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The authors conducted a sociological research in a survey of the population in order to identify trends in the sociodemographicstate of Ukraine. Factors-stimulants and factors-disincentives of socio-demographic development inUkraine are identified and classified.
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The relation between international migration and development is intensely studied and debated in the international forums, as well as in the national scientific circles. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that it has reached to a paradigm in this respect, the results being quite different from one country to another and, even in the case of a single country, the sense of the relation can fluctuate depending on the social, political and economic context and the form of the migration that prevails at a certain moment (temporary or permanent migration). Starting from the premise that the external migration of Romanians, at its current level, has a substantial impact on all the fields of activity and on Romanian society as a whole, this paper aims to focus on this impact in an analytical manner.
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After the end of the Cold War, a range of international issues has become, in a very short time in some cases, a security subject. International migration - one of these subjects - shows particular shades from the perspective of security, especially because of the fact that its impact is analyzed and interpreted from a different perspective by the countries of origin, respectively as destination of international migration. The impact of migration is often measured through the tangible flows generated by the process or it focuses on the current results of the process. Of an equal importance to the national security are also the intangible flows, as well as the opportunity costs. In the case of Romania, the relationship between external migration and national security presents particularities in the current regional and international context. This paper aims to analyze those consequences (effects) of the external migration that seem to become possible risks for the national security on the long term.
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In the context of globalization, the dynamics of international migration has registered significant shifts, with a major impact upon states and societies affected. This paper presents on short the developments that will stimulate international migration in perspective and signals some shifts registered in the current immigrant profile. Although migration is a phenomenon with evident negative effects on long term, for the moment, it is a sine qua non condition for maintaining a securing economic and social level for European societies.
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I would like to start this reply to the latest forecast by the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) with a small literary digression. Besides its poetic beauty, Y. B. Yeats’ ‘Sailing to Byzantium’ became one of the poet’s most lauded works for managing to express his acute reflexivity about the problem of aging. Observing the world around him, Yeats’ character understood with astounding clarity that it no longer belonged to him. Moved by this realization, he decided to set off to a different realm, a metaphysical world of immortal culture and spirituality, poetically represented as Byzantium. This critical reflexivity about the fragility and finitude of one’s earthly life indeed secured Yeats a place among his fellow literary classics in ‘the artifice of eternity’.
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With the weakening of the Anatolian Seljuk State, Balıkesir, which was the center of the Karesi Principality for a period, came under the domination of the Ottoman Empire during the time of Orhan Bey. Balıkesir, which had an important place in the Ottoman economy in terms of underground riches, especially weaving, leather industry and forests, became the center of the Karesi Sanjak, which was connected to the province of Anatolia first and then to the Hudavendigar Province in the Ottoman administrative organization. Vital Cuinet, who served as the General Secretary of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration from 1880 to 1892, visited Anatolia during this duty and examined the socio-economic, demographic and administrative structure of the Ottoman Empire. He had compiled the impressions and data it obtained into a book. The work was published in Paris in 1892 with the name "La Turque D'Asie, Géographie Administrative Statistique Descritive et Raisonnée De L'asie-Mineure" in four volumes. The information obtained by Cuinet, who visited Balıkesir city in 1891, is included in the fourth volume of the work. In this study, the socio-economic structure of the city at the end of the XIXth century has been revealed based on the information of Cuinet about Balıkesir.
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The Period of Old Uighur Turkish It is a period in which cultural concepts, terms and words are exchanged in written language dimension within the historical development and change of Turkish. Especially in the period when Buddhism was effective and widespread, many of the words, concepts and terms related to religious terminology have been translated into Turkish by translating the themed and themed works into Turkish by Kagan and the commanders. These terms, concepts and words that are translated into Turkish; It is related to the disciplines of social sciences (religion, literature, politics, etc.) as well as to the disciplines of science. Thanks to the interdisciplinary link, the belief that birth and death in Buddhism is not only mystical; In the biological dimension, it is seen that the biological terminology formed in the works written in the written language also occurs. The language features of the texts of the period, the ability of the language to express concepts and terms have emerged through the interlingual translations. Jens Wilkens' research is also valuable and remarkable in this respect. In this study, J. Wilkens' Human Embryos According to Old Uighur Buddhist Texts was translated into Turkish and presented to the attention of researchers.
