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ATTITUDE TOWARDS MONEY AMONG YOUNG ADULTS VERSUS POSITIVE ORIENTATION AND SELF-ESTEEM

Author(s): Leszek Borowiec,Hubert OLESZCZUK,Ewa WOJTOWICZ / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

These studies investigate a relationship between positive orientation, self-esteem, and attitudes towards money in young adults. The Covid-19 pandemic has left a significant mark on the lives of many people and young adults are particularly at risk because they do not have a stable position in the labour market. The group of respondents was manually restricted to young adults, so analyses were conducted on a group of 296 people. Responses were collected online, through the Cognito Forms. Tools were used in the research: the author’s sociodemographic questionnaire, the P Scale to measure the intensity of positive orientation, the Morris Rosenberg SES Self-Esteem Scale to measure self-esteem, and SPP-25 to measure attitudes towards money. There were 2 main hypotheses in the study: hypothesis one assuming a relation-ship between positive orientation and attitudes toward money, and hypothesis two assuming a relationship between self-esteem and attitudes towards money. All main hypotheses were confirmed. In addition, 9 detailed hypotheses were put forward regarding the correlation of individual dimensions of attitudes towards money and positive orientation and self-esteem. Young adults were the subject of the study, there-fore results cannot be generalized to the entire population. It is justified to conduct research also in other age groups.

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Brain Drain – Current Conditions and Perspectives

Author(s): Ljupcho Kevereski,Bisera Kostadinovska-Stojchevska / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (17)/2019

It can be safely confirmed that there may be no other problem in modern living, which with its multidimensional determination and conditionality no longer shakes, disturbs social, institutional and personal perspectives. It is a brain drain as a specific form of migration that implicitly refers to the outflow of the most highly educated, gifted, talented, creative potential possessing professional and personal competencies. The study focuses on the analysis of the situation and the perspectives related to the brain drain which, because of its far-reaching unpredictable, uncontrolled and uncertain implications and repercussions, acquires the legitimacy of a planetary phenomenon. The subject of research in the study is an analysis of the situation and the perspectives that refer to the brain drain from the aspect of the young population based on the examination of the opinion of the examined people regarding the psychological factors for the brain drain. The main goal of the study is to identify and actualize the implicit and explicit factors and assumptions that determine this phenomenon. In the research we start from the general hypothesis that the brain drain is not determined only by material-existential, social and other reasons. The sample in the survey consists of 300 examined people who are part of the student population from 3 universities in the Republic of North Macedonia.

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The Young Precariat in Greece: What Happened to “Generation 700 Euros”?

Author(s): Athanassios Gouglas / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (8)/2013

Despite important problems associated with young age and transition to employment, there are also specific challenges associated with particular generations at particular politico-historical and economic settings. They may not be considered natural because of young age and the life cycle associated with it. The present contribution describes the economic and social situation of the young generation in Greece before and after the crisis, in comparison to older age-groups and where possible to the previous young generation when its members took their first steps into the job market. The “young generation”, in Greece, codified as “generation 700 Euros” before the crisis, may be understood as a broader “actual generation”, the “young precariat”. The “young precariat” comprises of people, born between the late ‘70s and the late ‘90s, who are exposed to a set of generationally defining social and economic historical experiences: a) a prolonged transition to independence, b) “precarity”, c) generational tension and d) the economic crisis. Focusing on precarity and generational tension, we show, using statistical data and secondary analyses that first: the “young precariat” experiences worse socio-economic conditions in comparison to their parent generation when they were at a similar life cycle in 1981. Second, the economic crisis has increased the levels of “precarity”, however, an ongoing pension reform seems to be levelling the generational game to the benefit of the younger generation.

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Association between Social Demographic Factors and Health Literacy in Jordan

Author(s): Anber Abraheem Mohammad,Main Naser Alolayyan,Khaleel Ibrahim Al-Daoud,Yara Mahmoud Al Nammas,Asokan Vasudevan,Suleiman Ibrahim Shelash Mohammad / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

The study highlights that low health literacy is a serious global health threat, causing health problem denial, poor communication with healthcare providers, and widening disparities. It aims to investigate how income, education, and socio-economic status affect health literacy levels. The study conducted an occasional design using quantitative data. This study was conducted using a structured questionnaire to obtain information from 413 randomly selected Ammani residents The questions were designed to assess the impact of health literacy level. The study's quantitative results show that socio-economic factors are the reasons for the health literacy among Amman residents, based on the 413 sample. Although gender only shows little differences, age, income, and education greatly affect health literacy, with those aged 30-60, higher income earners, and people with higher education levels having better understanding. It is necessary to design health literacy interventions for different demographic groups so as to eliminate the disparities and to get the so desired health outcomes. This study assesses the association between social demographic factors and health literacy in Jordan and found the level of literacy affected by social and economic factors, but in varying proportions for each topic with some recommendations.

