Arap Dilinde Kurbu’l-civâr Uygulamasının Kur’ân Âyetlerine Yansımaları

Author(s): Harun Abacı / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 3/2021

According to the majority of linguists, case markers at the end of a declinable word, which could be of vowel, letter or elision type, are indicators of meaning. In other words according to the general acceptance, the iʿrāb signs at the end of words help one to understand the function of a given word in a sentence. Knowing the functions of the words of a sentence in turn enables the sentence to be understood correctly. Although there are those who say that iʿrāb signs at the end of the words do not have anything to do with the function of words in a sentence, and that they only function to facilitate the transition between words, this view was not accepted by the majority. For this reason, thisarticle examines the iʿrāb-meaning within the scope of the prevailing attitude of naḥw scholars and Quranic exegetes. The majority of linguists accept that iʿrāb is an indicator of meaning. For this reason, explanations of iʿrāb, which are frequently used in Quranic commentaries, are aimed at understanding the sentences in the verses more accurately. The fact that Abū al-Aswad al-Duʾalīput vowel marks on certain words of the Quran was to facilitate the correct reading of the Quran and prevent a wrong vowel mark from causing any misunderstanding. Therefore, the close relationship between iʿrāb and meaning is clearly emphasized in naḥw books. Although it is stated as a general rule that iʿrāb is key in desciphering the meaning, there are cases where this general rule does not hold. This happens when there is a discrepancy between an iʿrāb sign at the end of a givenword and its meaning. Such situations are considered by naḥw scholars as qurb aljiwār. According to this exception, a word does not take the iʿrāb indicator appropriate to its position in sentence and instead takes the same iʿrāb indicator of the previous word so as to be in harmony with it. The purpose of this is to prevent any disruption to the phonetic flow of the sentence rather than to function as an indicator of meaning. In fact, this phonetic harmony is not only limited to the iʿrāb at the end of words. In order to ensure harmony within a word, changes can be made in morphology of the word in question. This stems from the importance Arabs attach to the harmony of both intra-word and inter-word vowels, despite its contradiction to the rules of morphology and syntax. As a matter of fact, this kind of reading provides a sense of cohesion in terms of both ease of pronunciation and correspondence. In this article, I claim that the iʿrāb signs is not always a sign that reveals the meanings in the verses of the Qurʾān. In the light of this view, some of the verses of the Qurʾān comprise case endings that are contrary to the meaning for the sake of phonetic harmony, just as is the case in the current usage in Arabic language. This situation shows that besides the literary arts related tomeaning, those which are related to phonetic arts also constitute important literary aspects of the Qurʾān. The approaches of the Qurʾānic commentators towards the verses in which this feature, which is expressed as qurb al-jiwār in Naḥw, is found differ from each other. On the basis of these different approaches, the relevant narrations, syntax school, etc. that the commentators have generally considered matters are included. In fact, given that they lead to no confusion, irregularities contrary to the established grammar rules are tolerated. For this reason, qurb al-jiwār is used in the absence of ambiguity even though it is contrary to iʿrāb al-naḥwī. Unlike the Basran Grammarians, who regard qurb al-jiwār as a mere use, the Kufan Grammarians made the issue a regular grammar rule and used it as the basis for the jussiveness of apodosis of conditional clauses. Although qurb al-jiwār is accepted as a usage both in the Arabic language and the Quran by the majority of grammarians, there are differences of opinion in terms of the place of its use. While there is no clarity on this subject among the early grammarians, according to the general of late naḥw scholars, the issue of qurb al-jiwār is reserved for noun-adjective, corroborating-corroborated and connective explanation. However, it is controversial whether or not the qurb al-jiwār can be used in connectives. While in the early periods when controversies arose for the first time, qurb al-jiwār was generally unacceptable, in later periods it started to became more widely accepted. Extrapolating a theoretical framework for the issue based on primary classical sources on Naḥw constitutes a core methodology used in this work. According to the theoretical framework thus put forward, the discussions about the verses that are the subject of the iʿrāb of vicinity in the primary tafsīr sources from the first period to the present have been examined from an analysis-semantic perspective.

