia. The railway employee accommodation in Nové Mesto nad Váhom, on the other hand, is a typical example of employee housing where he was inspired by the work of his teachers – not only Jan Kotěra but also by the architecture of Dušan Jurkovič. Marek's work is thus an integral part of the interwar history of architecture in Slovakia.

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"Panský dům" v Týnci nad Labem: vzestupy a úpadky jednoho domu

Author(s): Michael Rykl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2016

The study of small-town houses is not a very common topic among researchers. The analysis of the development of the historical house "Panský dom" (literally house of nobility) in the town of Týnec nad Labem has been highly informative. The aim of the article is to show the individual development phases of house construction according to research into material and written sources. Reconstructions, the building use, as well as individual structural changes can be analysed from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century.On the basis of the research performed, it can be stated that the use and purpose of the building changed with each new owner, related to his social status (suzerain house; inn; house of reeve and aristocratic officers; uninhabited; house of a noble with a regular income that led to the construction of a dance hall; semi-agrarian farmers; the transformation to an apartment building and hotel; bakery; etc.). The function of the courtyard also adapted to the desires of the new owner and the quality of life the residents changed accordingly. The quality of life of its residents illustrates the ability to exploit the potential for the house (including loft, farm buildings in the courtyard, etc.), to express the fashion and trends of the particular period. The vision of the owner, the structural possibilities and especially the methods of modification that embody the fashion of the particular period can be appropriately illustrated. Individual structural modifications describe the ambitions and situation of the owners.In this case, it is not a "great" history, but it is a study of the traces of life left in the house that surrounded its owners. At certain points, general history overlaps with the micro-history of "Panský dom" and together they influenced the form of house construction. The research identified several building phases and reconstructions when the modus operandi accurately corresponded with the social status of the owners. The informative value grows from the early periods to the later periods, in proportion with the number of written sources, as well as the material source – the house itself.

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"Vráťme si mesto!" Prejavy nespokojnosti "mestského občana" v politickom diskurze v Prešove 1918 - 1938

Author(s): Veronika Szeghy-Gayer / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The paper aims to provide an analysis of the politics of two local interest groups of Prešov, the so-called city parties, as specific forms of middle class dissatisfaction in the interwar period. Based on contemporary election results and archival sources, the first part of the study examines the political behaviour of the inhabitants of Prešov between 1920 and 1935, which helps to determine to what extent the city parties were popular among the multilingual and multi-religious voters. The second part investigates the social composition and the political discourse of the city parties. These local political groups were supported by 10-12% of the voters. Most of their followers were organized among the liberal middle classes, who were not able to identity with the politics of the big parliamentary parties. Their members defined themselves mainly against the Communist and Catholic movement. However, they also criticized the measures of the Czechoslovak government. And at the level of discourse they expressed dissatisfaction with the domestic policy of Czechoslovakia in the form of a virtual community of city burghers, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. It is argued that because of the high percentage of Hungarian and Jewish intellectuals and entrepreneurs among the leaders and supporters of the local parties, this type of local politics might have been an alternative to the Jewish and Hungarian national politics at a local level.

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„Svetlé zajtrajšky“ alebo malomestský blahobyt? Komunistický rozvojový projekt a jeho dôsledky v perspektíve stavebného boomu na slovenskom vidieku v období neskorého socializmu

Author(s): Jurai Podoba / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

The paper aims to contribute to the debate about the nature of late socialism and the society formed during the period as a result of the communist development project, by means of an analysis of the way of life and everyday culture in the period. The basis for the author's reasoning is the ethnographic data obtained by long-term field research of building culture and the way of living in three model rural settlements during the second half of the 1980s. Based on the literature the author raises the question how the residents of the socialist collectivized countryside formulated their ideas about modernity and the courseof progress in the conditions created by the communist development/modernization projects. Based on an analysis of both socio-cultural phenomena the author states that for the Slovak rural residents in the second half of the 20th century the construction of modernity represented in their daily lives to imitate the bourgeois salon of the 19th and early 20th centuries; the "bright tomorrows" became the real socialist today embodied in small-town prosperity. Instead of a new, progressive socialist lifestyle to the liking of the leftist intellectual and artistic avant-garde, the proletarized Slovak farmers, tradesmen and commuting workers used the economic and social conditions, created by the new political power after violent suppressionn of the resistance of peasants and subsequent stabilization of the situation in the country, to individual self-fulfillment through massive housing construction according to their ideas concerning life-style of the (small) bourgeois classes repressed by the totalitarian regime. The political propaganda has concurred with this objective; the Slovak countryside built in the 1970s and 1980s which in fact meant elimination of the countryside as a specific socio-cultural phenomenon, became the regime's showcase. It was an uncontrolled process accompanied by cultural and value disorientation and helplessness, expressed by architectural chaos and opulent consumption of space in the area of housing , which were stabilized in the Slovak rural area stabilized as the symbols of late socialism.