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The sub-Velebit littoral is the most striking example of a rural periphery and, in this vein, a developmentally problematic zone in Croatia’s littoral belt. This is, among other things, reflected in the problematic features of the contemporary settlement structure of this area. With the exception of Senj and Obrovac, which are characterised by long-term developmental continuity, the existing settlement structure was established and developed since the latter half of the 17th century. The first modern census, conducted in 1857, recorded a population of 18,601. The higher natural carrying capacity and the palpable growth in the economic carrying capacity resulting from the activation of the mercantile/intermediary function of Senj since the late 1770s resulted in a focus of settlement in its northern section by the mid-19th century (over 70% of the population of this section of the coastal belt lived in the territory of the City of Senj). From the mid-19th century until the First World War, the population steadily rose (with the exception of the 1870s), and the maximum population was recorded in 1910. The demographic progress of this time was the result of a growing natural increase (an outcome of the already commenced demographic transition in the northern section of the Velebit coastal front) and emigration (which intensified after the decommissioning of the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier in the 1870s). Since the early 20th century, emigration increasingly became the fundamental factor of demographic development, which was reflected in depopulation after 1910.The main propulsive factor underlying emigration up to the Second World War was the overpopulation of a passive zone, and thereafter the stagnation in Croatia’s regional development. Despite developmental impulses after the modernisation of the coastal highway in the late 1950s, followed by the application of measures aimed at a more balanced regional development in D. Husanović-Pejnović: Demografski razvoj Podvelebitskog... Senj. zb. 37, 119-142 (2010.)Croatia during the 1970s and 1980s, stagnation in regional development and the ensuing emigration remained a constant in the development of this zone until the onset of the 1990s. In the last inter-census period, significant absolute and relative depopulation was recorded, which were exacerbated by warfare, especially in the southern section of the area under observation.Long-term and intense emigration led to deep and unfavourable consequences in the demographic development and settlement structure of the sub-Velebit littoral. In addition to depopulation, i.e. the continual diminishment of social energy, its impact was also manifested in the rapid ageing and negative natural trends, so that this part of the coastal belt had acquired the features of an exodus zone with a dying-off trend by the 1980s. The negative intensity of demographic processes continues to grow, which is demonstrated by the over one-quarter share of the elderly in the population and the ageing indicators with “extreme deep age” features by2001, and the negative natural trends and consequent depopulation of 4.2% during the period from 2001-2007. These negative demographic processes are correspondingly reflected in the settlement structure, above all in the continual decline in settlement density and decrease in the average size of settlements.Given the features of demographic processes, there are nonetheless considerably notable internal differences between individual parts of the sub-Velebit littoral. On the one hand, these differences are manifested in the already-commenced demographic transition and emigration from the northern and central sections, which up to the 1870s grew within the scope of the Military Frontier (City of Senj and the Karlobag Municipality), and their absolute (City of Senj) and relative (Karlobag Municipality) depopulation as a periphery to Dalmatian municipalities(Starigrad and Jasenice). On the other hand, they are reflected by differences in the direction and intensity of demographic processes between submontane, coastal and central settlements. In contrast to the remaining sections of the littoral, here the submontane settlements (northern and central sections of the Velebit coastal front) did not move down towards the sea prior to the modernisation of the Adriatic highway, and after this the process lagged greatly behind the emigration outside of this zone. The notably modest demographic growth of Karlobag and several other coastal settlements from 1991 to 2001, as opposed to the depopulation of all other settlements (including central settlements), was in fact due to fictive registration motivated by thespeculation of owners of vacation housing.The negative demographic processes in the sub-Velebit littoral shown here indicate the need to undertake appropriate measures aimed at stabilising the settlement structure in thisspecific coastal belt, which has the explicit features of a peripheral zone. In this regard, the development of the labour function in central settlements should have a crucial importance. Given the seasonality and generally limited proportional possibilities of tourism in this part of the coastal belt, the development of the labour function in the future should be based on production activities to a greater degree, including those which serve the tourism industry. However, this type of development in central settlements, which will give them the capacity to become stabilising hubs of settlement in their local governmental units, certainly requires more complex regional and local developmental policy measures and instruments.
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The paper explores the importance of the type of settlement for marital and reproductive behaviour of young people. More specifically, it examines the differences in the evaluation and practice of certain forms of marital and reproductive behaviour between young people living in different types of settlements. The data were collected with the aid of quantitative techniques like surveys and scaling. The research was conducted in the region of Southern and Eastern Serbia. The quota sample consisted of the total of 500 respondents, aged from 15 to 35 years. The results of the research show that the type of settlement is an important determinant, but more for the purpose of evaluation than for practising certain models of marital and reproductive behaviour of young people. Young people living in villages are more loyal to the traditional values in terms of marriage and parenthood, while young people living in the city tend to embrace modern values. However, practice shows that rural youth, besides maintaining traditional patterns of behaviour, also manifests certain deviations from them (like postponement of marriage and parenthood, reduced reproductive norms, cohabitation and out-of-wedlock parenting).
