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Targeted Exome Sequencing for the Identification of a Protective Variant Against Internet Gaming Disorder at rs2229910 of Neurotrophic Tyrosine Kinase Receptor, Type 3 (NTRK3): A Pilot Study

Author(s): Jeong-Yu Kim,Jo-Eun Jeong,Je-Keun Rhee,Hyun Choo,Tae-Min Kim,Sam-Wook Choi,Jung-Seok Choi,Dai-Jin Kim / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has gained recognition as a potential new diagnosis in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but genetic evidence supporting this disorder remains scarce. Methods: In this study, targeted exome sequencing was conducted in 30 IGD patients and 30 control subjects with a focus on genes linked to various neurotransmitters associated with substance and non-substance addictions, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results: rs2229910 of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type 3 (NTRK3) was the only single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that exhibited a significantly different minor allele frequency in IGD subjects compared to controls (p = .01932), suggesting that this SNP has a protective effect against IGD (odds ratio = 0.1541). The presence of this potentially protective allele was also associated with less time spent on Internet gaming and lower scores on the Young’s Internet Addiction Test and Korean Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults. Conclusions: The results of this first targeted exome sequencing study of IGD subjects indicate that rs2229910 of NTRK3 is a genetic variant that is significantly related to IGD. These findings may have significant implications for future research investigating the genetics of IGD and other behavioral addictions.

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Changes in brain activity in response to problem solving during the abstinence from online game play

Author(s): Sun Mi Kim,Doug Hyun Han,Young Sik Lee,Jieun E. Kim,Perry F. Renshaw / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Several studies have suggested that addictive disorders including substance abuse and pathologic gambling might be associated with dysfunction on working memory and prefrontal activity. We hypothesized that excessive online game playing is associated with deficits in prefrontal cortex function and that recovery from excessive online game playing might improve prefrontal cortical activation in response to working memory stimulation. Methods: Thirteen adolescents with excessive online game playing (AEOP) and ten healthy adolescents (HC) agreed to participate in this study. The severity of online game play and playing time were evaluated for a baseline measurement and again following four weeks of treatment. Brain activation in response to working memory tasks (simple and complex calculations) at baseline and subsequent measurements was assessed using BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results: Compared to the HC subjects, the AEOP participants exhibited significantly greater activity in the right middle occipital gyrus, left cerebellum posterior lobe, left premotor cortex and left middle temporal gyrus in response to working memory tasks during baseline measurements. After four weeks of treatment, the AEOP subjects showed increased activity within the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left occipital fusiform gyrus. After four weeks of treatment, changes in the severity of online game playing were negatively correlated with changes in the mean b value of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to complex stimulation. Conclusions: We suggest that the effects of online game addiction on working memory may be similar to those observed in patients with substance dependence.

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Exercise dependence among customers from a Parisian sport shop

Author(s): Michel Lejoyeux,Cecilia Guillot,Florence Chalvin,Aymeric Petit,Valerie Lequen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

We assessed exercise dependence (ED), alcohol and nicotine use disorders, eating disorders, hypochondria and compulsive buying and in a population of customers of a Parisian sport shop. Methods: Five hundred consecutive customers of a sport shop were invited to participate. Diagnostic of exercise dependence was made with the Exercise Addiction Inventory and a specific questionnaire checking all diagnostic criteria. The DSM-IV-TR criteria for bulimia, alcohol and nicotine use disorders were checked and all subjects answered the CAGE and Fagerström questionnaires. Hypochondria was assessed with the DSM-IV-TR criteria and the Whiteley Index of Health Anxiety. For all parameters, customers with (ED+) and without (ED–) exercise dependence were compared. Results: The prevalence of exercise dependence was 29.6%. Subjects from the ED+ group were younger than in the ED– group (27.1 vs 29.8 years) and there were more women. They were more dependent on alcohol, had higher scores at the CAGE questionnaire. ED+ subjects more often presented hypochondria (23 vs 15%), bulimia and binge eating and they more often made gifts to themselves and to others. Conclusions: Exercise dependence appears as a frequent and almost always unrecognized form of behavioral dependence in non clinical population frequenting sport shops. It is frequently associated to chemical dependence and eating disorders.

