GUY DE MAUPASSANT’IN DAĞ OTELİ ÖYKÜSÜNDEKİ UZAMA GÖSTERGEBİLİMSEL BİR YAKLAŞIM

Author(s): Özge SÖNMEZ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 08/2016

The story, from past to present, as a literary genre, has been the focus of attention of the reader, and object of research, linguists, semioticians. The common point of the products, which are examined according to many theories and research methods, is that they contain “character”, “space” and “time” items. In this study, it is aimed to present the function and place of “space” in the story “Mountain Hotel” written by the famous French writer Guy Maupassant in 1886. Space has an important role in terms of the meaning production process in the story. It also has an interaction with the other elements; “time” and “character”, in meaning process. While examining the element of space in the story, the relationship of this element with time of the story and characters, its place in this relationship, and its transformation are evaluated. Our point of departure here is the semiotic method which is based on the examination of the production of contrast. A.J. Greimas led to the theory of semiotics, who examines the literary products in the meaning process, in the surface structure, and in the deep structure. Meaning production by using the opposite structures will lay out the values of the element of “space” in a detailed manner which is the main point of our study. We think that it is necessary to use semiotics method, to see these values, what they mean in terms of holistic means, to resolve their relationship with each other and to classify them. Our claim is that, this item, considering its role in creating layers of meaning in the story, would be a kind of basis of researchers who examine the formation of meaning and relationships in literary texts.

Przyczynowa teoria metafory na tle filozofii Donalda Davidsona

Author(s): Janusz Maciaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Celem artykułu jest analiza, uzasadnienie i wyjaśnienie Donalda Davidsona przyczynowej teorii metafory z punktu widzenia całości jego poglądów filozoficznych. Poglądy te tworzą spójny system obejmujący, poza semantyką i teorią interpretacji, m.in. teorię poznania, teorię działania oraz teorię racjonalności. Proponując przyczynową teorię metafory, Davidson nie odwołał się bezpośrednio do własnej teorii znaczenia, starając się uzasadnić odrzucenie pojęć znaczenia metaforycznego oraz prawdy metaforycznej na gruncie potocznego rozumienia pojęć semantycznych. W artykule argumentuje się, że przyczynowa teoria metafory stanowi uzupełnienie systemu Davidsona, a ponadto że teoria ta ujęta przez pryzmat całego systemu pozwala wyjaśnić rolę metafor nie tylko w literaturze i poezji, lecz także w naukach przyrodniczych, prawie, religii i naukach społecznych. ===== The aim of the paper is to analyze, clarify and explain Donald Davidson’s causal theory of metaphor form the viewpoint of his philosophical views which constitute coherent philosophical system comprising not only semantics and theory of interpretation, but epistemology, theory of action, and theory of rationality as well. Proposing his own theory of metaphor Davidson did not refer to his philosophy, and justified his rejection of the notions of metaphorical meaning and metaphorical truth on the ground of common, pre-theoretical views on meaning and other semantic notions. I argue that the causal theory of metaphor fits perfectly Davidson’s philosophical system and from the point of view of his system it is easy to explain the role of metaphor not only in literature and poetry, but in sciences, law, religion, and social sciences.

Problem treści przekonań samolokalizujących w koncepcji Roberta Stalnakera

Author(s): Maria Matuszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Co czyni zdanie prawdziwym?

Author(s): Adam Nowaczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

W artykule rozważane jest zagadnienie związku między własnościami jednostkowymi i abstrakcyjnymi w kontekście problematyki uprawdziwiania (truthmaking). Proponowane jest pewne aksjomatyczne uogólnienie pojęcia konkretyzacji własności w postaci pojęcia konkretyzacji relacji. ===== The paper discusses an issue of the relation between particular and abstract properties in the context of truthmaking. It proposes an axiomatic generalization of the concept of concretization of properties on the concept of concretization of relations.

