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During the last 70 years the pace of depopulation of villages in Bulgaria are among the highest in the world and a continuous trend to accelerate them not since yesterday seriously jeopardizes the long-term existence of a large number of small villages. Among the main causes of the demographic collapse in rural areas are conducted by the post-1944 totalitarian regime policy of forced collectivization of farmland, livestock and inventory. The conversion of farmers in the lowest paid workers or spontaneous ongoing industrialization and urbanization are leading to huge size for the country of migration flows in the direction village-town. Their highest waves between the 1950s and 1970s not only cause too rapid decline of the rural population, but also undermine the long-term demographic potential of its natural reproduction. Aim of this study is to determine by mathematical methods of statistical analysis of the impact of migratory flows on the village-city pace of rural depopulation in the period between the censuses of population and housing censuses in 1946 and 2011.
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The paper aims to present an expert report prepared by researchers from the Economic Research Institute and the Institute for Population and Human Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences focused on one of the key priorities of the actualized National Demographic Strategy (2012-2030). This strategic priority relates to the increase of fertility in the country by the means of creating socio-economic settings supporting childbearing and childrearing.The document includes proposals for state policy measures and interventions that are formulated on the basis of an overview presented in brief in three spheres of key importance for the demographic policy of the country: the infrastructure of nurseries and kindergartens; the family life – work balance and the social insurance policies related to maternity and parenthood.
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Due to geographic and traffic position, migrations were characteristic of all periods of the demographic development of the municipality of Nikšić, but the highest intensity, especially internal population movements, they had from the second half of the 20th century. Caused by intensive industrialization, they greatly influenced the spatial distribution of the population, both in the city and in many rural areas of the municipality. In this paper, we will point out the impact of migration on the spatial distribution of the population and changes in population density of certain areas of the municipality. The impacts will be analyzed at the level of municipality, city, all villages, certain areas (Nikšićko polje and Zupa Nikšićka) and some areas with extreme values
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In this paper we analyze the impact of the quality of human capital on the main economic indicators of South-Eastern Europe countries [SEE] at the NUTS 2 level. The subjects of this research are the human capital indicators of regional competitiveness. The quality of human capital depends largely on the age structure of the population and the quality of education. Those regions, which have the highest percentage of the working-age population and highly educated people, are able to achieve higher productivity and gain a competitive advantage over other regions. As main indicators of the quality of human capital we identified: population; persons aged 25-64 with tertiary education attainment; students in tertiary education and participation of adults aged 25-64 in education and training and human resources in science and technology. As main economic indicators, we identified: regional gross domestic product; employment and income of households. The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a correlation between the indicators of the quality of human capital and economic indicators. As a main methodology we have used the correlation coefficient which shows interdependence of the analyzed indicators. As part of our analysis, we consider only EU member states that belong to the SEE countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. We conclude that in all countries there is a high multiple correlation coefficient between the indicators human resources in science and technology, number of students and employment.
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The subject of quantitative research is to examine the connection between demographic (gender, age) and environmental factors (family, school and media) and knowledge and perceptions of students about natural disasters. Bearing in mind the orientation of the research design on determination of character and strength of relationships of demographic and environmental factors with the knowledge and perceptions of students about natural disasters, research has explicative goal. The authors use the method of interviewing high school students to identify demographic and environmental factors associated with the knowledge and perceptions of students about natural disasters. The study included 3,063 students of secondary schools in the city of Belgrade. Results suggest the existence of links between gender, success achieved in school and education of parents and the knowledge of students about natural disasters. The results also indicate that the education of students at school and within family does not affect the knowledge, but affects their perception on natural disasters. Bearing in mind the geographical space of Serbia, the study is based only on the Belgrade region, so the findings can be generalized only to the population of students in this area. Research findings indicate potential ways to influence students to raise level of knowledge about natural disasters to a higher level. Given the evident lack of education about natural disasters in Serbia, the study results can be used for policies of educational programs, which would contribute to improving the safety of youth culture.