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Family Planning Policies in Peru (1995-2023): Ontological Problems on Fertility and Infertility in Andean and Amazonian Culture

Author(s): Jorge Apaza-Ticona,Ignacio Gallardo-Lorenzo,Adderly Mamani-Flores,Juan Inquilla-Mamani,Vicente Alanoca-ArocutipA,Alfredo Calderón-Torres / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

The research proposes a historical analysis of family planning policies in force from 1995 to 2023, with the objective of understanding the problems derived from the Voluntary Surgical Contraception (VSC) program implemented between 1995 and 2000, as well as the current decline of the health system in relation to sexual health and family planning. It addresses the influence of conservativeoriented governments and policies, as well as the interaction with Andean, Amazonian and urban cultural conceptions of fertility and infertility. The methodology employed is historical in nature, with an anthropological and qualitative approach. The findings highlight that policies related to sexuality and family planning in the historical context of the country did not take into account the cultural values and perspectives of local communities, which has contributed to a social gap in the field of public health. It is evident that the mass sterilization policies implemented in Peru during the 1990s suffered from lack of informed consent, pressure and coercion on individuals, having a disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable communities. Therefore, this study seeks to provide guidance and recommendations to address the current problem identified.

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Rodne razlike u obrascima kohortnog fertiliteta u Srbiji: uloga obrazovnog gradijenta

Author(s): Vladimir Nikitović,Ivana Magdalenić / Language(s): English Issue: S1/2024

This paper represents the first contribution to the research of gender differences in the cohort fertility patterns in Serbia. We used the specially processed results of the 2022 Census that include one-year cohorts of women and men born in the 1940–1982 and 1940–1977 periods, respectively. Using parity progression rates, we examined the changes and gender patterns of completed cohort fertility from the perspective of educational differentials given the role of educational expansion in fertility changes in recent decades. Decomposition analysis showed that a marked increase in childlessness and the declining progression to second birth across cohorts born after 1960 is the key reason of the decline in completed fertility of both sexes. The development of the relationship between the education and fertility led to the changes in the educational differentials in fertility of both sexes, but also to a very pronounced gender gap in the patterns of these differentials. Convergence in completed fertility across different educational groups in the older cohorts of men turned to a divergence between the low-educated and the highly educated in the younger generations, resulting in a positive educational gradient in recent completed fertility of men. Negative educational gradient in completed fertility was observed across all cohorts of women, with he gap between the low- and highly educated doubled among the younger compared to the older cohorts. The development of educational differentials in childlessness across cohorts led to a gender convergence among the highly educated and divergence among the low-educated in Serbia, contrary to the process that took place in more gender egalitarian societies. The lack of convergence in the progression to second and third birth across different educational groups of both sexes, which is particularly pronounced among women, suggests that the more educated a person is, the more difficult it is for them to expand theirfamily due to the lack of both institutional support for parenthood and gender equity within the family. The identified patterns of completed cohort fertility in Serbia confirm theoretical assumptions and findings from other countries that in the societies with more pronounced gender inequality and family support policies that are not sufficiently gender and parentally sensitive, higher opportunity costs of parenthood lead to lower fertility, and vice versa.

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Depopulacija i duboko starenje: prostor bivše Jugoslavije i Zapadnog Balkana između druge demografske tranzicije i emigracije

Author(s): Damir Josipovič / Language(s): English Issue: S1/2024

The article introduces the tentative concept of deep aging –a label used for a situation when the overall ageing effects of the second demographic transition, due to fertility below replacement level, are topped by the excessive emigration of the fertile contingent (additional loss of active population). Deep ageing thus accelerates population decline. But the loss of fertile contingent may affect the total fertility rates and its apparent rise (TFR). Here, the tempo effect of fertility plays the decisive role. The article first assesses the demographic change in the European macroregions in the period after the fall of the Iron Curtain (1990–2020). It then analyses the changes in the area of former Yugoslavia to assess the extent of population change in the last intercensal period, 2011–2022. Building on the previous research of population loss and migration flows after the break-up of Yugoslavia, the overall population change in the region is being assessed. It is also shown that tempo distortion of fertility rates considerably affects the realistic level of fertility and that approximate completed fertility rates fell less dramatically. Since the migration data are less reliable, the analysis of intercensal change was applied to assess the migration losses across the ex-Yugoslav space. To assess theextent of deep ageing, the intercensal projection of fertilecontingent was introduced. The stage of deep ageing isthe most pronounced in Croatia and Serbia, especially atthe younger fertile group, while the overall loss of fertilepopulation is profound and will certainly affect the furtherfuture decrease in population. Similarly difficult demographicsituation is in other post-Yugoslav countries, whereonly Slovenia has not yet slid into the stage of deep ageing.

