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Prejudice, Hysteria and a Failure of Political Leadership: of Refugees and November 17 in Prague

Author(s): Derek Sayer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

American politicians’ xenophobic attitudes to refugees generate international controversy, while similar sentiments expressed by politicians in Prague pass largely unnoticed. Professor Derek Sayer argues that we should not ignore events in the Czech capital as, despite the efforts of historically inspired protestors, they increasingly reflect the dangerous spirit of 1939 rather than the more hopeful one of 1989. Most Americans would not have been too interested in reading about events in Prague in recent weeks. Their minds were on how to keep the homeland safe. In the aftermath of the ISIL attacks in Paris on November 13, presidential candidate Donald Trump considered how his managerial skills might help build a database of Muslims. He has since called for a ban on allMuslimentry to the United States.

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THE TRIANGLE OF TERROR: BOKO HARAM, FULANI HERDSMEN, BANDITS AND ORGANISED INSECURITY IN NIGERIA

Author(s): Bolaji Omitola,Solomon Aderire,Olawale Olufemi Akinrinde,Olumide O. Omodunbi,Mary Magdalene SACKFLAME / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Since 1999, a number of concerns have been inspiring and driving organized insecurity in the country. This includes the search for resources control by the Niger Delta, ethno-regional self-determination unrest, and BokoHaram terrorism, herders-farmers conflicts and banditry. The Federal Government has put in place many initiatives reflecting an approach to insecurity via "carrots and sticks." For example, while appeasing Niger Delta agitators and BokoHaram's sudden fighters, the Government outlawed and prohibited some ethno-regional groupings. Despite attempts by state, the latter have become emboldened and deadlier, putting Nigeria's survival and peace at danger. The essay explores BokoHaram, Fulani Herdsmen and Bandits, notably along Nigeria's major ethnic and religious fault lines, in the light of their organizational and operational commonalities. It has already become a triangle of terror that defies incentives and sticks methods of the national security establishment since insurgent organizations are becoming the focus of Germany. Aware that safety equipment is not integrated in the local community; the essay suggests a community-oriented redesign of Nigeria's security architecture. This will generate confidence and support effective intelligence collections to curb organized crime and instability, and will serve as an alternative to a plan to oppose and alienate security.

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Analogy of the Covid-19 crisis and the Bosnian war-siege; psychological, sociological and political security perspective

Author(s): Faruk Hadžić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The study qualitatively explores the pandemic and Sarajevo War-Siege from the psychological, sociological, and political security perspectives. As a direct indicator of behavioral variability within extreme conditions, the author refers to structural interviews with war-siege participants. The citizens can recognize the 1990s in some manifestations of the pandemic, including crisis staff formation that reflects ethnopolitics (ethnic-political boundaries) rather than instills public confidence. Life in the conditions of radical changes leaves a trace that does not have to be exclusively emotional but cognitive. The state of war-siege meant deconstructing the pre-war way of life and new ways of coping with war conditions. Maintaining routines is a link to pre-war life; continuity of norms and values allows for mental stability maintenance. During the siege, people had an acute perception of space and time. Space was something where the danger came from and the time spent in that space needed to be reduced. We have similar functions during the pandemic, reflecting on people’s thoughts. Those who have adequately gone through the trauma that lasted during the siege have adapted well to “extreme” conditions and can develop protective mechanisms. Human thought focuses on the repetitive and familiar in today’s world, while some extreme event interprets as the exception; such exceptional events are crucial in creating the future. Regardless of the political system’s axis, confidence in the political elites must be sufficient. Prevention of fear and panic in the war’s geographical area should be based on quality peacetime preparation through education and psychological commitment.

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THE POLITICAL EMPHASIS OF THE GEORGIAN-OSSETIAN ETHNIC CONFRONTATION OF THE 1918-1921 AND THE COLONIALIST NATURE OF THE SOVIET RUSSIA

Author(s): Aleksandre Mgebrishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2021

The confrontation of the Ossetians residing in Georgian territories against the Georgian population had taken intense nature during the first decade of the past century, whereas it had become seldom, that Ossetians had raided local population and conducted violent acts, which aimed at weakening the defensive capabilities of the country, dismantling the economy, destruction of the material-cultural sites, intimidation and driving to despair of the local population. It is thus worth noting that the Georgian side, on the one hand had hesitated to undertake critical measures, whereas, on the second hand, they had asked to impose some sanctions against the Ossetians. The reactive wing of the strengthened Ossetian ethno-element had started the anti-state activities and had abused the trust of the Georgian Democratic republic. The events had occurred as according the given scenario for some time, as there had been open demonstration of the aggression, they had treated the Constituent Assembly of Georgia unmannerly, had shown hostile attitude and undermined the sovereignty of the newly established republic. The government had forced to use military operations against the rebels in order to counter their illegal actions and establish order. The operation had been overseen by Giorgi Kvinitadze and Valiko Jugeli. It could be noted that the military actions of 1918-1920, which is widely known as Ossetian rebellions, was in fact actions of the Ossetian Bolsheviks backed by the Russian government, which had nothing to do with the peaceful Ossetian population’s attitudes towards Georgia, as no Ossetians residing in Georgia had taken part in the mentioned actions. Every measure taken by the Bolsheviks had aimed at weakening the Georgian statehood, which would ease the way for the Russian government to widen their sphere of interest.