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In this paper the authors were focused on some aspects of family life and family relationship in the area of Krivi Put from the 1930s until present days, which have been related to collective and individual values from traditional and recent social life of the Krivi Put area with an accent on applicability of the relationships, circumstances and values which every family explicitly and implicitly sustains and which in large extent determine life of an individual and complete family (for example, division into male and female jobs, rules of inheritance of property, care for elderly people etc.). The data was collected through field research and interviews with local people. In this paper were also emphasised some theoretical and problematic questions related to ethnological research of family life and family relationships.
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Improving the quality of life of residents is one of the priority objectives of the policy pursued in cities. An important role in this area is played by the recreational function of cities, especially by the creation of suitable conditions for recreation by residents. The article assumes that in the face of demographic and the lifestyle changes taking place in the society, the undertakings of cities aimed at leisure time management of residents should, in particular, focus on the needs of the elderly. The theoretical part of the article presents the reasons for treating seniors as important participants of recreation. The practical part is based on the results of surveys conducted among seniors - city dwellers and on the analysis of activities undertaken by the city of Szczecin in the field of activation of seniors’ recreation. The considerations taken up in the article focus on issues concerning recreation in public space.
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Objective: The article evaluates the effectiveness of Poland’s “Family 500+” programme in reducing poverty and increasing the fertility rate. Research Design & Methods: The research method used is analysis of statistical data and source literature in Polish and English. Findings: The study proves that Poland’s “Family 500+” programme has been partially effective. The additional child allowance has helped reduce poverty, but has not noticeably increased the fertility rate. Implications / Recommendations: A number of pro-natalist barriers coupled with a fertility rate persistently below 2.0 since the early 1990s has meant that financial aid alone cannot sufficiently encourage Poles to start a family. Demographic development stimulation should consist of comprehensive policies, including not only financial transfers but particularly activities mitigating the negative effects of socio-cultural changes. Contribution: The article evaluates the effectiveness of the “Family 500+” programme, and thus the economic validity of introducing the most expensive family policy in the history of the Third Republic of Poland. The paper provides a multidimensional view on the causes of low fertility and the socio-economic consequences of lowering the poverty rate.
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The paper brings the analysis of the emigration effects on financial and political sustainability of pension systems in 11 new European Union member states: Bulgaria, Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary. The panel data analysis (fixed effects model) covers the crisis and post-crisis period from 2008 to 2017. The obtained results show that emigration growth is positively related to the pension expenditures (expressed as a share in GDP), thus having a negative impact on financial sustainability of pension system. On the other side, the emigration effect on social sustainability of pension system which is encompassed by the median relative income (65+) is not statistically significant. However, through including other socio-economic and political factors in econometric models besides the emigration (e.g. unemployment rate, education, political cycles, old-age dependency ratio, replacement ratio), the results have confirmed that there is a trade-off between the two goals of pension policies, i.e. between financial and political sustainability of pension system.
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Our paper suggests a new approach to assessment of external student migration consequences. While considering the socioeconomic impact of youth intellectual potential on economic and human development, we have used the regression method for forecasting the most obvious indicators of the country’s intellectual capability losses. These include the following: the ratio of students (or university staff as a connected indicator) and total population, economically active and employed population. All of the estimated data include projected losses of talented students due to their studying abroad. We have employed the data of Ukraine as an origin country to emphasize that intellectual migration can cause significant destructive consequences for national competitiveness. In particular, we have indicated the point at the double decrease of all indicators of the intellectual potential losses. In general, it is possible to achieve different types of indicators in 16–20 years. In conclusion, we argue that passive policy with regard to external student migration can lead to disastrous effects for national competitiveness from the perspective of innovation and development, which are driven by talents.
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The study aims to present variability in the population of individual size classes of Polish cities in 1950-2018, its determinants and consequences for the formation of the settlement system. The application of quartiles as the basic statistical measure allowed identifying which parts of particular size classes of cities had the greatest impact (progressively or regressively) on changes in the settlement system. In this respect, strong dynamics of the upper quartile of Polish cities, lasting until the end of the 1970s, becomes apparent. In the 1980s, the dynamics of the upper quartile of large cities showed a shift during development waves in comparison to the culmination of these waves for medium-sized cities. However, since the end of the 1980s, there has been an increasing role of the lower quartile in determining the direction of changes in the size structure of cities, especially in medium and small cities.
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The article compares the state of health care in selected thematic areas in voivodeships. It focuses on 2 main aspects, such as: health care expenses and the number of specialists. The analysis was carried out on data from 2018-2019. Its aim was to group voivodships according to selected variables regarding the state of health care. Their geographical location and demography were analyzed. The difference between the state of health care in urban and rural areas was featured.