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Zaposlenost, rodna ravnopravnost i porodične politike: postjugoslovenske države i Evropska unija

Author(s): Ankica S. Šobot / Language(s): Serbian Issue: S1/2024

The central question driving this study is whether and how the employment situation of women aged 20 to 49in post-Yugoslav countries can be improved. Embracing feminist principles, the initial premise posits that gender equality is not only reflected in lower rates of women’s employment, but also in a higher share of part-time employment. Parenthood emerges as a pivotal factor influencing both the quantity and quality of women’s employment during this life stage. The analysis encompasses gender disparities, as well as variations in employment between the women with at least one child under the age of six and those without children. Data from the Labor Force Survey, from the database of the Statistical Office of the European Union are used. In the socialist era of the former Yugoslavia, women’s full-time employment was relatively high, and the societal norm of both parents being employed was widely embraced. However, the transition to the capitalist system in the late 20th century posed challenges for all former socialist countries, including labor market instability and a decline in women’s employment. Our examination of current employment involves a comparative approach. Slovenia stands out for its remarkably high employment rates among the younger middle-aged women with children under six (exceeding 80%). Notably, Slovenia is the only European Union member state to maintain high employment rates, while simultaneously keeping part-time employment levels relatively low. Nonetheless, gender disparity in employment among women and men without children persists, as observed in Croatia and Serbia. Additionally, the gender gap in part-time employment between these women and men, recorded in Slovenia, is one of the largest. In Serbia, the employment rate of women aged 20–49 is below the EU average, with less than two-thirds employed in 2021, irrespective of parental status. Although part-time employment is not prevalent in post-Yugoslav countries, Slovenia exhibits a higher rate compared to Croatia and Serbia. While some of the most developed European countries have shown that this model can increase the employment rates of mothers with young children, feminist literature argues against it due to its adverse effects on women’s socio-economic status. A potential approach to mitigating the gender gap in employment involves facilitating more flexible working arrangements, ensuring equal access and utilization, particularly where job’s nature permits. Additionally, enhancing employment opportunities for younger middle-aged women without children is imperative.

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Ljudski kapital u Srbiji sagledan kroz prizmu dostignutog nivoa obrazovanja mladih

Author(s): Vlasta Kokotović Kanazir,Milena Panić,Marija Drobnjaković / Language(s): English Issue: S1/2024

Human capital is an important determinant of individual and overall socio-economic development. In addition to economic parameters, human capital is significantly influenced by the level of formal and informal education attained. Previous research in this area has focused on formal education and the skills acquired concerning better positioning in the labor market. Accordingly, the main objective of the conducted research is to determine the state and level of educational attainment as prerequisite for the development of human capital in Serbia. This analysis is based on a set of indicators that represent the achieved educational attainment with special focus on the young population. It is conducted for the territory of Serbia, on municipal level, which enabled the categorization of municipalities according to educational attainment. Most municipalities in Serbia are characterized by insufficient educational attainment in the local context, or in general. For the purpose of the regional disparities identification,the coefficient of human capital utilization was created,in order to identify the mismatch between education attainmentand labor market demand. The research showsthat it is crucial to change the general perception ofdemographic problems and challenges, which will allowthe development of applicable and more realistic publicpolicies in the future.