Efekt Hermesa. Studium analityczne z semiotyki teoretycznej

Author(s): Michał R. Węsierski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Artykuł ten stanowi próbę ukazania podstawowych relacji pomiędzy treścią wygłoszonego przez komunikatu a kolejnymi odbiorcami tego komunikatu. Artykuł przestawia semiotyczne własności zespołu operacji oraz proces interpretacji i recepcji produktów finalnych tych operacji, a także własności niezbędne dla efektywności aktu komunikacji występującego między nadawcą a rzeczywistymi i potencjalnymi odbiorcami prognoz. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wstępna semiotyczna specyfikacja semantyczno-pragmatycznego zjawiska nazywanego przez autora „efektem Hermesa”. Artykuł przedstawia relację między nadawcą prognozy a prognozą w jej trzech znaczeniach: jako tekst (książka, artykuł itd.), konkretny sposób rozumowania (inferencja, tj. argumentacja prognostyczna) oraz wniosek rozumowania, a także relacją między prognozą i jej odbiorcami. Wspomniany efekt Hermesa dotyczy relacji między sposobami przekazywania treści prognoz (w trzech znaczeniach) oraz reakcją odbiorców, a także tym, co dzieje się z prognozą kiedy wychodzi poza kontrolę. ===== This paper is an attempt to show the basic relations between the content of the given announcement by the prognosticator and its subsequent receivers. The article presents semiotic qualities of the cognitive operations, and the process of receiving and interpreting the final results of such operations, as well as the qualities crucial to the effectiveness of the communicative act between the sender and the actual and potential receivers of the prognosis. The aim of the paper is to explore the semiotic specification of semantic-pragmatic phenomenon called by the author the “Hermes effect”. The article presents the relation between the sender of the prognosis and the primary prognosis in its three meanings: as a text (book, article etc.), the specific type of reasoning (inference, i.e. prognostic argumentation) and the conclusion of the reasoning, as well as the relation between the prognosis and its subsequent receivers. The aforementioned Hermes effect concerns the relation between the way of transferring the content of the prognoses (understood threefold) and the reaction of the addressees, and what happens with the prognosis when it is beyond the first degree sender’s control.

Terminy (użycie precyzyjne a użycie potoczne) – o wyrazie tiret i wyrazach zbliżonych

Author(s): Zygmunt Saloni / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Punktem wyjścia rozważań jest wyraz tiret, który – zapożyczony z francuskiego – zdobył ostatnio znaczną frekwencję w polszczyźnie. Było go skutkiem wprowadzenia (w r. 2002) „Zasad techniki prawodawczej”: tiret jest jednostką kompozycyjną aktu legislacyjnego (w hierarchii: artykuł, paragraf, litera, tiret). Wszystkie wystąpienia wyrazu tiret w Narodowym Korpusie Języka Polskiego ilustrują to znaczenie, którego nie ma w języku francuskim. Dawniej bywał on używany w znaczeniu przejętym z francuskiego – słowniki języka polskiego notują wyraz tiret jako synonim łącznik (ang. hyphen). W podręcznikach gramatyki francuskiej tiret to myślnik czyli pauza (ang. dash), łącznik zaś – trait d’union. Jednak we francuskiej terminologii typograficznej wyrazu tiret używa się szerzej: na oznaczenie kreski poziomej stosowanej w druku; wyróżnia się tiret court, tiret moyen i tiret long, które odpowiadają w polskim wyrazom: łącznik, półpauza i pauza. Są to terminy techniczne, używane w typografii. W praktyce półpauzy i pauzy rozróżniają specjaliści, tymczasem łączniki (krótkie) i myślniki (dłuższe) są często mylone w piśmie, podobnie zaś są mieszane (używane nieformalnie) odpowiadające im terminy, i to w różnych językach. ===== The point of departure for this discussion is the word tiret in Polish. Borrowed from French, this term has recently gained considerable frequency in Polish. This is the result of its introduction into the “Principles of Legislative Technique”, accepted by the Polish authorities: tiret is therefore a given compositional unit of a legislative act (in the sequence: article, paragraph, letter, tiret). All the occurrences of the word tiret in the Polish National Corpus illustrate this meaning (which does not exist in French). Earlier, the word tiret was used in Polish in the sense taken from French, Polish dictionaries define it with the synonym, łącznik (‘hyphen’), which does not correspond to the meaning of the French word in French orthographic rules, where tiret is ‘dash’ (in Polish: myślnik or pauza), and where hyphen is named regularly as trait d’union. However, in the French typographic terminology the word tiret has a wider sense: it denotes all horizontal lines, used in print: therefore there have been three types of tiret distinguished: court, moyen and long, which correspond respectively to: em-dash, en-dash and hyphen (in Polish: łącznik, półpauza and pauza): these are technical terms, used by specialists in typesetting. In practice em-dashes and en-dashes are terms distinguished by professionals, while hyphens (short) and dashes (relatively long) are often mistaken in writing, similarly confused are (used informally) respective terms – in various languages.

