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Patriotyzm jako potrzeba i cel wychowania (patriotycznego)

Author(s): Andrzej J. Sowiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The author explains why patriotic education of children and youth is particularly important nowadays. He presents this education as urgent need caring. Here, in practical relationship, are located personal creative values, which are essential for the human formation. On the one hand, the strategy of patriotic education has the power to build up in pupil's psyche an axiological orientation, on the other hand, orientation which has been already shaped gives the opportunity that pupil has appropriate creation and self creation.

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“Like Ireland, Hungary Had Her Struggles for Freedom:” Cultural and Diplomatic Links between Interwar Ireland and Hungary

Author(s): Lili Zách / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The interwar years in Ireland were marked by the widening of international relations following the newly independent Irish Free State’s entry to the League of Nations in 1923. This paper aims to provide insights into a lesser-known part of Irish diplomatic history, focusing on how, besides Geneva, Dublin also became significant as a meeting point with Central European small states from the mid-1920s. It will trace how the foundation of the Honorary Consulate of Hungary in Dublin demonstrated Irish interest in widening economic relations and furthering cultural connections with Central Europe, even if honorary consulates traditionally fulfilled primarily symbolic purposes. Based on so far unpublished archival materials and press records, this article will assess cultural and diplomatic links cultivated under the consulate of Hubert Briscoe, highlighting the significance of independence and Catholicism as a perceived connection between Irish and Hungarian national identities. Ultimately, this article argues that Irish images of East-Central Europe may add to our current understanding of Irish nationalism in the first decades of Irish independence.

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Neighbourhood Policy vs. Remembrance Policy: Romania and Hungary

Author(s): Barna Bodó / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

In East-Central Europe, the past has always been a determining factor as a framework for interpretation: the social construction of the past often serves (served) current political purposes. It is no wonder that in the countries of the region, often different, sometimes contradictory interpretations of the past have emerged. In today’s European situation, however, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are perhaps most keenly faced by the transformation of Europe, with unclear, chaotic ideas dominating political and intellectual markets instead of previous (accepted) values – in the tension between old and new, Europe’s future is at stake. The question is: what role the states of Central and Eastern Europe play/can play, to what extent they will be able to place the neighbourhood policy alongside (perhaps in front of) the policy of remembrance and seek common answers to Europe’s great dilemmas.

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Ukrainian Nationalism from Shevchenko to the Maidan: A Czech Perspective

Author(s): Radomyr Mokryk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

David Svoboda. Jablko z oceli: Zrod, vývoj a činnost ukrajinského radikálního nacionalismu v letech 1920–1939 [Apple of Steel: The Origin, Development, and Activities of Ukrainian Radical Nationalism during the Years 1920–1939]. Nakladatelství Academia / Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů, 2021. Historie [History], 1920–1939. 1054 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. English-language summary.

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Evolucija turskog nacionalizma: od kemalističkog do religijskog modela

Author(s): Zoran Krstić,Dušan Čorbić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2022

The paper intends to demonstrate redefinition of the secular version of Turkish nationalism in the period after the multipartyism introduction in the Republic of Turkey. In the Cold War context, Turkish nationalism has been openly reinterpreted in accordance with the Islamic and Ottoman identity components, thus gradually abandoning the original Kemalist conception. Finally, the evolution climaxed in 1980 when the Turkish-Islamic synthesis became part of the off icial agenda sponsored by the military authorities. Followed by the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), the Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) came to power after electoral success, which one may interpret as the expected course of events.

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Banal Nationalism Disputes in Venezuela: 1999–2019

Author(s): Gabriel Andrade / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

Michael Billig’s idea of “banal nationalism” is a useful concept to approach a frequently neglected aspect of Venezuelan political disputes in the past 20 years. In Billig’s formulation, banal nationalism is the constant reaffirmation of a nation’s identity, through the display of national symbols. After Hugo Chavez rose to power, there were changes to Venezuela’s flag, coat of arms, and banknotes. This aroused disputes that served as a micro-cosmos of Venezuela’s larger confrontation. This article reviews the disputes over the changes made to those national symbols. It concludes that, although political and economic issues are at stake in Venezuela’s current crisis, there are also ongoing culture wars. In that sense, an analysis of Venezuela’s recent crisis would be incomplete without a consideration of its banal nationalism disputes.