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Hrvati u Srbiji i Srbi u Hrvatskoj: demografske sličnosti i razlike – odabrani aspekti

Author(s): Dražen Živić,Nenad Pokos,Nikola Šimunić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: S1/2024

The subject of research in this paper are the populations of declared ethnic Croats in the Republic of Serbia and ethnic Serbs in the Republic of Croatia in the population censuses between 2001/2002.–2021/2022. The purpose of the research is to determine the reached level of similarities and differences in the selected dynamic and structural demographic indicators between these two minority communities, as well as in their relation to the total and majority population of the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia, with the aim of assessing their demographic sustainability in the future. The research is based on the official results of general population censuses held in Croatia in 2001, 2011 and 2021, and in Serbia in 2002, 2011 and 2022. The descriptive and comparative method will be applied in the research, and the results will be presented in aggregated analytical tables and graphs. The mentioned subject will be observed in the general dynamic demographic framework, which is extremely depopulated for both these countries and both minority populations, i.e. it is extremely unfavourable. Thus, without going into the issue of the obvious changes in the census methodologies, in the period 2001–2021 the number of the total population of Croatia was reduced by 12.7%, and the number of the total population of Serbia in the period 2002–2022 was reduced by 11.3 %. At the same time, the number of declared Croats in Serbia decreased by 44.6%, while the number of declared Serbs in Croatia decreased by 38.6%. Consequently, the relative share of Croats in Serbia decreased from 0.9% to 0.6% (by 0.3 percentage points), and of Serbs in Croatia from 4.5% to 3.2% (by 1.3 percentage points). In addition to the negative demographic dynamics of both populations (both minority and total), the observed period is also characterized by unfavourable processes in the formation of partial demographic structures, especially biological (age and gender), which, thanks to the accelerated aging of the population, is increasingly becoming a limiting factor in their long-term demographic sustainability.

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Međunarodna naučna konferencija Stanovništvo u postjugoslovenskim zemljama: (ne)sličnosti i perspektive Beograd, 19–20. april 2024.

Author(s): Milena Sekulić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: S1/2024

Report on the conference International scientific conference Population in post-Yugoslav countries: (dis)similarities and perspectives held in Belgrade on 19–20 April 2024.

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Strategies for Sustainable Development: Leveraging Demographic Factors in Indonesia's Regions

Author(s): Zulkifli Siregar,Zulkifli Nasution,. Rujiman,Agus Abhi Purwoko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This study investigates the impact of demographic factors on the demographic bonus and regional development in Indonesia, using a sample of 30 provinces from 2011 to 2019. Population growth positively influences both the demographic bonus and regional development. In contrast, life expectancy and contraceptive prevalence rate have negative effects on the demographic bonus. The schoolage population positively impacts both the demographic bonus and regional development. The demographic bonus negatively affects regional development and fails to mediate the relationship between population growth and regional development. However, it mediates the effects of life expectancy and the school-age population on regional development. The analysis employs descriptive analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) using Smart-PLS. The findings recommend effective management of population growth, enhanced healthcare to improve life expectancy, and balanced birth control programs. Increased investment in education and inclusive development strategies are vital. Policies should facilitate the active participation of the working-age population, supported by continuous research and development to ensure responsive policy formulation. These recommendations aim to maximize the potential of the demographic bonus and support sustainable regional development in Indonesia.

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Comparison of the Handling of Homeless and Beggars in Medan and Jakarta Cities

Author(s): Husni Thamrin,Muhammad Akbar Pribadi,Hatta Ridho,Farida Hanim / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Homelessness and begging are social problems that affect community welfare and demonstrate inequalities in access to basic resources, which require a holistic approach to address. Although Medan City and Jakarta City have implemented strict policies and dealt with homeless people, there are still many homeless people who return after being rehabilitated. Therefore, this research seeks to explain the comparison of the handling of vagrants and beggars by the governments of Medan City and Jakarta City. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to analyze the differences in policies for handling vagrants and beggars in Medan City, North Sumatra Province, and Jakarta City, DKI Jakarta Province. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, f ocus group discussions, and secondary data derived from documents, reports, and publications. This research concludes that handling vagrants and beggars in Medan City and Jakarta requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach between the government, related institutions, and the community. In Jakarta, Governor Regulation No. 169 Year 2014 is the basis for the handling, while in Medan, two local regulations, namely Local Regulation No. 4 Year 2008 and Local Regulation No. 6 Year 2003, are the foundation. The main challenge in Jakarta is the need for massive program evaluation, while in Medan, the challenges include the lack of facilities and infrastructure, limited human resources, and lack of communication between related institutions. The Jakarta Government established Social Services, Supervision, and Control to deal with the problem. At the same time, in Medan, there is an Operation to Control Homeless Beggars and Street Children, which requires a holistic approach to handling. Differences also exist in the rehabilit ation program, which must address the factors that influence begging and provide medical, psychological, and social support.