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Postavenie dedinskej šľachty na Spiši

Author(s): Zuzana Kollárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2008

The article provides a list of members and a developmental description of the Máriássy nobility family in Spiš (Szepes, Zips), especially two of its branches that resided in Batizovce (Batiszfalva, Botsdorf) and Markušovce (Markusfalva, Marksdorf). The oldest family member Batyz, who founded Batizovce on territory given to him by royal donation, is mentioned in 1264. Other family members also acquired royal benefits for their military service. The majority of the family belonged to the Lutheran Church; Batizovce became the centre of Lutheran life in Spiš thanks to Máriássy patronage. Andreas Máriássy (1759 – 1846), who received the rank of major general and field marshal for his merits in the war against Napoleon, had the most significant military career. The representatives of later generations of this noble family engaged themselves in politics in addition to military service – field marshal Ioannis Máriássy became a member of the House of Magnates in the Hungarian Diet and was given the title of baron in 1888. The greater part of the family estates in Spiš were sold by the heirs in the first half of the 19th century and especially at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, including significant lands in the High Tatras (such as the Gerlach Peak and the mountain lake Batizovské pleso, amongst others). The author also provides information on the contemporary state of the family manors in Batizovce, as well as other material monuments (tombs, commemorative inscriptions and signs, ancestral archives).

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Hlohovec a rod Ilockých

Author(s): Mária Grófová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2008

This study deals with the development of the town of Hlohovec (Galgócz, Freystadl) and its position during the High Middle Ages. The author focuses on the significance and position of the town in the period from the 14th to 16th centuries, when it was administered by the Ilok (Újlaki, Iločki) family. She describes the relationship of the family to both the town and the Hungarian sovereigns and the impact of their policies on town development. In regards to this, it deals with the architectural monuments in Hlohovec that are linked to this period of prosperity of the town, as well as the heraldic monuments and connections.

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Lazy - súčasť socio-kultúrneho kapitálu a rozvojového potenciálu obce / regiónu (na príklade obcí Hrušov a Oravská Lesná)

Author(s): Jolana Darulová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2019

This study is based on an analysis of local economic, environmental, social and cultural activities in the municipalities which were awarded the “Village of the Year” title, with a special focus on the Hrušov hillsides and the settlements in Oravská Lesná. The basic historical and ethnological features of these villages include dispersion of the population, since the development period until the establishment of collective farms was characterized mainly by self-employed farmers. In both cases, it happened with a delay – in the 1970s and the 1980s. Ever since, the hillsides and settlements have become depopulated, mainly as a result of the growing construction of family houses or municipal (cooperative) flats in the central parts of municipalities. Inspired by the theoretical and methodological framework of the authors who have dealt with the transformation of hillsides/settlements (Priečko, 2003, 2015; Huba, 1989, 1990, 2009), four possible development processes influencing the hillsides/settlements over the past decades can be hypothetically assumed: 1. Strengthening the original residential and economic function through a set of incentives. 2. Complete functional transformation of the sites from residential to recreational areas. 3. Exclusion of the sites from the category of built-up areas and delimitation of agricultural land to forest land category. 4. Combination of two and more functions with a view to a rational use of the landscape potential and preservation of the genius loci, which, however, requires the ability and willingness of the original or new users to respect the natural and cultural values of places of habitation and of the country, traditional agro-technical processes as well as landscaping in connection with the local/regional cultural heritage.

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ASEEES 52nd Annual Convention, Washington – Report from the panel “Cities between history and memory; Cities between History and Memory in post-1989 Central Europe: The Example of Budapest, Košice, and Western Romania”

Author(s): Róbert Balogh,Veronika Szeghy-Gayer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

ASEEES 52nd Annual Convention, Washington – Report from the panel “Cities between history and memory; Cities between History and Memory in post-1989 Central Europe: The Example of Budapest, Košice, and Western Romania”, Washington, November 5th – 8th and 14th – 15th, 2020. – online