O problemach z koreferencją

Author(s): Magdalena Zawisławska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie niektórych problemów, które występują podczas określania koreferencji w tekście. Analizy takie były prowadzone na potrzeby projektu CORE – Komputerowe metody identyfikacji nawiązań w tekstach polskich (kierowanego przez Macieja Ogrodniczuka). Głównym celem projektu było stworzenie nowatorskich metod i narzędzi informatycznych służących do automatycznego wykrywania anafor i koreferencji w tekstach pisanych w języku polskim. Główny problem z wyznaczaniem faz koreferencji w języku polskim wyłonił się w efekcie kilku czynników. Na poziomie pragmatycznym i semantycznym nie było proste zadecydować czy zachodziła identyczność, czy tylko podobieństwem między dwoma obiektam i. Dodatkowym utrudnieniem był brak specjalistycznej wiedzy, który sprawił, że wyznaczenie faz koreferencji było szczególnie trudne między frazami w wyjątkowo specjalistycznych tekstach. Na poziomie gramatycznym, niektóre cechy języka polskiego utrudniły a notację. Ze względu na brak rodzajników określonych i nieokreślonych bardzo trudno było określić, czy nadawca zawsze miał na myśli ten sam obiekt, czy różne obiekty należące do tej samej klasy. Wreszcie, długie zdania bez podmiotu spowodowały pewne problemy przy wyznaczaniu łańcuchów koreferencyjnych między analizowanymi frazami. ===== The aim of the paper is the presentation of some problems occurring during coreference annotation. Such an analysis was performed for the project CORE – Computer-based methods for coreference resolution in Polish texts (managed by Maciej Ogrodniczuk). The project’s main goal was to create innovative methods and tools for automated anaphora and coreference resolution in Polish texts. The main problem with the coreference resolution in the Polish language arose due to several reasons. On the pragmatic and semantic level it wasn’t easy to decide if there was an identity or just a similarity between two different objects. Another problem was the lack of specific knowledge which made it a very hard task for the annotator to see the coreference between phrases in some highly specialist texts. On the grammatical level, some properties of the Polish language made the annotation difficult. There are no definite and indefinite articles in Polish, therefore it was very hard to determine if the speaker had meant always the same object or just different specimens belonging to the same class. Also, long subject-less sentences presented some problems with defining the coreference chains between analyzed phrases.

Lethal Program of Culture VS the Whole of Presentation. Presentation of Body without Organs

Author(s): Agnieszka Doda-Wyszyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The culture of signs is a recurrent term in philosophy. It does not allow mindless programs to win. Thanks to it, it is possible to put trust in model, holistic approaches rather than the linguistic determination of meanings. The process of departing from philosophical reflection, which has always been holistic, expressed with the diagram: ideas – notions – definitions, is here reversed. Presentations allow the return to ideas; ideas have more of the imaginary than the symbolic. The concept of the Body without Organs depicts a new form of sensualisation directed not at gaining permanent representations but at the possibilities of switching various functions of experience.

Symbol (w) Cutting Age

Author(s): Kazimierz Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVIII/2016

With reference to the idea of postmodern culture which uses the episteme of tmesis, I attempt to consider in its context the status of symbol. Even if the Nietzschean programme of suspension of symbolization processes is preached, the desymbolization – forced by the Cutting Age – cannot succeed. By distinguishing various types of symbolization based on the concepts of tekmérion, tekmar and eikos, I show that the postmodern cut makes a paradoxical synthesis of those types and it does not violate the identity of symbol, because symbol as a unit (sym-bállica) implies some dichotomisation. Referring to Carl Gustav Jung, who referred to a ceremony of reconstructing an ape, I find the most spectacular manifestation of this symbolization in the attempts at dehumanization and demonization of Barack Obama's person.

Metafory synestezyjne w utworach Vladimira Nabokova

Author(s): Anna Ginter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

The present paper is devoted to synaesthetic metaphors in Nabokov’s oeuvre. The main attention is paid to the metaphors in which both the source and the target domains are perceptual. Numerous constructions of the analysed material show that although in some cases a perceptual mode is initially specified, the imagery is linguistically related in terms belonging to one or more differing perceptual modes. Nabokov’s metaphoric expressions has been discussed in two groups: cross-modal sensory metaphors with the source domain of color as well as the source domain of tactile perception. These constructions resemble synaesthesias (e.g., deep crimson softness, orange heat) even though, contrary to the neuro-developmental synaesthesia, meanings of synaesthetic metaphors are generated through semantic processes. Interpretation of cross-modal sensory metaphors is determined by the context.