Argument for method: An application of Barthes’ language codes in poetry

Author(s): John Timothy Robinson / Language(s): English / Issue: 03 (26)/2019

This essay is a direct application of the five language codes described in Roland Barthes’ essay “Style and its image”. The language codes consist of the Actional (Proairetic) code; the literal action of subjects or characters within the dramatic plot of the poetry; the Referential, or the cultural worldview of the work’s subject or theme; the Semantic, those suggestive details which describe characters or the setting of the work; the Hermeneutic, considering language units which conceal unknown aspects of the work or facts about character, setting or other qualities of the writing, though also those qualities traditionally considered literary conventions; and the Symbolic, or those aspects of language which suggest ideas beyond the literal text itself. The writer takes a fresh look at an earlier example of Contemporary American poetry using Structuralist discourse as a tool with which to explicate Donald Hall’s poem “The Town of Hill”, first published in 1975.

Astrology-Emblematic-Heraldry. On Comets, Moons and Stars in the Book of Arms by Szymon Okolski

Author(s): Magdalena Piskała / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp. Iss. 1/2019

The article examines the presence of astrology in the heraldic work Orbis Polonus by Szymon Okolski dating from the mid-1600s. While due to a growing fascination with Neoplatonism and hermetic writings, astrology had enjoyed popularity since the Renaissance, in Okolski’s case its influence came mostly through early modern books of emblems and compendia of symbols. It is, therefore, important not only to track down astrological motifs in the works of Alciatus, Cesare Ripa, Giulio Cesare Capaccio, Julius Wilhelm Zincgref, and Diego de Saavedra to compare them with those found in Orbis Polonus but also to recognise the fact that emblematics had a great impact on how Okolski perceived the import of his heraldic work as such. The novelty of Okolski’s project consisted in treating armorial bearings as universal symbols and interpreting them not only in accordance with the rules of heraldry but also through a wide range of cultural sources, trends and traditions. In order to make the symbolic significance hidden in coats of arms more apparent, the author tried to organise the heraldic entries in a new way. Apart from the usual parts describing the coat of arms (delineatio), its origins (origo) and the family that used it (linea familiae), he introduced subchapters dealing with its symbolic meaning. He called them “considerations,” “precautions,” or “omens” depending on which aspect of the symbolic explanation he wanted to emphasise. Especially the third of these dovetails with astrology because the symbolism of the coat of arms, including motifs derived from, or related to, astrology, is presented as the best path that should be taken by a family bearing a particular coat of arms. All the while, however, these auguries are made based on symbols as such and not on careful observation of stars, planets or comets, and Okolski is not concerned with the destiny of individual people but with more general tendencies that affect the virtue of noble families, and virtue is for Okolski the foundation of nobility.

Audio Description Landscape in Russia and Greece

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrova,Christos STAVROU / Language(s): English / Issue: 25 (1)/2020

The article provides an overview of audio description landscape in Russia and Greece. It dwells upon the legal issues of providing audio description, comparing national legislation on media accessibility and Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, and their impact on the development of media accessibility services in these countries. Special attention is focused on describers’ training both as degree training and further education courses. It also highlights insufficient financial support of accessibility services as one of the reasons for the slow development of Audio Description in Russia and Greece. The article analyzes the new opportunities for providing media accessibility, such as mobile applications and voluntary projects. It also presents an example of a service which can be viewed as a best practice to be shared and spread across other countries – an application Искусство.Вслух (Art.Vocally) with audio descriptions of theatre plays voiced by prominent actors and actresses, that was funded by one of the biggest banks of Russia. The article concludes by listing the possible solutions which might spur the development of Russian and Greek audio description

Audiovisual Communication and Subtitling from the Perspective of Semiotic Cohesion: A Case Study of “Garden of Eden”

Author(s): Viktorija Lideikytė,Loreta Huber / Language(s): English / Issue: 39(44)/2021