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MODERNIST RURAL LANDSCAPES ALONG ANCIENT ROADS

Author(s): Cristina Pallini,Aleksa Korolija / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This contribution addresses the notion of “Uses of Past” against two “modernist rural landscapes” examined in the framework of the MODSCAPES project.1 Both covering a rather short timeframe, the cases of Northern Greece (1920s) and of the Pontine Plain in central Italy (1930s) represent polar opposites in this respect. In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish war (1919-1922), rural modernisation of Northern Greece was implemented as a response to a geopolitical and humanitarian crisis. In Fascist Italy, instead, “integral reclamation” of the Pontine Marshes, finalised in 1935, was part of Mussolini’s ruralisation policy, a step towards national self-sufficiency, setting agriculture and related “healthy industries” against the disastrous effects of industrial urbanism. Many scholars questioned the monolithic perception of architecture and town planning of the Fascist period, yet the idea of modern Italy empowering the legacy of the ancient Roman Empire was a fundamental part of the political propaganda underpinning major interventions. In Greece, there was no room for rhetorical narratives. The decision to concentrate the majority of Asia Minor refugees in the newly acquired border regions set the priority on cost-efficient standard projects and bottom-up community development. Additional aspects may lead to consider these two case studies as poles apart. The Pontine region was a true repository of projects partially or fully implemented over the long period, whereas Northern Greece emerged from four centuries of Ottoman rule and only some decades of agricultural development triggered by the construction of railway lines. Apparently similar responses to radically different problems, these rural modernisation processes do present a common denominator in the presence of an infrastructural scaffolding (Zarecor 2018) inherited from the distant past, namely the Via Appia and Via Egnatia, part of the same route from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. Both maintained a strategic role in the new schemes, favouring resettlement operations and the logistics of reclamation. Identifying which elements of the historical palimpsest played a vital part in large-scale resettlement and reclamations schemes, this contribution aims at challenging the very notion of heritage, admitting its functional and symbolic potential as an asset, as part of a “latent order” awaiting future interpretations.

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КА ЕКОНОМСКОМ ОДРЖИВОМ РАЗВОЈУ ИСТОЧНОГ ПОГРАНИЧНОГ РЕГИОНА СЕВЕРНЕ МАКЕДОНИЈЕ

Author(s): Damjan Balkoski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 29/2024

The Republic of North Macedonia shares borders with European Union member states as well as countries that are candidates for EU membership. It is divided into eight planning regions, which serve statistical, economic, and administrative purposes. These regions are defined as functional territorial units, established to facilitate development planning and implement policies aimed at promoting balanced regional growth. This paper focuses on the Eastern Planning Region, one of the eight planning regions of North Macedonia. Through a study and analysis of data from primary literature, the paper presents existing economic indicators for the region and explores its potential for further economic development. The research aims to provide specific guidelines to achieve economic sustainability for the entire Eastern Region, with a particular emphasis on its border towns.

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PRIMJER CIRKULARNE EKONOMIJE NA RAZVOJU TURISIČKE DESTINACIJE STARIH KUĆA I SELA

Author(s): Marinko Mikić,Duško Stić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 29/2024

This project focuses on revitalizing old houses and villages by leveraging the circular economy to enhance rural tourism. Centered on the Miljevci Plateau, it aims to integrate the historical and contemporary identities of agriculture, livestock farming, and craftsmanship, while celebrating seasonal customs and events. By adopting ecological, ethical, and cultural perspectives, the project aligns with high international quality standards and innovative practices. The project is the outcome of collaboration between the project owner, author, and an experienced team, it draws on expertise in preparing documentation for national and EU grants and managing project implementation. The project promotes investments in agriculture and rural tourism by repurposing old houses to meet EU standards. This approach enhances competitiveness, enriches the local tourism offer, and supports sustainable rural development while protecting the environment. It emphasizes connecting tradition with innovation to ensure lasting benefits for the community and its cultural heritage.

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Stanovování či úpravy koeficientů u daně z nemovitých věcí a jejich změny

Author(s): Taťána Zelenská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

Municipalities are authorized to introduce autonomous corrective elements of the immovable property tax, consisting in establishing and adjusting the coefficients by which they influence the rate of taxation. Due to the so-called consolidation package, these corrective elements underwent fundamental changes for the practice with effect from January 1, 2025. An empirical study of the municipalities of the Olomouc Region was carried out to draw conclusions.

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The Impact of Access to European Funds in Romania in the 2014-2022 Period

Author(s): Iulia Alexandra OPREA,Nicoleta Marin,Stefan Alin Toderasc / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

By stimulating the expansion of both the rural economy and the overall rural area, European funding ensures that the standard of life for people who live in rural areas increases. By concentrating on the development regions and the phases of the development of the European funds, the authors of this article emphasized the evolution through of the European funds allocated in Romania's rural development through 2014-2022. The objective of this article is to present the performance indicators and their impact by analyzing the most relevant financing measures within the PNDR 2014-2020 and their impact on the quality of life in the Romanian countryside. The authors believe that it is essential to keep looking for approaches, resources, and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the effect of European sustaining on rural development as well as the rate that European funds are utilized by Romania's rural areas. The only way to guarantee Romania's rural development is to optimize the impact of European funds.