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Mračni, sržno patrijarhalni, običaj ruralne kulture u kome djevojčica/žena prisilno preuzima na sebe rodnu, dakle, društvenu ulogu velikog muškarca, kako bi se ispunio nametnuti zahtjev stuba porodice, mislioca i voditelja plemena i roda, poznat pod terminološkom odrednicom virdžina, karakterističan je za unutrašnja područja Crne Gore, Albanije i Kosova. Prefinjena kontrola prirode i ženskog entiteta tijela i subjekta odvijala se stoljećima na jedini dostupan način svojstven tradicionalnim obrascima porodice za re/kreacijom muškog potomka. Na zahtjev glave porodice, kako bi se ispoštovale norme društvene zajednice, zadovoljio bog, odobrovoljila magijska natprirodna bića i stekla njihova naklonost – žensko dijete se odgojem socijaliziralo kao muško.
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The secular stagnation hypothesis originated in the late 1930s when Alvin Hansen proposed that the American economy will experience a prolonged depression because of the slowdown in demographics. Widely discussed in the aftermath of the Great Depression, interest in this hypothesis has waned as the world entered a period of rapid economic growth after World War II. In the years following the Great Recession, the secular stagnation hypothesis has once again come to the forefront of economic research when Lawrence Summers introduced the so‑called “new secular stagnation hypothesis.” This article aims to establish whether the secular stagnation hypothesis is relevant to the future of Europe’s advanced economies. Two main symptoms of secular stagnation (demographic slowdown and decline in the natural rate of interest) are especially noticeable in Western Europe. The article has three parts. Part one contains a theoretical overview of the secular stagnation hypothesis. Part two comprises the empirical analysis of the macroeconomic situation in selected advanced economies in Europe and a short review of findings in the literature on the natural rate of interest. Part three identifies possible future problems and provides brief policy recommendations. I conclude that Italy, and to a lesser degree, Spain and Germany, are the countries most vulnerable to secular stagnation.
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A quantitative assessment of human capital is necessary for both understanding society and implementing effective socio-economic policies. In the present paper, a new approach — the Human Life Indicator (HLI) — was implemented to measure inequality in life expectancy. The Human Development Index (HDI), proposed by the United Nations, does not take into account significant internal inequalities of countries with the same or similar life expectancy. On the contrary, HLI reflects the well-being in terms of years of life, additionally considering the inequality in life expectancy. Presented calculations were based on federal mortality statistics. This study estimated human development of Russian federal districts by comparing HDI and HLI. The analysis revealed that high HDI values, achieved, for example, due to a high gross regional product (GRP) per capita, do not translate into an improvement in the quality of life for the majority of the population. Such situation is observed in the Far Eastern Federal District. The regions that are relatively prosperous in terms of HLI are concentrated in the European part of Russia and the North Caucasus Federal District. Simultaneously, most Siberian and the Far Eastern regions, characterised by high inequality in life expectancy, require the attention of federal and regional authorities. The presented approach to assessing the success of regional development can be used to estimate how the ongoing socio-economic policy and health care reforms influence the quality of life in the regions. This method can also be applied to compare inter-regional indicators of human capital and monitor changes in well-being of the population.
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In this paper we will present one part of the research project in relation to the demographic losses of the municipality of Mostar in the 1992-1995 period. When it comes to the demographic losses of Mostar, as well as other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it must be stressed that the principal aim of the aggression on the Bosnia and Herzegovina was the destruction of the existing heterogeneous demographic structure and the creation of the homogeneous one. That aim was shared by both the Serbian and the Croatian side, as was demonstrated by their actions. Due to that, war destructions, crimes and ethnic cleansing could not be avoided as well as great human casualties, especially those of Bosniak people. Bosniaks were killed in virtually all forms of war destruction, by terrorizing, imprisoning, ethnic cleansing, raping, plundering, mass killings, as well as other war crime activities directed towards full or partial extermination. Besides evident executions, the same effect of mortality was supported by impossible living conditions in the permanent state of anxiety, lack of food, medicine, hygiene and other vital necessities, which was highly reflected in the mortality rate, in comparison to other forms. The most brutal crimes, especially committed against civilians, persecutions and forced relocations (deportations), were the last stage of the ethnic cleansing, which caused great migrations of more than 20.000 refugees, mostly Bosniaks. This was mostly frequent during the hard prison-camp tortures in Mostar and surrounding places of the western Herzegovina. Brutal tortures resulted in a number of miscarriages, sterilities, morbidities, and deep psychological traumas, which have significantly affected the decrease in the population’s natural growth, and which have evidently increased the overall demographic losses, especially of those died of natural causes, which was directly influenced by inhumane conditions.
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