Films as multimodal products have an increasing entertainment value, so the need to transfer them to other cultures arises. Audiovisual translation (AVT) becomes the only practice to translate and adapt multimodal discourse to various audiences. Together with audio description, that translates the visual into spoken language completing in this way the sounds and dialogues of films, subtitling deals with the changes within the semiotic system. Since subtitles have to interact and work in synchrony with dialogue and image, a great variety of problems arises when this translation mode is employed because a lot of constraints that exist. However, semiotic cohesion between subtitles and other elements such as moving pictures, verbal and non-verbal language and camera editing should be retained. The aim of the paper is to analyze the cases of semiotic cohesion in the English subtitles of the Lithuanian film Garden of Eden (2015). The research is carried out within the framework of multimodal discourse analysis that permits the incorporation of all identifiable communicative modes. The course of practical investigation crystallizes out into three underlying directions: assessment of semiotic cohesion, identification of particular form(s) of semiotic cohesion depending on its (dis)appearance on screen and the analysis of the selected instances.

BAZI ARICILIK TERİMLERİNİN KÜLTÜREL KÖKENLERİ

Author(s): Ceyhun Sari / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 70/2021

Turks have been living one with nature for centuries. Therefore, it is inevitable that they have gotten to know and observe all whom they share it with. Animals are at the forefront of that. Turks have domesticated many an animal species according to their geographical location, and have benefited from their many products. In doing so, they’ve developed a very rich vocabulary around animals. This is especially the case when it comes to bees and beekeeping in Old Turkish. One particularly interesting example of this “bey,” a masculine word used to to refer to the queen bee – the keeper of the hive - both in written Turkish and in most Turkic dialects. Why this is important is because the “bey” also sat at the top of the old Turkic administrative hierarchy – he made all decisions on behalf of the hive, planned for the future, and even dictated when to migrate. Likewise, you also have tradition of giving sons away from the so-called hive – i.e. marry them off – to increase the population. Doing this constituted being given a tend/yurt. Another interesting feature is how the old Turks referred to worker bees as “asker” or “soldier(s).” Akin to real soldiers, they protect the hive from wasps and other insects. The expression “gabra kaldirmak” -- similar to the Modern Turkish “kazan kaldirmak” (lit: to flip the caldron”) refers to when bees periodically rebel, dissatisfied by the “bey”’s rule. Drawing from these examples and others, this study will focus on examining the cultural roots beekeeping lexicon in Turkish.

Beleške o biopolitici (eksperiment iz geobiopolietike)

Author(s): Dubravka Đurić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 83-84/2021

An essay written by Dubravka Đurić: Beleške o biopolitici (eksperiment iz geobiopolietike)

Bevardės giminės dalyvių konstrukcijos su kiekybinės reikšmės junginiais bendrinėje lietuvių kalboje ir jų atitikmenys latvių kalboje

Author(s): Vaidotas Valskys / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 53/2004

This article makes a synchronic analysis of neuter-gender participial constructions with constructs having the meaning of quantity in Standard Lithuanian. The article also analyses the syntactic and semantic functions of the constructions. The structure of neuter-gender participial constructions with constructs having the meaning of quantity is compared with other syntactic models. The analysed constructions of Lithuanian are also contrasted with their equivalents in Latvian, which belongs to the same stock.

Bilježenje naglasaka u hrvatskome i dvoznakovni sustav

Author(s): Josip Užarević / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/2012

This paper is devoted to the study of the sign systems of accents in Croatian. Until the mid-19th century most Croatian grammarians and lexicographers (Bartol Kašić and others) used three signs, taken over from Ancient Greek: the acute accent (´), the grave accent (`) and the circumflex ( ̑ ). From the mid 19th century onwards a four-sign (or five-sign) system was established by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Đuro Daničić ( ̏, ̑, ´, `, ̄ ); this system has been used in Croatian accentology until today. However, there is also a two-sign notational system ( ', ̄ ) developed and used by Bulcsú László.