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The Politics of Identity and Regional Integration – Updating Global Perspectives

Author(s): Manuel Montoya / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

Regional integration (RI) is an essential part of the discourse on the global economy, viewed often as a “stumbling block” or “building block.” However, little research exists that connects RI in the context of a politics of identity (PoI), which can be used to describe the evolving tensions between national sentiment and regional economic cooperation. This paper performs a Web of Science and Google Scholar review of 136 articles to determine how RI is discussed in the context of PoI. Our review demonstrated that the conceptual frameworks normally used to think about PoI are underexpressed in the context of RI. We discuss why this is the case and identify themes to illustrate the connection. We then suggest conceptual frameworks to enhance the discussion of PoI as it relates to RI, particularly as it relates to the teaching of RI across learning groups.

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The 2022 Invasion of Ukraine and its Lessons for Nationalism Studies

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

The field of nationalism studies encompasses many subfields, reflecting the multi-faceted nature of nationalism itself, but understanding war lies at the heart of the discipline. Indeed, two books with the exact title Nationalism and War have been published in the last decade (Hall and Malešević 2013; Hutchinson 2017). While the horror of the Second World War haunts European imaginations, the horror of war in contemporary Ukraine has focused European attention on the problem of nationalist violence even more forcefully than the Yugoslav wars, if only because the Ukrainian confl ict seems to have more potential to spread. If the NATO alliance or the European Union fails to act, it sets a precedent for further territorial aggression; yet if it intervenes too forcefully, it may fi nd itself in a shooting war with a nuclear power. How did we end up here? How should policy makers analyze their options? Nationalism studies, perhaps, off ers tools for understanding the forces at play.

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The Ukrainian Refugee “Crisis” and the (Re)production of Whiteness in Austrian and Czech Public Politics

Author(s): Victoria Shmidt / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

This text brings into analytical focus the workings of whiteness within the politics regarding Ukrainian refugees in two neighboring countries, Austria and Czechia. Th is comparison aims to contextualize various racial hierarchies in which Ukrainian refugees are embedded, and to connect public discourses translated by mass media and critically accepted by scholars and experts with the personal experience of refugees and those recruited to help them in reception centers. We follow the layering and conversion of racial hierarchies through examining three interrelated realms of public policy: (1) the confl ation of illiberal and liberal populisms concerning the Russian invasion and the subsequent refugee movements in the discursive practices of leading politicians and those responsible for refugee politics; (2) the intersectionality of gender, class, and race as a locus of control over Ukrainian women, who comprise the majority of those fleeing the country; and (3) elaborating an extreme case of forging whiteness, within the overt and covert racist practices concerning Ukrainian Romani refugees. To conclude, we discuss possible directions for future research that apply critical whiteness studies for understanding how racial hierarchies design public politics concerning refugees, and what can be done to minimize the injustices determined by whiteness.

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Popular and Scholarly Primordialism: The Politics of Ukrainian History during Russia’s 2022 Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

While nationalism theorists have mostly rejected primordialism, politicians and the wider public typically have a primordialist and essentialist understanding of national history. On the eve of Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin invoked several primordialist tropes so as to justify military action, which is unsurprising in a politician. Yet Western scholars criticizing Putin’s historical narratives in newspaper editorials or in scholarly talks posted to YouTube only rarely suggest modernist or social constructivist historical narratives. Several posit counter-primordialisms instead. Primordialism, then, enjoys more support than is widely realized, even among scholars who ought to be familiar with its problems. Meanwhile modernist theorists of nationalism, however popular among nationalism theorists, require more vigorous promotion in academic circles.

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István Kollai: Szlovákia királyt választ [Slovakia Elects a King]

Author(s): László Öllös / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

In his book review, the author points out the importance of the role of history textbooks in the process of accepting or understanding another (foreign, minority) nation.