Польско-русская жаргонная омонимия

Author(s): Elena Nevzorova-Kmech / Language(s): Russian Issue: 12/2016

The article describes the current issue now – the interaction of two languages in the field of homonymy. On the basis of the analysis the author states the existing homonymy in the Polish and Russian languages. The author focuses on the identification and comparison of slang homonymous units. In the center of analysis there is the etymology of some units, the description of the features of the formal semantics of similar units of the two languages.

„Życie na poczekaniu” Wisławy Szymborskiej w rosyjskim tłumaczeniu (o międzykulturowej roli przekładu)

Author(s): Beata Rycielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

Translation-wise, the article draws attention to what may connect different but related cultures. It refers to the basic assumptions of cognitive grammar of Ronald W. Langacker and the idea of the conceptual metaphor of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, which have been applied in the theory and practice of translation by Elżbieta Tabakowska. Tertium comparationis of the comparison of translation series with the title poem of Wisława Szymborska is constituted by the metaphor of life. The said comparison reveals the unification of conceptualization of this abstract and universal category. The translation, thus, brings closer to the target culture a fragment of the array of notions applied by the Nobel laureate reflected in the original.

Методология и методика интердисциплинарного анализа oнтологии, прагматики и гносеологии лексической единицы

Author(s): Mikhail Labashchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2016

The structural and functional difference of the language and speech’s lexical signs is paid attention to in the article. In the structure of a language sing the categorial character and homonymy of signs are of great importance; while in the structure of a speech sign the contents, sense and polysemy are very significant. The analysis and identification of the types of polysemy in the speech sign and the reference of it to any other language homonymic sign are important in the investigation of the speech sign. The key aim is to create of an effective model of a language’s lexical unit relevant to modern social cultural theories of communication, cognitive theories and informative mathematical theories of the model of the sign. The theoretical aim is to ground the structuredness of the person’s psycho-semiotic behavior and the determinism of psycho-social relations as a structural unity of psycho-linguistic, ethno-social and informative-mathematical theories.

Deixis and Personhood: A New Philosophical Account

Author(s): Đorđe Vidanović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper claims that deixis is over and above a semantico-pragmatic phenomenon, and that it should be analyzed primarily epistemologically and ontologically. Most mainstream accounts of deixis in language simply overlook this point and emphasize the fact that although deixis is more attentional and intentional, it still remains elusive for any semantic and pragmatic framework. Our paper attempts to pave the way for a treatment of deictic phenomena that is based on the notion of ‘personhood’, i.e. on the pre-reflective perception of space-time, which is, furthermore, one of the basic tenets of intersubjectivity in human cognition. This is evident as lived space is deeply intertwined with deixis, or, if one wishes so, the other way round. It seems obvious that constant shifts of personal subjectivity (dependent on contingent intersubjectivity) undermine the rationalist and empiricist standpoints about there being one monolithic percept called 'reality'.

О математической природе сообразительности

Author(s): Victor Maratovich Trofimov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

Introduction. The use of geometry in the description of nature, beginning with the Platon-ic solids, has gone a long way up to modern string theory. It seems, it is no accident that geome-try has always been a reliable tool for modeling complex phenomena. The aim of the article is to find such universal geometric images, which would allow to visually illustrate the well-known techniques of the theory of solving inventive problems. Materials and Methods. Based on the principle of minimum complexity, a combination of four identical figures is obtained as the basis for the method of creating geometric images. And by way of an elementary figure is chosen such a simple geometric object which contains asym-metry and curvature as a minimum of requirements for it as an elementary object. This choice of combination allowed to cover practically all methods of solving problems. The article provides examples the following techniques: the principles of subdivision, asymmetry, unification, taking, spheroidality, and local quality. Results. Heuristic methods of the Theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), being sup-plemented and developed around the world, need a compact representation. The inventive ex-perience of human beings has led to the fact that geometric shapes have become the most effective cognitive tools of practice. The article proposes a methodology of constructing visual images for TRIZ methods, which is illustrated by several examples. To assess the power of geometric images in solving complex problems in various areas of creative activity, examples are given from the field of mechanics and architecture. An example of the use of a chain line for the de-sign of temple vaults is based on the same fundamental principle of a minimum of the functional (potential energy) as an effective use of the same principle with respect to kinetic energy in solv-ing the problem of describing a turbulent flow where the geometrically formed images are organized circles. Conclusions. It is concluded that the correlation of appropriate geometric images at the very beginning of the scientific investigation seems to be underestimated when constructing ef-fective mathematical models.