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Internet gaming disorder in Lebanon: Relationships with age, sleep habits, and academic achievement

Author(s): Nazir S. Hawi,Maya Samaha,Mark D. Griffiths / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a disorder that needs further research among different general populations. In line with this recommendation, the primary objective of this was to explore the relationships between IGD, sleep habits, and academic achievement in Lebanese adolescents. Methods: Lebanese high-school students (N = 524, 47.9% males) participated in a paper survey that included the Internet Gaming Disorder Test and demographic information. The sample’s mean average age was 16.2 years (SD = 1.0). Results: The pooled prevalence of IGD was 9.2% in the sample. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrated that IGD was associated with being younger, lesser sleep, and lower academic achievement. While more casual online gamers also played offline, all the gamers with IGD reported playing online only. Those with IGD slept significantly less hours per night (5 hr) compared with casual online gamers (7 hr). The school grade average of gamers with IGD was the lowest among all groups of gamers, and below the passing school grade average. Conclusions: These findings shed light on sleep disturbances and poor academic achievement in relation to Lebanese adolescents identified with IGD. Students who are not performing well at schools should be monitored for their IGD when assessing the different factors behind their low academic performance.

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The validation of Implicit Association Test measures for smartphone and Internet addiction in at-risk children and adolescents

Author(s): Daeyoung Roh,Soo-Young Bhang,Jung-Seok Choi,Yong Sil Kweon,Sang-Kyu Lee,Marc N. Potenza / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Potential concerns are increasing that smartphone and Internet addictions may have deleterious effects on the mental health. Despite the recognition of the important role that implicit associations may have over explicit processes in addiction, such implicit associations have not been comprehensively investigated with respect to Internet addiction. Therefore, we modified the Implicit Association Test (IAT) for smartphone and Internet addictions and investigated its validity in children and adolescents. Methods: In this experimental study, 78 at-risk children and adolescents ranging in age from 7 to 17 years completed an IAT modified with pictures captured from the most popular Internet games among youth. Furthermore, measures of Internet and smartphone addictions, mental health and problem behaviors, impulsive tendencies, self-esteem, daily stress, and quality of life were assessed simultaneously. Results: Significant correlations were found between IAT D2SD scores and standardized scales for Internet (r = .28, p < .05) and smartphone (r = .33, p < .01) addictions. There were no significant correlations between IAT parameters and other scales measuring the constructs that are less relevant to the features of addiction, such as daily stress levels, impulsivity, and quality of life. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the IAT D2SD was independently and positively associated with smartphone addiction (p = .03) after controlling for other clinical correlates. Conclusions: This study demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity of this IAT as a novel measurement relating to Internet and smartphone addictions. Further longitudinal and prospective studies are needed to evaluate its potential utility in clinical and community settings.

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Mobile gaming and problematic smartphone use: A comparative study between Belgium and Finland

Author(s): Olatz Lopez-Fernandez,Niko Männikkö,Maria Kääriäinen,Mark D. Griffiths,Daria J. Kuss / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Gaming applications have become one of the main entertainment features on smartphones, and this could be potentially problematic in terms of dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use among a minority of individuals. A cross-national study was conducted in Belgium and Finland. The aim was to examine the relationship between gaming on smartphones and self-perceived problematic smartphone use via an online survey to ascertain potential predictors. Methods: The Short Version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-SV) was administered to a sample comprising 899 participants (30% male; age range: 18–67 years). Results: Good validity and adequate reliability were confirmed regarding the PMPUQ-SV, especially the dependence subscale, but low prevalence rates were reported in both countries using the scale. Regression analysis showed that downloading, using Facebook, and being stressed contributed to problematic smartphone use. Anxiety emerged as predictor for dependence. Mobile games were used by one-third of the respective populations, but their use did not predict problematic smartphone use. Very few cross-cultural differences were found in relation to gaming through smartphones. Conclusion: Findings suggest mobile gaming does not appear to be problematic in Belgium and Finland.