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A New Dimension of Risks in Sports: The Cyber Domain

Author(s): Eyal Pinko / Language(s): English Issue: 4s/2021

The digital era and the increasing technological reliance of sport are showing a new face of threat and present a new challenge to the sports organizations – assuring the cybersecurity of the organization, the event, the team. While cybersecurity is a central topic during the design and implementation of the security of major sports events for more than a decade, the sports organizations get newly introduced in the domain, and unfortunately, some happen to learn lessons painfully – by suffering a cyber-attack. The present article aims to examine different kinds of cyber threats to which sports organizations are exposed by studying the most common types of attackers, motivation, and the means used for an attack. The applied methodology includes a literature review and case study performed on cases from three types of categories: major sports events; sports administering bodies, clubs, and athletes. The results of the analysis provide systematic information about the most common attackers’ types, motivations, and approaches which can be used as a foundation for further development of cybersecurity risk assessment of sports organizations.

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TRANSFORMACJA GRANICY KANADYJSKO‑AMERYKAŃSKIEJ PO 11 WRZEŚNIA 2001 ROKU

Author(s): Marcin Gabryś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2019

The aim of the article is to present the characteristics of the three periods of border relations between the United States and Canada after the end of the Cold War (openness, dominance of security and uncertainty), with particular emphasis on recent events affecting the transformation of the role of the border. Such a construction allows to analyze key changes after September 11, 2001, that led to the redefinition of the border policy, but also transformations connected with the election of Donald J. Trump in November 2016. Since then the border line have become a symbol of unprecedented tense relations between Canada and the USA.

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Daughters of Trauma. Women as Sites of Nationalistic Appropriation in Partition Cinema

Author(s): Roshni Sengupta / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2019

This paper attempts to delineate and focus on the common narrative thread running through subsequent cinematic treatises on the situation of women during the Partition, particularly those kidnapped and sexually violated during the vivisection. It proposes to construct a cultural and memorialized history of the Partition through a reading of mediated representations of literary engagements with the event, particularly the narrativization of the cinematic trope of the ‘radicalized’ Muslim and his involvement in the abduction of “chaste” Hindu women during the cataclysmic event. In doing so it considers films such as 1947-Earth (1999), Pinjar (2003), and Khamosh Pani (2003) as seminal films addressing female abductions during the Partition and the memorialization of trauma through cinema. The paper takes a feminist approach to addressing the question of the possession of the female body as the symbolic occupation of the nation.

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One year on. What has changed in Belarus?

Author(s): David R. Marples / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (48)/2021

On August 9th 2021, Alyaksandr Lukashenka held a press conference to discuss the events of the previous year. It was attended by both local and foreign journalists. The de facto leader of Belarus fielded questions in his own style and according to his own perceptions – or stated perceptions – of the world. He expressed his views on the so-called All-Belarusian People’s Assembly, on the change of president in the United States and in general about the West’s vendetta against his rule, as well as the attacks on his security forces by protesters.

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The essence of Belarusian solidarity

Author(s): Magdalena Chodownik,Omar Marques / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (48)/2021

Since the rigged presidential elections in Belarus last year, thousands of Belarusians have come to Poland seeking refuge from the repressions of the Alyaksandr Lukashenka regime. Almost a thousand of them have already received political asylum and protection. However, their struggle for democracy in Belarus did not end with their departures. In exile, they grouped, got involved and created initiatives that allowed them to not only maintain a spirit of solidarity, but to continue the fight for a free Belarus.

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(Re)konstruowanie narracji – działanie w przestrzeni publicznej – edukacja. Postpamięć zagłady Żydów lubelskich: studium przypadku

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2020

Although originally the term ‘post-memory’ referred to the experiences and memories of the survivors that influenced the biographies of their children, in the following years its meaning was extended and the concept started to be used to describe the processes of transmitting the memory of any traumatic experience within any group, not necessarily bound by blood. In the case of Lublin, where one third of the pre-war community consisted of Jews, most of whom were murdered during World War II, the position of non-Jewish vicarious witnesses seems to be particularly important. This article discusses some aspects of the Holocaust post-memory discourse referring to the cultural activities of the ‘Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre’ Centre. Research questions will concern the artistic language and means of expression of these projects as well as the aesthetic codes that are being used by vicarious witnesses.