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The aim of this paper is to review and point out the demographic situation and processes happening in Lika Region (Croatia) today, as well as to describe the changes in the population structure with particular emphasis on changes in the ethnic structure of the population that have occurred over the past two decades. For centuries, Lika has been inhabited by the population of dual religious structure with different socio-cultural and linguistic characteristics. The area where the diverse population of Lika’s variety lives today is characterized by clear and steady depopulation, changed population structure (age, ethnicity) and changed adiministative and territorial organization. Jovan Cvijić in his Balkan Peninsula and the South Slavic Countries in this group (Lika’s variety) places the population living “between the Velebit mountain on the west and Kapela and Plješevica on the east”. This is the area of today's southwestern Croatia, consisting of two towns (Gospić, Otočac) and eight municipalities (Brinje, Donji Lapac, Gračac, Lovinac, Perušić, Plitvice Lakes, Udbina, Vrhovine), belonging to two counties (Lika–Senj, Zadar).
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Age structure of a population, representing the final result of all the demographic processes, tells a unique story which incorporates not only the main demographic components, but also its history, cultural and political characteristics of the population. Through its history the Balkan Peninsula has been alluring to all kinds of demographic research. The process of aging, which is intensifying in all developed countries, will increasingly be the main focus of future demographic research. Although there is undeniable general shift in the age structure, there are many regional differences in the Balkan Peninsula. Thus, for the purpose of this paper we created a choropleth map of the Balkans showing the age structure at NUTS 3 regional level. For the purposes of this paper borders of the Balkan Peninsula are defined by Jovan Cvijić in his homonymous work. Toward a more complete understanding of the ageing phenomena in the Balkans we conducted an analysis of regionalization of ageing, to serve as a backbone for the analysis of age structure at the national level. We compare ageing borders with ethnic, religious and political borders in the peninsula.
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Today, tourism development cannot be imagined without the function of travel agencies and tourism organizations related to providing the information and advices. This function should be managed carefully, because providing the tourism information and advices is realized in direct contact with the client, which means that employees’ education should be correspondent to required tasks of each workplace. This paper indicates the structure of employees throughout the travel agencies and tourism organizations within the City of Užice (Western Serbia), but also the structure of unemployed human resources with tourism education in order to determine the sociodemographic structure and the share of young people in employed/unemployed category. Methods used in this paper are: survey, analysis and synthesis, statistics and comparison. Collected data were processed by using the mathematical-statistical software SPSS 17.0. Results of the study showed that females under the age of 40 are prevailing within the employees’ category, while females under the age of 30 are prevailing within the unemployed human resources.
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Problem of emigration of young citizens of Lithuania who pursue higher education is analyzed in the present article. The aim is to reveal attitudes of academic young people and their intentions to leave the country as well as approach to the emigration and changes of the said approach in 2003, 2007, and 2017. Students from various Lithuanian universities and colleges who in the questionnaire indicated as being Lithuanians participated in the study. Attitude towards emigration study was performed using a closed type, anonymous questionnaire of fifteen items, which has been developed by the authors of the present article. Using factor validation statements that reflect attitudes were extracted into three subscales that were conditionally labeled as Rational, Cosmopolitan, and Ethnocentric attitude towards emigration. The performed quantitative analysis results have revealed that assessments of emigration attitudes in the first, the second, and the third study differ significantly. It has been established that rational attitude was weakening and later strengthening, the ethnocentric attitude, conversely, was strengthening and later weakening while the cosmopolitan attitude was continuously weakening. Student statistical types by the emigration attitude subscales and their spread in each study have been revealed. After having performed three measurements, the same, but slightly differently spread student statistical types have been determined – mobile cosmopolitan and settled ethnocentric. It has been determined that demographic indexes affect student cosmopolitan attitudes the most and rational attitudes the least, but effect of demographic factors is not systemic.