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Exercise addiction in adolescents and emerging adults – Validation of a youth version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory

Author(s): Mia Beck Lichtenstein,Mark D. Griffiths,Simone Daugaard Hemmingsen,René Klinkby Støving / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Behavioral addictions often onset in adolescence and increase the risk of psychological and social problems later in life. The core symptoms of addiction are tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, lack of control, and compulsive occupation with the behavior. Psychometrically validated tools are required for detection and early intervention. Adolescent screening instruments exist for several behavioral addictions including gambling and video gaming addiction but not for exercise addiction. Given recent empirical and clinical evidence that a minority of teenagers appear to be experiencing exercise addiction, a psychometrically robust screening instrument is required. Aims: The aim of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a youth version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) – a robust screening instrument that has been used across different countries and cultures – and to assess the prevalence of exercise addiction and associated disturbed eating. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to three high-risk samples (n = 471) aged 11–20 years (mean age: 16.3 years): sport school students, fitness center attendees, and patients with eating disorder diagnoses. A youth version of the EAI (EAI-Y) was developed and distributed. Participants were also screened for disordered eating with the SCOFF Questionnaire. Results: Overall, the EAI-Y demonstrated good reliability and construct validity. The prevalence rate of exercise addiction was 4.0% in school athletes, 8.7% in fitness attendees, and 21% in patients with eating disorders. Exercise addiction was associated with feelings of guilt when not exercising, ignoring pain and injury, and higher levels of body dissatisfaction.

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Pathological Gambling and Co-dependence

Author(s): Silvia Slezáková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Pathological gambling is one of the addictions that is widespread in our society, but despite its seriousness, it does not receive sufficient attention. The economic consequences of pathological gambling are comparable to other addictions, although in the overall context, their economic impact is much greater. The social consequences of pathological gambling are even greater than in case of other addictions, as pathological gamblers mostly have a family, and because of their dependence, their family often becomes dysfunctional, with all the related consequences. There exist several effective treatment approaches to treat pathological gambling, as in the case of substance dependencies. For an understanding of pathological behaviour in online games and digital games, it is also necessary to understand the development of related phenomenon – pathological gambling. The aim of this article is to briefly describe pathological gambling and co-dependence.

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Komunia z Bogiem źródłem i owocem trzeźwości

Author(s): Piotr Kulbacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2010

The paper concerns one of the most important issues of modern civilization witch is an education for sobriety life and shows the rule of the liturgy in this process. The Bible preaching the praise of God’s gift witch is the wine at the same time calls for sobriety. From its beginning the Church was excluded tipsiness. Alcohol problems are often masked by alcohol use custom. The addicted treats somebody to alcohol for have a pretext for drinking themselves. An important witness for the new evangelisation are an abstinent habits witch are associated with the sacraments as the rites of passage. Those habits show that never alcohol, but Kyrios is the only source of joy and happiness of Christians. A spirituality of communion for witch called John Paul II in Novo millennio ineunte is expressed in the responsibility for education of adults and adolescents to a sober life.

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Profilaktyczne aspekty formacji rodziców i dzieci do I Komunii świętej. Sympozjum Zespołu Apostolstwa Trzeźwości przy Konferencji Episkopatu Polski oraz Krucjaty Wyzwolenia Człowieka

Author(s): Piotr Kulbacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

On October 11, 2008 at the Higher Theological Seminary in Łomża, a symposium took place that addressed the pastoral-liturgical theme "Preventive Aspects of the Formation of Parents and Children for First Holy Communion." The symposium was attended by about 100 people from all over Poland, attorneys' offices, catechists, parents, seminarians, participants of the Crusade for the Liberation of Man.

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Duszpasterstwo parafialne wobec nadużywania alkoholu a działania profilaktyczne

Author(s): Piotr Kulbacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

There is difference between the pastoral carry for the addicted (specialistic service) and a prevention as a part of an ordinary pastoral work in a parish. That first one demands the special preparation of priests. The pastoral work in parishes should be founded on bringing young people up to the complete abstinence from the alcohol and educating adults for total sobriety. The fundamental program is contained in the Instructions of Polish Episcopate for the Church Work for Sobriety. The main idea of this work is „Through the voluntary abstinence of many to the sobriety of all”. That is why the parish should educate the youth and adults to the new style – life without alcohol, starting with the religious celebrations, like f.e. the First Communion.