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National Identity and Patriotic Attitudes: A Case of Lithuanian School Students

Author(s): Vaida Nedzinskaitė-Mitkė,Nerijus Stasiulis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This paper discusses the situation of people in the current modern nation state in terms of their relation to their own nation and state. They are situated between patriotic and economic interests, between individual rights and national interest, between empirical needs and abstract requirements. These tensions, described more elaborately in a previous article, are illustrated by the research of focus groups on the attitudes of Lithuanian school students. A majority of students was found to prefer economic and personal motivation over patriotic. Historical education based on comics was tested as a way to implement more patriotic attitudes.

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«Війни пам’яті» як ключовий чинник формування державної політики пам’яті в сучасній Україні

Author(s): Iryna Kovalska-Pavelko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 35/2022

The aim of the study is to reveal the content of the phenomenon of “memory war” as a factor in the formation of memory policy in Ukraine in the period from 2014. The research methodology is interdisciplinary, combining methods of historical, political, sociological and legal sciences. The main results of the research: the content of the concept of “memory policy” is revealed, the structure of memory policy in modern Ukraine is determined. It is proved that historical memory is a key element of the whole identification system and due to the fact that historical memory is a highly politicized segment of public consciousness, it can quickly become a factor of social tension and civil confrontation, become a source of national disintegration. This is facilitated by the multiplicity (polarity) of historical memory, so the conceptual basis of memory policy should be the desire to achieve the integrity (monolithic) of the nation’s memory, to overcome polarity and controversy in assessments of the historical past. It was stressed that a certain consensus can be reached on a nationwide historical grand narrative in Ukraine if the objective existence of the Ukrainian nation and the existence of Ukraine as an independent and sovereign state are recognized. The practical significance of the achieved results is due to the fact that in the conditions of the hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine the state policy of memory is called to promote formation of monolithic historical memory, search of optimum balance of historical plots which would, on the one hand, prevent erosion of ethnocultural basis of historical memory, and on the other – would contribute to the awareness of national history as a permanent process of interaction and interdependence of different cultures. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the influence of historical policy on the course of the hybrid war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is revealed.

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Tradycja jako znak rozumienia przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości Hiszpanii Uwagi na marginesie książki Gonzala Rodrígueza Garcíi

Author(s): Filip Kubiaczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

This review is concerned with the book entitled Hispanofilia. España frente a su destino (Hispanophilia. Spain facing its destiny), whose author argues that the contemporary Spanish reality is informed by two conceptions that lead towards its destruction: “the inane Spain” (la España inane), resulting from globalization and leftist postmodernism, and the “anti-Spain” (la anti-España) of the Catalan and Basque nationalists and separatists. As for the causes which have prompted the atrophy of the Spanish national identity – formed throughout the history of the Spanish nation – the author draws attention to the 17th-cen- tury victory of the subversive forces of Protestantism across Europe, a victory that Spain was unable to handle or counter, ultimately resulting in the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the triumph of materialist nihilism. Both aforementioned Spains have contributed to the breakdown of the Spanish national unity and the waning of common history and identity; in fact, anti-Spain even seeks to annihilate it and make it a confederation of Iberian repub- lics. According to the author, the blame lies with the Catalan and Basque secessionists as well as with the Spanish left and right. The author goes beyond a mere diagnosis of such a state of affairs, highlighting factors which, in his opinion, may contribute to the revival of Spanish unity and pride in the common history and identity that is shared by all the peoples and nations of Spain: the “Spanish alternative” as he calls it. The paper engages in a polemic with García, discussing the strengths and weaknesses of his assertions.

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ZORAN ĐINĐIĆ – OD ANARHISTE DO BARBAROGENIJA

Author(s): Aleksandar Molnar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2023

Zoran Đinđić was the first (and so far only) Serbian prime minister with a PhD in philosophy and publications entirely or partially devoted to the philosophy of politics. Therefore, it is worth asking whether there was any impact of his early philosophical views on his later politics. The author is dealing with what he considers to be the main discontinuity and the main continuity in Đinđić’s thought. The former one marks the field of philosophy of history: in contrast to his early critique of philosophy of history, once in power Đinđić formulated his own „philosophy of Serbian history”. The latter one, his critique of Enlightement as totalitarian, proved to be persistent throughout his life. In the last months of his life Đinđić began to take on the features of a Barbarogenius, as Ljubomir Micić once described himself.