Biosemiotica Lausannensia: The 17th Gatherings in Biosemiotics Lausanne, Switzerland June 6 - June 10, 2017

Author(s): Ekaterina Velmezova / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2020

The idea to hold the 17th Gathering dedicated to Biosemiotics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland was accepted by the biosemiotic community during the 16th Annual Biosemiotics Gathering in Prague in July 2016. I would like to acknowledge, first and foremost, that the organization of the 2017 conference became a great challenge for our Lausanne group. To begin with, until 2017 only I myself had participated in the annual Biosemiotics Gatherings and therefore had an idea about the general character of these conferences, both from the point of view of their academic content and their practical organization. Moreover, in 2016 there were still very few scholars in Lausanne who were aware of the very existence of biosemiotics as a discipline: this reality can be partly attributed to the fact that semiotics as such is not currently taught at the University of Lausanne as a distinct branch of knowledge. Amongst those of us who were aware of biosemiotics, there were no biologists: it was at the Faculty of Arts in the Department of Slavic and South Asian Studies (SLAS) that the 17th Gathering was to be organized. Finally, as far as I know, our little Slavic “half-department” (the “Slavic” making up only a part of the whole of the SLAS Department) had never organized any conferences of such scale - spanning over a full week and with several dozens of participants from so many countries and continents at once. It is no wonder, therefore, that even certain aspects of the practical organization of the event (including the creation of an event-specific website) raised questions from the onset.

Bir Çözümleme Yöntemi Olarak Sanatta Göstergelerarasılık

Author(s): Kubilay Aktulum / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 107/2021

We can adapt the concept of intertextuality, which is used to indicate the exchanges between at least two literary texts, to other forms of art with new denominations: For example, intertextuality as well as inter-picturality, intermediality, intermusicality, interfilmicity, interphotography, etc. denominations are frequently used in other fields apart from literature today. Depending on these namings, concepts such as rewriting, repainting are used as quotation, reflection, imitation, conscious inspiration, etc. We can also use it for other forms of art along with concepts (it is seen that such a vocabulary is frequently used in studies on this subject). In this study, we will transform the typology suggested by Gérard Genette in his work Palimpsestes and use it in some artistic forms. For example, we can talk about the different forms of interpictoriality in the field of painting, hence a new typing of the forms of pictorial transcendence used to denote the exchanges between two different sign systems. Accordingly, different forms of intersemiotics can be mentioned. These can be the transfer of a literary system to another sign system, or they can take place in the opposite direction. Intersemiotics, whose origin goes back to the concept of sign in Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics and adapted to different forms of art inspired by Roman Jakobson’s concept of intersemiotic translation, is a product of an effort to present a method based on analyzing the exchanges between different artistic forms as well as literary texts. In this study, although limited as an analysis method, definitions will be made for the use of intersemiotics in different forms of art and some of its concepts

Bir İşkâl Çözüm Yöntemi Olarak Neshin Aidiyet

Author(s): Muhammed İsa Yüksek / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 3/2021