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POSSIBILITIES OF APPLYING THE CHINESE SOCIAL CREDIT SYSTEM TO COMBAT TERRORISM

Author(s): Dominika Dziwisz / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

2011 saw the start of the pilot phase of the Social Credit System. The societies of democratic states interpreted it as an extreme example of human rights violation. In turn, what is usually forgotten is that the SCS is not the first citizen assessment system, because similar systems have been successfully functioning since 1960s in democratic countries. Scientific analyses of SCS operations are usually limited to its negative consequences. There are fewer attempts by governments of democratic states to assess the use of elements of SCS and algorithmic data analysis, for example in order to increase the level of security of citizens. As a result, this article presents the research hypothesis that elements of the SCS may be successfully applied also in democratic states for the purpose of more effective combating of terrorism. With modern methods of analyzing Big Data sets, it is possible, for example, to accelerate recognition of terrorist networks, support identification of sources of radicalization in online communities and increase the effectiveness of anti-terrorist strategies in order to protect citizens against contemporary terrorist threats. For such a system to be as effective as possible, it should take over some assumptions of the SCS which are explained in this article: Firstly, it should be centralized and controlled by the state. Secondly, the information obtained and processed should be used solely for the purposes of the state security policy, i.e. in the scope smaller than in the case of China. Thirdly, the data should be obtained from multiple sources, public and private ones, in order to increase the accuracy of predictions. Fourthly, the violation of the principles of social coexistence might result in specific penalties, and compliance therewith – in rewards.

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PAMIĘĆ I (NIE)PAMIĘĆ: O BURZENIU CERKWI PRAWOSŁAWNYCH NA CHEŁMSZCZYŹNIE I POŁUDNIOWYM PODLASIU W 1938 ROKU

Author(s): Anna Moroz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2021

In the article, I will present the history of the destruction of Orthodox churches in the Chelm region and southern Podlasie in Poland in 1938. This incident is an important element in the process of symbolizing the existence of the Orthodox Church in Poland, which is why the memory of trauma is a feature of the memory of Orthodox people. This incident does not actually exist in the public discourse, it is unknown, and what is more, it does not fit the common Polish perception of the Second Polish Republic. The trauma of this incident in the Orthodox community is part of the post-memory discourse, which means that the next generations also experience trauma.

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MILITARIZING HATE, PERPETUATING VIOLENCE AND RAPE, AND ALLOWING HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES TO GO UNPUNISHED

Author(s): Maila Lee Womack / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2021

The United States does not comply with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), which is the United Nations’ core binding anti-racism human rights convention. One hundred and seventy seven states, including the US, have ratified the anti-racism multilateral agreement. The nation entered into the pact in 1994 yet still has not implemented its obligations to the statute. This study focuses on the protections ICERD provides Latino immigrants who are not United States citizens as this group is often ignored in advocacy for implementation strategies. Areas where the United States does not comply with ICERD include discriminatory immigration policies and practices, violent and discriminatory policing, gendered violence, and inequalities in the criminal justice system. It is critical to examine ICERD’s protections for Latino non-citizens because it reveals how the group experiences racism differently than other people because they endure intersectional forms of systematic and institutional discrimination due to their race, ethnicity, citizenship status, gender, and other identity traits. Methodologies used in this study include analysis of ICERD’s monitoring body’s General Recommendations, and the monitoring body’s reports about the United States’ lack of compliance with the statute. These are the most powerful regulatory forces of the treaty due to the monitoring body’s positionality as experts about the pact appointed through the United Nations system.

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AN ABSENT TEXT OF A CIVILISED LITERARY MAN. ON THOMAS MANN’S REFLECTIONS OF A NON-POLITICAL MAN

Author(s): Wojciech Kunicki / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2021

In this paper the author tries to answer the question of what factors caused the great German author Thomas Mann to accept the official goals of World War I by focusing on his Reflections of a Non-political Man. It also discusses Thomas Mann’s disagreements with his brother Heinrich Mann and his polemics with the ideas specific to the mainstream liberal thinking. Additionally, the article considers the context of the Polish reception of Thomas Mann. The author also discusses the problem of the topicality of the writer‘s attitude.