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Mahala pod nazivom Grad najmanja je mahala u Srebrenici krajem 19.stoljeća. Nalazi se na planinskom grebenu koji se sa platoa Pribićevac pruža sve do središta grada Srebrenice. Pored malobrojnosti kuća i stanovnika Grad mahalu karakterizira i njezina smještenost između dvije stare srebreničke utvrde. U radu prezentiramo i analiziramo podatke o historijskim, demografskim, vlasničkim, urbanističkim i drugim društveno-historijskim činjenicama bitnim za ovu mahalu, te detaljan prikaz svih kuća Grad mahale na kraju 19. stoljeća. Interpretiraju se podaci o familijama ove mahale na razmeđu 19. i 20. stoljeća. Kao izvor služe do sada nekorišćeni podaci sa kraja 19. stoljeća. Radi se o katastarskim planovima iz 1883. i 1885. godine, topografskoj karti iz 1887. godine i gruntovnim knjigama iz 1894. godine pa nadalje.
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Migration is a constant companion of civilization. Human communities have been migrating throughout the lands. There are various reasons and the different conditions that drive the people to migrate individually or in groups from one to another place, on a permanent or temporary basis. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been characterized through its history by economic emigration and immigration, but also in the past seven centuries there exist a record of several waves of forced – internal and external – migration. Past thirty years have been particularly marked by the war against Bosnia and Herzegovina that demographically devastated the country, all its people, their families and territories. The demographic emptying of Bosnia and Herzegovina continued in the post-war period, and has been amplified in the past few years. The recent surge in emigration is caused by security, economic and other dilemmas produced by political conflicts, threatening to aggravate, and being transformed into fear of a renewed armed conflict, fear of poverty, a fear of legal uncertainty, corruption...
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In this scientific article, the authors research and provide information on the contribution of the teaching staff of the Islamic Pedagogical Faculty in Bihać, health workers in the Government of Una-Sana Canton, as well as the engagement of young people, student volunteers - humanists, to protect and help at risk groups, at the time of declaring a public health situation of international importance, the emergence of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The results of the study showed that the pandemic as an infectious disease is spreading rapidly through the population of a wider area, and in such situations requires mobility of health and social staff . The combined form of action of scientists, health workers, young people, each from the domain of their knowledge and moral responsibility, has contributed to the fact that such a serious situation in society can be brought into control, and that risk groups of citizens, in our work, old persons, timely help and protection.
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Academic education has been recognized by more young people as a logical step in the path of professional career development. During this educational process, commitment and work of each individual result in some success. The purpose of this survey is to examine the influence of some socioeconomic and demographic variables on students’ success during the study. Achievement during the education is usually followed by an average grade which is primarly the assessment of student’s knowledge and secondly the assessment of student’s continuous work and effort. The data analysis will be done on primary data basis, collected by interviewing students of the School of Economics and Business at the University of Sarajevo. The survey was distributed online and collected data for 210 students, of which 63 were male and 147 were female students. Students’ success is defined as the average grade in the previous study and is a dependent variable in our model. The independent variables in the model are: the percentage of student’s attendance at lectures and tutorials, physical activity, years of study, department, the way of learning, level of education, level of parents’ education, way of financing the study, the place of stay during the studies, the high school grade and the entity where the students came from. Since the goal of the research is to examine the dependence between variables and that one dependent variable and a set of independent variables have been identified, the method of dependence or multiple regression analysis has been used for the analysis. In this paper we tried to find out how regularly attendance, study methods, department, gender, years of study, level of parents’ education, way of financing the study, and other factors selected on the basis of theory affect the success of the studies. In particular, for this research, in addition to theoretical expectations, the values of the parameters are also interpreted from the point of view of the everyday situation. The results of the survey confirmed some of the hypothesis. We have obtained a model where the estimated values are the actual picture of the population, because the model is the best efficient impartial estimator. More precisely, our model proves that variables such as attendance, department, method of study, physical activity, level of parents’ education, way of financing the study, the place of stay during study, way of learning scheduling affect the average grade during study. A variable such as gender was not significant in estimated model, however, using a non-parametric test, we have shown that there is a significant difference in the average grade between female and male students.