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Digital Transformation Model of Population Administration Services for Regional Development through a Population Data Utilization System in Medan City

Author(s): Adisti Maritadinda Admar,Sirojuzilam Sirojuzilam,Badaruddin Badaruddin,. Rujiman / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This research aims to examine the influence of digital transformation on population administration services and its implications for regional development in Medan City. Against the background of the need to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of public services, this research adopts a quantitative approach, using tools such as questionnaires, in-depth interviews and observations to collect data. Against the background of the need to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of public services, this research adopts a quantitative approach, using tools such as questionnaires, in-depth interviews and observations to collect data. The research results indicate that digitalization of population services makes a positive contribution to improving the quality of public services, which indirectly influences regional development through increasing efficiency, accessibility and transparency of services. And this research provides insight into egovernment strategies in Medan, supporting the effective use of population data in supporting inclusive and sustainable regional development.

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МОДЕЛЬ ТІЛЕСНОСТІ «ТІЛО БЕЗ ОРГАНІВ» ЯК ПРОДУКТИВНА ТІЛЕСНА ПАРАДИГМА В КОНЦЕПЦІЇ КОНТАКТНОЇ ІМПРОВІЗАЦІЇ СТІВА ПЕКСТОНА

Author(s): Olha Babych / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2023

The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of postmodern dance through the prism of the concept "body without organs" and to analyse the defined model of corporeality as a productive bodily paradigm in S. Paxton's contact improvisation. Research methodology. The analytical, typological, historical and cultural method, the method of cultural analysis (to understand the cultural meanings of the "body without organs" model of corporeality, which are revealed and constructed by postmodern dance practices), the phenomenological method, which contributed to the understanding of dance as a special type of socio-culturally oriented bodily practices, were applied, as well as generalisation method. Scientific novelty. The concept of "body without organs" is studied in the theoretical works of A. Artaud, as well as within the framework of the philosophy of postmodern corporeality of J. Deleuze and F. Guattari; the question of the body and dance as a possible overcoming of its automatisms is considered. The concept of postmodern dance along the lines of the "body without organs" model was analysed and its features as a productive bodily paradigm in the paradigm of contact improvisation by S. Paxton was revealed. Conclusions. In accordance with the specifics of postmodernism, the concept of "body without organs" is positioned as the result of a meaningful application of the fundamental idea about the immanent creative potential of the rhizome (a decentralised semantic environment to the phenomenon of corporeality. In the dimension of postmodern dance, the "body without organs" model has become the most productive bodily paradigm in Steve Paxton‘s contact improvisation. S. Paxton‘s concept, within which contact improvisation is considered as a specific formation of "spherical space", the result of a change in spatial-kinaesthetic orientation within a short time, involves focusing on the boundaries of body space, understanding its inner essence in relation to external space, the birth of movement in the process communication. Like most postmodern dance practices, contact improvisation is not focused on the final result, but is focused on the continuity of the process and the transformation of the aesthetic experience. According to S. Paxton, sustained movement and spontaneous movement are the poles of the spectrum of possibilities that define his research, as technical dance provides a basis for thinking about improvisation – dance techniques provide information about how movement affects the structure of the body. The model of the "body without organs", which is not limited by any standards of movements, in a duet is revealed in a variety of relationships with the partner‘s body. Both bodies balance on the rules of continuous contact, weight transfer, and balance to ultimately acquire newly formed capabilities.

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A modern view on aspects of nuptiality in Bulgaria - a period analysis for the period 1990-2022

Author(s): Stanislava Moraliyska-Nikolova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aim of this study is to identify the course of change in the nuptiality pattern in Bulgaria in the period after 1990. There has been a significant increase in the average age at first marriage over the past three decades. The main difference between the established in the last century model of universal and early marriage in Bulgaria and the modern model of nuptiality, which expresses the most radical change in it, is related precisely to the late start of the family formation and the first marriage. This study is entirely focused on the fundamental demographic parameters of statutory marriage, i.e., age and sex. For the purposes of this study are traced the changes produced in the first marriage timing among men and women. The change to the age-specific nuptiality model coupled with the increase in the average ages of concluding a first marriage lets confirm the hypothesis on the course of the process of first marriage postponement for a later stage within an individual life cycle.