Лингвосемиотический анализ концепта и понятия (на материале текстов научного и научно-популярного дискурса)

Author(s): Olga Aleksandrovna Krapivkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2017

Introduction. The article deals with the correlation of two terms gaining popularity in current linguistic studies – concept and notion. The novelty of the research is not only due to the problem statement, but to the possibility to apply its results when analyzing the communication efficiency for discourse expert communities. The purpose of the research is to analyze the ap-proaches to their correlation and find out criteria forming the basis of their identification or opposition. The topicality of the research is due to the need for differentiating between these two terms as far as the issue has not been solved by modern linguists yet. The article also aims to analyze the correlation of concept and notion based on knowledge development theory suggest-ed by A. Kaplunenko. The author analyzes two viewpoints which can be presented as 1) concept = notion, 2) concept ≠ notion. Materials and methods. The material used for analysis is the texts of modern scientific and scientific and popular discourse published on the Internet. The author uses two main research methods – comparison of approaches and theoretical views and analysis of factual data.Results. The terms concept and notion are used as complete synonyms or differentiated in linguistic works. The proponents of the first approach believe that the concept is the same phenomenon as the notion and their differentiation is irrelevant. The proponents of the second viewpoint describe their relations based on different oppositions: sensual vs. mental, scientific vs. naïve nature, generality vs. individuality, etc. Conclusion. Based on the theory of knowledge evolution, the article concludes that the notion is a mental unit with clear semantic boundaries while the concept is a result of phenome-nological individual experience. The author also emphasizes that the concept and the notion have different scope and content: a large scope and poor content of the concept vs a limited scope and dense content of the notion. The communication of expert communities must be orga-nized only around the notion which enables mutual understanding and compromise.

Компарација морфемске структуре речи и картографског знака

Author(s): Jasmina Jovanović,Dragica Živković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2011

Language is a system of gestures, sounds, characters, symbols and words that are used to display concepts and communication. Map language is derived from natural language, rather than parallel to it, as its graphical equivalent. Natural and mapping language is based on a system of signs. In the natural language, the letters are the smallest units, and arranged meaningfully they constitute a sign - a word i.e. a concept. In a cartographic language one sign is one term. But common to both languages is the basis of character - morphemes and its accessories - affixes, which in the cartographic language have greater possibilities of expression.

Примена алгоритма за увођење аутоматизације у процесу семиоразмерног картографисања

Author(s): Nataša Urošev / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2010

Beside the main subject, this paper will present principals of average graphical weight of thematic map. The algorithm is based on this subject and also on basics of symbol-scaled(2) mapping. Maps are very often overloaded by symbols. The main goal of thematic mapping is to represent the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the occurrences in geospace. These two factors are combined in this algorithm. Modern GIS software has possibility to create thematic maps by methods of signs, cartograms and cart diagrams. These are very precise maps and they are presenting distinctive occurrence but also very graphical chaotic with lot of overcastted areas that are overloading the map. These are the reasons why it’s necessary to create this algorithm which would give some balance among boundaries of thematic map area.

Знакови и симболи као различити нивои представљања појава у геопростору

Author(s): Dragica Živković,Vesna Ikonović,Nataša Urošev / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2009

This study is about basic cartographic conception like sign and symbol and their vertical and horizontal connection and condition. Also, the function that they have is marked by nominal, ordinal and interval-ratio scales of measurement, i.e. levels of representing signs. All these factors are connected and give us information about qualitative and quantitative characteristics of occurrences in space that we are mapping. Beside main concept, the statistical unit for determination the key of signs for thematic maps will be also presented here. This unit gives the main characteristics of sign, which is mapped at specific map or plan.

Cognitive Grammar: The State of the Art and Related Issues: An Interview with Ronald M. Langacker

Author(s): Ronald Langacker,József Andor / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2005

Cognitive linguistics can offer an account not only of linguistic structure but also of a wide variety of social and cultural phenomena. The comprehensive account presented in this paper is crucially based and dependent on cognitive capacities that human understanders and producers of language possess quite independently of their ability to use language. By discussing the cognitive processes and the various linguistic, social and cultural issues they help us describe and explain, the author demonstrates that cognitive linguistics is far more than a theory of language; one can think of it as a theory of "meaning-making" in general in its innumerable linguistic, social and cultural facets.