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Enteogeni: psihoaktivni sastojci nekih rituala i njihova sudbina

Author(s): Goran Goldberger / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

This article deals with the use of psychoactive substances in rituals. In addition to tackling the issue of defining drugs and related terms (psychedelics, hallucinogens, entheogens), the article presents maps of altered states of consciousness related to their use, as well as types of psychedelic experience and factors affecting them, concepts of religion/faith and rituals that define the conceptual framework, and shows that the phenomenon has not been treated adequately in the Croatian context. The article considers the historical and contemporary context of their use in medicine, shamanism, magic, religion, as well as in spirituality, art, psychiatry, psychotherapy, counterculture and youth subculture. Moreover, the discussion presents the geography, botanical and cultural scope of entheogen usage, as well as the similarities and differences in psychoactive substance use and in the responses of social institutions. Some of the social problems and consequences that the regulation of their use presents to the modern society are highlighted, including restrictive legislation, the “war on drugs”, preventing scientific research of the phenomenon, as well as violations of human rights and religious freedoms. The article concludes by emphasizing the research potential of the topic and the challenges it presents.

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SPORNA PITANJA IZRICANJA MERA BEZBEDNOSTI MEDICINSKOG KARAKTERA

Author(s): Snežana Soković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The paper deals with issue of cumulative imposition and self-imposition of the security measures of medical character. The issue of self-imposition of the security measures of medical character is particularly discussed, considering that the possibility of self-imposition of measures of psychiatric treatment to mentally incompetent perpetrators in the systemic sense represents the double exception, in relation to the supplementary character of security measures as criminal sanctions and cumulative imposition with other sanctions as a rule, as well as in relation to the rule that criminal sanctions are being imposed for committed criminal offence. Cumulative imposition of the security measures of medical character with other criminal sanctions is analyzed in the context of the achievement of the required purpose of criminal sanctions imposition to criminal offences perpetrators with psychiatric disorders or who are addicted to narcotics or alcohol. With respect to the open question of the legitimacy of the criminal-legal reaction to the mentally ill persons behavior and the legitimacy of the forcedly treatment as criminal sanction in general, the analysis is retained within existing legal framework of the security measures of medical character with proposals for improvement of positive legal solutions.

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The Feeling of Safety of ACOA in the Alcoholic Family

Author(s): Dorota Zbroszczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2017

The aim of article is the analysis of the life experiences of 40 participants of Adult Children of Alcoholics therapy meetings. The article highlights the feeling of security of the individual family member in an alcoholic family. The author notes role of the dysfunctional family, the impact on individual family members and the negative effect on their adult life.

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Dreams and Reality of the Everyday Life

Author(s): Andrea Feldman / Language(s): English Issue: 21/1998

This article discusses the development of the study of everyday life as a legitimate branch of historical research. A broader review of Richard Stites' Revolutionary Dreams offered the author the possibility to explore several issues related to everyday life and its changes during the first phase of the Russian Revolution. The change of attitudes toward the rituals of everyday life (i.e. birth, marriage and death), as well as the change of attitudes toward alcoholism, domestic violence and the role of women in society became the focus of this work.

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ПСИХОПАТОЛОГИЈА РОДИТЕЉА КАО ФАКТОР РИЗИКА У ПОРОДИЦАМА МАЛОЉЕТНИХ ДЕЛИНКВЕНАТА И ПСИХИЈАТРИЈСКИ ЛИЈЕЧЕНИХ АДОЛЕСЦЕНАТА

Author(s): Tatjana Vujović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2013

The study is dealing with the examination of the structural differences between the juvenile delinquents and psychiatric treated adolescents, regarding the type and intensity of expressing psychopathology of parents, seen as a cause of these problems. The research included 300 examinees in total, 15-18 years old. The examinees of the experimental groups perceived the types and intensity of expressing the psychopathological occurrences in the special constructed questionnaire.In order to determine the psychopathological occurrences which make the difference between the juvenile delinquents and adolescents with the psychological problems, first, we put the scale, which included 11 variables from the questionnaire, to the single factor analysis of variance and then to the canonical discriminative analysis. The results we got, showed that the juvenile delinquents differ from the adolescents with the psychological problems, because they have got a heroin addict among the members of the family, parents who are inclined to abuse psychoactive substances, mothers who are inclined to use of alcohol more frequently.”