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THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF BRAIN MIGRATION

Author(s): Dumitru Otovescu,Mihai Alexandru NEMOIU / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This thesis aims to present the social problem related to the migration of doctors from Romania to other countries. In Romania, it began to be noticeable since 2007, when our country joined the European Union. Besides the massive migration of doctors from Romania to western countries, we notice another category made up of graduates in the IT field. Currently, at the level of Romanian society, we can identify more and more graduates who want to emigrate abroad, for work. Thus, Romania is in a continuous loss, from all socio-demographic points of view, and the other countries to which Romanians emigrate enjoy many benefits, such as: increasing the birth rate, lowering the mortality rate, invigorating society with the help of people trained in the fields of activity etc. All these positive aspects occur without investing anything in the training of specialists, they are already theoretically trained in Romania. On the other hand, from an economic point of view, some researchers claim that Romania is also a winner, taking into account the fact that many of their earnings return to the country: migrant workers support their families which were left in Romania (if they decide to stay). This thesis aims to analyse the phenomenon of brain migration from the perspective of health professionals who have left our country, trying to exemplify some of the possible causes, but also some solutions, to reduce the negative effects we feel nationally as a result of the decision to leave the country, in the context in which, we also have a very large number of young immigrants who go annually for work, n addition to doctors, IT specialists, other graduates of higher education etc.

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SOCIAL POLICIES FOR INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS. HOMELESS PEOPLE

Author(s): Ionela Maria BRAȘOVEANU (ION) / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The present article aims to highlight both the causes and determinants of social exclusion, of vulnerable groups, namely street people. To improve the quality of life of the target group, both the state and Non-Governmental Organizations work together to implement social policies and programs to rehabilitate, prevent, and combat social exclusion, marginalization, and poverty prevention. Social exclusion is seen as a process that leads to a situation in which certain vulnerable persons and groups are unable to perform certain functions, being led to a state of poverty, and the status of social exclusion can be defined as a combination of deprivations. Social exclusion can be the framework for the perception of deprivation and especially of two dimensions of deprivation: the fact that it has a multidimensional character and hidden social relations. Another issue addressed is the relationship between poverty and social exclusion, being valued as a tool for drawing social policies. The two concepts approached coincide, encompassing a complex area of poverty based on relational aspects, economic, social and political dimensions of social exclusion. Regarding poverty, there is a vast and pronounced literature that treats the problem as a macro phenomenon affecting large territorial areas, which tend to detect its cross-cutting aspects or, aims to capture its specific expressions. The prevalent approach to poverty seems to be on the one hand that of social control, and on the other hand that inherent in the economic problem.

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Zmiany potencjału ludnościowego wśród osób poniżej 30 roku życia w Polsce w latach 2013 i 2023 w kontekście procesu suburbanizacji

Author(s): Adam Wronkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2024

Suburbanization is a relatively well-recognized process that affects many cities around theworld and is pointed out as one of the key challenges to their development, as well as to increasinglysprawling suburban zones. The literature extensively discusses the causes and consequences of thisprocess, emphasizing, depending on the profile of the study, social, economic, environmental, spatial,communication, and many other themes. Socio-spatial changes occurring as a result of the suburban-ization process are also causing the very definition of suburbs to evolve, as they have begun to eludeprevious definitions. Such a situation is a good opportunity for critical reflection on approaches toconsidering this phenomenon, which seem to marginalize the perspective of young people. Given theabove, this article has two objectives. First, to show suburbanization in the context of young peopleusing demographic data, and second, to draw attention to young people, who have often overlookedactors in this process. Based on data obtained from the CSO’s LDB, municipalities with the largestand smallest shares of the total population in 2023 were identified. Also recognized were the munic-ipalities and, more broadly, the areas in Poland with the largest and smallest changes in this regardbetween 2013 and 2023. Particular attention was paid to provincial cities around which the processof suburbanization can be observed on the largest scale, and a number of calculations were made toverify the relationship between the size of municipalities and cities expressed in the number of theirresidents and the share of young people in the total population.

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ANALYSIS OF PENSION INCOME OF THE ELDERLY, BY GENDER, IN 2021

Author(s): Florența-Larisa Simion (Petrescu) / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The current study starts from a secondary data analysis (taken from the National Public Pension House) in order to highlight how the pension income of the elderly can influence their lives. Considering the previous aspects, the analysis is carried out on the basis of the comparison between elderly men and women to see what are the main income differences between them and focuses on the study of pension data for the year 2021, of three categories of pensioners that we consider relevant in the analysis, more precisely: pensioners with an old-age pension, pensioners with an early pension and pensioners with a survivor's pension. In general, the differences that can appear between the two sexes, female and male, come from anatomical characteristics, but they can also be generated by the socio-cultural environment of the respective country, some social rights and the positioning that people can have in the given society. Likewise, gender-based relationships (femininity and masculinity) influence the opinion of individuals about different health conditions and can affect the state of health, both mental and physical, people's susceptibility to different health conditions and affect their good mental, physical health.

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