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The study analyses the behavioral indicators and the functioning of the demographic dynamics in the village of Susenii Bîrgăului in terms of marriage and mortality for the duration of three decades: 1901-1930. The research is based on the analysis of the confessional registers of the Orthodox Church corroborated with the data of the official censuses. The birth rate analysis is not much different from the values of the old demographic regime, and after the sudden decrease in the war years, the birth rate progressively increased until 1930 and was less marked by infant mortality. The rate of illegitimate births, which, according to the records, was very high at the beginning of the 20th century, reached surprisingly small values during the war compared to other regions, and then returned to the figures recorded before the war. The procreation calendar was relatively linear and the individuals do not seem to have been particularly marked by the pressure of religiosity (Christian fasts), being rather influenced by the pace of field work. The natural increase is positive throughout the researched period. The mortality rate impresses unpleasantly with the high values recorded in the age categories 0-1 years and 1-14 years, values that tended to decrease towards the end of the third decade. The Great War brought another perspective on death in the community considering the age of those who died or disappeared, a fact that had major implications given the small size of the community.
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This paper explores and analyzes the most important anthropogeographic characteristics of the development of the municipality of Srebrenica until the mid-1990s, especially changes in the economic and educational structure of the municipal population. Particular attention was paid to the territorial distribution, that is, the representation of certain Bosniak families in the settlements of the municipality, as well as the number of households and the total number of persons per family. In addition, the basic demographic losses of Bosniak families in the Srebrenica municipality during the aggression against the independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-1995, are presented, as well as the massacres of Bosniak men after the occupation of the so-called UN Srebrenica Safe Zone, July 1995. Data on the number of widows and orphaned children as a result of the mass killing of Bosniak men during aggression and genocide were analyzed and presented by families.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is followed by a pandemic of fear. Coronavirus and fear are dominant in both private communication and public discourse. We are living in the field of „the new normalcy“ which is shaped by a „floating fear„. Fear is nothing but a common name for a feeling of insecurity and a space of uncertainty accompanied by our inability to figure out the sources of danger which we are exposed to. Both individuals and communities defend themselves to overcome the fear. The history of civilization is nothing but a particular „school of courage“. Fear and courage are the strongest urges. A society chained by fear is not a free society
More...Individual and Social Ethical Connections of Marriage and Family Life in Contemporary Western Culture
From a historical point of view, it can be argued that the cultivated arrangement of the relationship between man and woman, the support of the institution of marriage, and therefore families, have always been one of the important requirements of individual cultures and religions. There is also a close connection between the state of society (and the dominant requirements in it) and the form of personal and family life. In the Western cultural space with the decisive ecclesiastical discourse, the view of marriage and the family was not spared from one-sidedness and problematic practice. The current magisterium of the Catholic Church remains critical of some contemporary trends and phenomena, including the questioning of the very institution of marriage and the family. At the same time, it remains open to new challenges in this field.The article aims to critically reflect on some issues related to the current situation of marriage and the family, especially the individual and social ethical context of married and family life in contemporary Western culture.Using a reflection of the findings of selected authors, especially of sociologists (Lipovetsky, Beck), the article demonstrates the reality of problematic „points“ of the present time (marked by magisterial texts by Pope Francis) and their connection to married and family life. It thus verifies the thesis that the preconditions for marriage and the family are currently weakened in the Western area. This state of affairs include even the institutions that want to invoke the necessary personal and social responses to the problematic situation. Although the study does not capture the full range of issues and problems currently associated with marriage and the family, it does demonstrate that marital and family relationships in contemporary Western culture are conditioned by a number of factors. Those cannot be fully influenced by the individuals directly affected. The study points to the crucial role of politics, including its responsibility and to the exclusive role of the Church. The Church can, in many respects, increase respect for the institutions and bring a concrete help to the people.The result of the study is an emphasis on the fact that, in the current situation, it is not easy for individuals or families to maintain their own integrative values. It is not easy to withstand the pressures from the outside, to not succumb to the vision of success offered by the majority society. It is also problematic that the focus of politics is not predominantly on the family but, above all, on the immediate interests of the individual. Politics is irresponsibly undercutting itself in order to get into favor of individuals.The conclusion of the study confirms the validity of the magisterial belief that the prosperity of the family is crucial for the future of the world and the Church. Marriage and the family are natural communities that correspond to a person‘s anthropological setting. They allow him or her to find his or her own identity. They are a guarantee of the humanization of the person and society, a protection against deformations of the individualistic or collectivist type.
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