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Neposlušna tijela opatica i narkomana

Author(s): Tanja Šljivar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2018

U knjizi King Kong Theory Virginie Despentes piše: “Oko moje tridesete godine, kad sam prestala da pijem, počela sam da viđam terapeute, iscjelitelje, i ostale mudrace. Nisu imali mnogo toga zajedničkog, osim što su svi oni ponavljali: Moraš se pomiriti sa sopstvenom ženstvenošću.” (Despentes, 2006.) Na mom lijevom jajniku je endometriotična “čokoladna” cista, desni je policističan, na maternici imam miom, a migrenozne glavobolje dolaze gotovo uz svaku menstruaciju, ponekad i uz sve rjeđe ovulacije, i sve ovo je počelo da se dešava još u mojoj dvadeset petoj godini. [...]

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SUZBIJANJE ZLOUPOTREBE OPOJNIH DROGA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE

Author(s): Dragan Jovašević,Vladimir M. Simović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/2017

Even though this phenomenon is known since ancient times, drug abuse or addiction, only in modern times it has been characterized as social danger through criminal activity of individuals or groups which often gets a character of organized crime. Therefore, based on relevant international standards adopted within the framework of United Nations, all modern legislations provide for several forms and ways of abuse of narcotics as criminal offences. Severe penalties, as well as other kinds of criminal sanctions, are prescribed for their perpetrators, in the first place specific security measures of medical character. This paper analyzes the concept, elements and characteristics of criminal offences of abuse of narcotics in positive criminal law of the Republic of Serbia, on the basis of legal solutions, legal theory and court case law.

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MOGUĆNOSTI I IZAZOVI U ISTRAŽIVANJU TRŽIŠTA ILEGALNIM DROGAMA

Author(s): Dalibor Doležal,Anita Jandrić Nišević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/2017

Considerable efforts have been made to collect useful information about the demand and supply of illegal drugs at the international, national and sub-national levels in Europe. However, given the difficulty in developing reliable indicators of supply for an illegal market, most of the successes have been in developing measures of demand and the harms associated with consumption. Understanding the organisation, scale, nature and dynamics of illicit drug markets is a critical requirement for effective policy-making and for interventions designed to disrupt their operation and to minimise the associated harms. In this paper, therefore, we will present the problems faced by illegal drug market research as well as the conditions to be met before launching research in this area.

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СПРЕЧАВАЊЕ ПОЈАВЕ ЗАВИСНОСТИ ОД НАРКОТИКА, АЛКОХОЛА И ПУШЕЊА КОД УЧЕНИКА У ШКОЛАМА

Author(s): Petar Đ. Rajčević / Language(s): Bosnian,Serbian Issue: 2/2017

Health is the most precious wealth. Without healthy individuals there is no healthy society and vice versa. That is why we should care about both. Health education, together with physical education is one of the areas (or components) which contribute to formation of a harmonious, versatile personality and as such should be a concern of all teachers within the possibility offered by the contents of their subjects. Spending their childhood at school and outside school, watching adults in media or in real life, may lead a certain number of children to adopt negative habits. The fact that drug addiction, alcoholism and smoking among the pupils at school are present in all places, even at an early age, certainly requires our attention. Children have right to a happy childhood and development. This should not be just a verbal commitment. There should be a well-planned and coordinated action of parents, school and state authorities responsible for safety and other activities, in order to prevent the use of drugs, alcohol drinking and smoking thus preventing addiction among children at primary and secondary schools.

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