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Умовы фарміравання ідэнтычнасці беларусаў (1795 – 1991 гг.) – cпроба пастаноўкі праблемы

Author(s): Viachaslau Shved / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 8/2023

The author examines the main processes of social and political life, which positively or negatively influenced the formation of the identity of Belarusians in various periods of the country’s history: polonization and Litvinism at the end of the 18th-first half of the 19th century,Russification after the uprising of 1830–31, Western Russianism in the middle of the 19th century, Belarusianization in 1923–27, Sovietization of Belarusian people in 1922–91. The essence of each of the mentioned processes is revealed, examples are given.

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Działalność kulturalna i edukacyjna na rzecz zachowania białoruskiej tożsamości narodowej na Podlasiu

Author(s): Urszula Siemakowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2023

This article presents the contemporary cultural and educational activities of the Belarusian minority in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The aim of this article is to characterize the contemporary features of the model of Belarusian national identity in Podlasie and to show cultural and educational activities for its preservation. I am going to present this issue based on the analysis of historical conditions that influenced the formation of the national identity of Belarusians in Podlasie, and an approximation of contemporary cultural and educational activities undertaken by representatives of the Belarusian minority in the Podlaskie Voivodship.

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Lo sagrado como fuente de identidad nacional en el discurso público argentino del siglo XIX

Author(s): Maksymilian Drozdowicz / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2023

Beginning with Teun van Dijk’s studies, the notion of discourse is handled, but this concept is inscribed in the crossroads of problems related to power, oppression and context. The aim is to investigate some characteristic examples of Argentine public discourse from independence onwards (with such authors as E. Echeverría, D. F. Sarmiento or L. Mansilla), when religious arguments formed the background of the nationalist apologetic debate. The reasoning put forward in Argentine political speeches and press articles indicates that the context of “civilisation” required an indispensable basis in theology and the social sciences. In short, we see how the religious discourse underlies the debate that does not free itself from oppression. It will be interesting to discover the context of colonial Christianity in the La Plata River region in the way it argued the recently conquered freedom and the supposed ethical principles of the projected and imagined Argentinian national community.

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Zagrożona tożsamość jako element narodowego populizmu. Przypadek politycznego stylu Prawa i Sprawiedliwości Authors

Author(s): Arkadiusz Lewandowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2022

The article focuses on research on national populism situated on the border of a specific political style and populist discourse. The research category constituting the theoretical basis for the analysis of the discussed issue is identity (national) populism. The article itself is a case study and focuses on the political communication of Law and Justice in 2017–2021.The research problem expresses the question: what kinds of elements of identity populism does the discourse of Law and Justice contain? The result of the analysis are findings that confirm that PiS used the political style of national populism, which was expressed by emphasizing the threats to national identity. The source of these threats was the cosmopolitan elite and the actions of the European Union, as well as social changes determined by globalization, integration and political transformation. Based on the analyses, it can also be concluded that a marginal problem within PiS’s populist communication was the issue of migration.

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Polska polityka historyczna w ocenie współczesnego ruchu narodowego

Author(s): Grzegorz Radomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to analyse the political thought of the contemporary National Movement in terms of politics of history. The main research hypothesis assumes that the National Movement promotes its own vision of politics of history. The properly shaped politics of history is primarily intended to shape national identity and facilitate the definition of boundaries of the national community. The actions taken by other political entities operating in Poland were assessed from this perspective. They were often accused of conducting anti-national activities. Liberals were criticised for ignoring history and accepting its critical form, while conservatives were accused of lacking organisational capacity and being submissive to competing models of the politics of history shaped by other nations. Hence the offensive character and the justification for using the language of disfavour or even hostility and hatred. The national interest, remaining the main category of political thought, often became an argument that made polemic or discussion impossible. Attempts to pass over uncomfortable historical events or to shift meanings were not avoided either. The differentiation of national groups facilitated discussion within the milieu, but it practically did not play an independent role within Polish political thought, reinforcing the message associated with the conservative model of politics of history and, in the political sphere, often supporting the activities of Law and Justice. Recognising the usefulness of politics of history, however, it was emphasised that it is not a shortterm political event-type activity but a long-term political work.

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