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Robert G. Hollands: Beyond the Neoliberal Creative City. Critique and Alternatives in the Urban Cultural Economy

Author(s): Petra Kelemen / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 36/2024

Review of: Robert G. Hollands: Beyond the Neoliberal Creative City. Critique and Alternatives in the Urban Cultural Economy. Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2023., 231 str.

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Satele din Transilvania în contextul crizei complexe de la începutul secolului al XVII-lea (Domeniul Almașu Mare la 1603)

Author(s): Șarolta Solcan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2021

From the first years of the 17th century, the succession of the Knights of the Apocalypse was foretold on the territory of Transylvania. The impact of war, famine, epidemics and epizootics was devastating for the inhabitants. The population of the cities was decimated and even the inhabitants of the villages did not have a better fate, as can be seen from the data of the land records of the Almașu Mare noble domain from 1603. The population dropped dramatically due to deaths, but also because many left due to war, famine and pestilence. Among the remaining inhabitants, the number of widows has increased, coming to represent over 40% of heads of families (Almașu Mare). Poverty took over the villages. The profile of household livestock has changed, and cattle have almost disappeared. This study traces the demo-economic recovery up to 1652. The data show the demo-economic progress until 1625, the restoration of some settlements and the economic development of households. Population growth received another blow in the second half of the fifth decade due to the wave of epidemics that swept over the principality, this fact being described by documents from 1652. Historical sources from the years 1603-1652 capture the devastating impact of natural and political calamities on Transylvanian rural communities, as well as the people’s effort for economic and demographic recovery. The worry and fear of war and plague is obvious in most of the texts that are preserved by nowadays.

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Життя на межі: Херсон, Харків, Ізюм, Чернігів

Author(s): Nataliia Kolehina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 04/2024

At the Kyiv Book Arsenal, a profound discussion titled “Life on the Edge: Kherson, Kharkiv, Izium, Chernihiv” brought together writers, museum directors, and cultural managers to explore the resilience of Ukrainian frontline cities. Participants shared their experiences of rebuilding cities after Russian occupation, emphasizing the importance of cultural projects and community support. Stories from Kharkiv highlighted the city’s cultural revival, while Izium’s narrative focused on the scars of occupation and the need to preserve memories. The conversation also touched on the psychological impact of war, the role of local myths, and the collective effort to document and understand these experiences. The dialogue underscored the enduring spirit of Ukrainian cities and their determination to overcome adversity and rebuild stronger communities.

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На варті дружби: історія однієї вулиці прикордонного селища Мілове

Author(s): Ivanna Ruban / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 01/2024

Nestled among the red poppies and the whistling marmots, the village of Milove stands as Ukraine’s easternmost settlement, rich in history and cultural ties. The village’s narrative often revolves around its role in the liberation from German occupiers in 1942, a story deeply embedded in local mythology and museum exhibits. The Friendship of Nations Street, which doubles as the border with Russia, symbolizes the complex relationship between the two nations. Economic interdependence once blurred the physical and cultural boundaries, but the 2014 conflict and subsequent Russian aggression have starkly redefined these lines. The annual “Friendship Street” festival, celebrating Ukrainian and Russian songs, ceased in 2014, marking the end of an era. The village’s experience during the 2022 occupation, with tanks rolling down the Friendship Street, underscores the harsh reality of this “friendship.” The narrative captures the resilience of the villagers, their adaptation to new circumstances, and the enduring impact of historical and political shifts on their lives.

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VALORILE EDUCAȚIEI PENTRU O DEZVOLTARE SOCIALĂ RURALĂ

Author(s): Adriana Florentina Călăuz / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

A growing number of academic studies and policy strategies emphasize the role of education as a vehicle for local development. Education and training must be placed at the heart of the rural development agenda to help eradicate poverty and enhance human capacities for rural development. In order to achieve education plans at the national level, the needs of rural populations must also be identified. Pluralism can no longer be a transitory or reversible social phenomenon. It has now become a deeply rooted fact in our country in a multicultural and multi-religious sense. Both sociologists and social operators and teachers intend to make proposals in this regard based on their research and experience. The work includes general notions about the community (definitions, dominant relationships in the community). The culture of poverty and the culture of development, the characteristics of the two cultures, are described in detail. Also, a very important aspect is related to the development conditions of rural communities. The approaches of rural development programs are described. An analysis was made of modernity and tradition in the rural area. Also, the duties of the social worker in the field of rural development were surprised.

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