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What We Remember and What We Forget: Selective Memory in the Holocaust

Author(s): Maya Camargo-Vemuri / Language(s): English Issue: 83/2021

Why remember atrocity? This paper considers how trauma shapes the political memory of atrocity. What we choose to remember about atrocity is largely determined by the visibility of events, but also impacted by social norms, normalized violence, and perceptions of atrocity. Certain events, although common or not necessarily unusual, are suppressed from memory (both in collective and individual narratives) due to fear, shame, guilt, or disgust. In genocide, we rarely hear about acts that induce emotions such as the ones mentioned, including acts of rape, prostitution, and parricide. Most often, such acts are omitted from the narrative because they are not normal crimes in the societies where they occur, and are seen as particularly horrific. The consequence of this omission is a skewed image or conception of genocide and what it does to the people who are part of it, either as victims or perpetrators. This paper determines that, however uncomfortable, unusual, or painful it is to remember such acts, the memory of such acts is necessary to understand the mechanics of atrocity and victimization. It uses a case study of the Holocaust, focusing on sexual violence, to illustrate the concepts of memory omission, skewed historical perception, and the necessity of understanding atrocity through accurate memory.

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“Gandhi after Gandhi”: 2–3 December 2019, Turin. Conference report

Author(s): Jacek Skup / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Mohandas Karamcand Gandhi (1869–1948) is a figure almost synonymous with India. From his activities in British South Africa, transforming the Indian National Congress into an all-India movement with wide popular support, to leading the non-violent struggle for Indian Independence and finally dying by the hands of a disillusioned admirer turned political opponent, he shaped India and has remained a relevant point of reference decades after his death. The year 2019 coincided with his 150 birth anniversary, which not only sparked celebrations in India and abroad, but also inspired the international conference “Gandhi after Gandhi” which took place in Turin on December 2nd and 3rd, 2019.

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Dimensions of Crime Involving Women in Drug Trafficking - Literature Review From Dependent Behavior to Relapse

Author(s): Miana Dina,Jose Manuel Rodriguez Gomez,Cornelia Rada / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2021

Objectives. The aim of this study was to review the most important factors influencing women's involvement in drug trafficking. Material and methods. A systematic search of literature was carried out using Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, ProQuest Central, PsychInfo. The inclusion criteria were met by fifty- two studies. In order to facilitate the understanding of the behavior of women who commit this crime, factor analysis was grouped into social-cultural, personal and psychological factors. Results. The main social and cultural factors considered were the adopted political system, the racial element, the cultural-regional peculiarities, the geographical positioning, the socio-economic status and the sociofamilial environment. The personal factors identified were age, occupation, lifestyle, system of norms and values, and psychological ones referred to indicators of psychological disorders, addictive behavior, the ability to control reactions and the perceived level of self-efficacy. Conclusions. The factors with the highest share of drug trafficking among women were group membership, economic and social status, educational level of parents and friends, prison history and drug use. If in the rural area the main factor that determines women to get involved in drug trafficking is the lack of a job and a low level of education, in the urban area, the influence of the group is significant. Regarding the reasons behind the involvement of women in such criminal acts or in the manifestation of addictive behaviors, these are often compensatory mechanisms, adopted in the absence of effective coping strategies.

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GENOCID – OD FARAONA DO SREBRENICE

Author(s): Izet Čamdžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 86/2021

The term genocide is often a subject of disagreements regarding its definition making its usage popular in common language. As such it is being used in a form much stronger than it is actually defined by the international law. Thus it became a subject of moral rather than legal condemnation: to characterise some action as genocidal it means to express one’s particularly strong moral condemnation and abhorrence of that act. In this article the author presents definitions of genocide as well as the Qur’anic view wherein the different levels of accountability for such acts are explicated. The article particularly stresses the topic of planning and executing the genocide committed over Bosniaks in Eastern Bosnia in 1995.

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KAKO PODUČAVATI GENOCID U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Hikmet Karčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 87/2021

Quarter of a century after the genocide was committed over the Bosniaks, the issue of memorialization of its victims has become one of the significant issues in collective memory of Bosniaks. What is evident in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a total absence of the theme of this genocide in the educational system as a crucial element for the collective memory of a nation. Even though there are some indicators of progress in this regard, still it is far from sufficient. In this regard it is necessary to develop some approaches towards informal education about this important topic. However it is required that educational and scientific methods are adjusted so as to suite the new generations. This article aims at offering certain advises and guidelines regarding the passing on the correct information about the genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina to new generations.

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Obrazovanje o genocidu nad Romima U Drugom svjetskom ratu u Republici Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Danijel Vojak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2021

The Roma population has been living in Croatian territories for more than six centuries and during that period was mostly persecuted by state and local authorities who sought to assimilate them. Such antigypsyism political practice was not unique only for the Croatian territory but was practiced in most other European countries. After World War II there was no commemoration and recognition of Roma victims in most European countries, including socialist Croatia (Yugoslavia). Such marginalization of the culture of remembrance of Roma war victims was reflected in the lack of education on this subject in the Croatian education system, where it is mostly mentioned in only a few words. The paper focuses on the analysis of how the issue of Roma suffering in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Europe is (un)integrated into the Croatian education system.

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