Mushkil al-Qur’ān is a science of the Qur’ān in which the verses that are considered contradictory at first glance and what ways/methods are used in reconciling them. From the point of view of a commentator or even a believer, the ishkal (contradiction) cannot be attributed to the Qur’ān proper, and the supposed contradictions between verses do not appear in the Qur’ān but the mind of the subject. Therefore, in this science, it can be seen that both the recognition of contradictions and the elimination of contradictions are related to the interpretive context of the tafsīr methodology. This science has emerged on a dynamic ground and has a characteristic feature that determines the interpreter’s ability to interpret. The aspect of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān that distinguishes it from other Qurʾānic Sciences relates to the practical dimension of the tafsīr rather than general determinations and statistical information about the Qur’ān. For this reason, the scope of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān may change depending on the time, culture, perspective of the commentator, knowledge, and school preferences. The fact that disciplines define the concept of mushkil in different ways, and the change in the scope of the subject in the independent works written in the early period and the Qurʾānic Sciences literature written after al-Zarkashī requires a terminological-chronological-methodological analysis of the nature and content of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān scholarship. With its pre-Zarkashī structure, Mushkil al-Qur’ān science differs from its structure that emerged in the later period, both in terms of its target audience and its content. If we look at the works of names such as Ibn Qutaybah, it becomes clear that this science is mandated to cater to the religionless. However, especially with the scope and methods in which it has been dealt with in the recent period, the Mushkil al-Qur’ān is based on the internal dynamics of the shari'a sciences. Therefore, it can be said that al-Zarkashī defined the science of Mushkil alQur’ān, which had a comprehensive content in the early period, with a different name and a narrowing of its content as a field fed by the internal dynamics of the tafsīr, and that this science acquired a unified form after al-Suyūṭī. This process brought about some changes in the subject matter and content of the science of the Mushkil al-Qur'ān. For the Mushkil al-Qur’ān, which in the early days had the purpose of answering the doubts and objections of the deniers of the Qur’ān, developed after al-Zarkashī into a field mainly concerned with removing the difficulties of understanding. Within this framework, the methods and classifications presented in this science with the structure defined by al-Zarkashī are the products of the effort to make sense of the Word of God. The systematization of this effort to make sense under the umbrella of shāri‘ sciences in a terminological and theoretical framework opens the science of Mushkil al-Qur'ān to the fields of kalam and fiqh/method. In the works written on Mushkil al-Qur’ān and in the literature on fiqh, the reasons for the contradictions between the verses and the ways to eliminate them are given. What these ways depend on the context in which the contradiction is dealt with. Those who treat the contradiction in a way that includes the ambiguities in the words while eliminating these ambiguities resort to other pieces of evidence such as narratives, style of expression/context, truth metaphor, reason, analogy, and custom. In case of an apparent contradiction, methods like cem‘ (gathering), preference, naskh, renunciation are used. Despite the differences in the school’s preferences as to which of these methods was used first in the classical period, there is almost a consensus as to the ways followed in eliminating contradictions between verses. In the modern period, some scholars claim that one of these methods, abrogation, is directly related to the Mushkil alQur’ān, and they explain that naskh is applied when the contradictions between the verses cannot be interpreted. This assertion, made in modern times, that naskh is a method that scholars resort to when they cannot remove the impression of contradictions between verses, is closely related to the definition, essence, and content of the Mushkil al-Qur’ān. In this context, it is crucial where the ways/methods used to follow the nature-content pendulum while eliminating the counterparts of the terms and the impressions of contradiction. This is because the acceptance of naskh as a contradiction solution stems from the fact that it is one of the ways to prove that there is no contradiction in the Qur’ān from the perspective of fiqh, and naskh means that two contradictory provisions were valid at different times. The contradiction arises when it is claimed that these two provisions are valid at the same time.

Body Ground Red – Integrating Peirce, Kristeva and Greimas

Author(s): Herman Tamminen / Language(s): English / Issue: 2-4/2020

Ground (Charles Peirce’s concept) – regardless whether it be taken as motivation or abstractness – affords the proposition that some abstract categories of meaning have acquired their qualities via bodily experience. In order to show this to be the case, the concept of ground will be drawn together with the division (according to Julia Kristeva) between the symbolic and the semiotic, the semiotic chora will be shown to function as an axiologizing thymic category as regard reception of perception (following Algirdas Greimas), and finally it will be proposed that it is this foundation that enables the coherence and inevitability of culture as a whole, being responsible for its stereoscopic quality as well. This procedure will further the haply sacrilegious march towards the emergence of modal semiotics, which allows us to dispense of signs in order to gain an anachronistically novel understanding of our own being.

Body Story – using touch to overcome language barriers

Author(s): Russ Palmer,Riitta Lahtinen,Stina Ojala / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Cum ați interpreta o povestire care însoțește muzica dacă nu puteți folosi vorbirea, dacă povestirrea ar fi prezentată într-un mod pe care nu-l puteți auzi? Acest scenariu ar putea fi, de exemplu, muzica prin imagine dirijată (GIM) dintr-o anume sesiune de lucru (Bonny, 1989; 2002). Vocea terapeutului are nevoie să fie calmă pentru a conduce la o atmosferă liniștită, iar interpretul nu poate folosi vorbirea pentru a repeta povestirea, așadar trebuie inventate nișe metode alternative. Singurul canal deschis pentru comunicare se dovedește a fi cel tactil, deoarece cel vizual ar fi fost prea vag. Primele mesaje bazate pe elementul tactil s-au bazat pe mișcările corpului și pe senzații, cum ar fi căldura nisipului, soarele și pașii în mișcare (Lahtinen și Palmer, 2005). Mesajele bazate pe elementul tactil s-au dezvoltat între timp într-un sistem simbolic larg, incorporând 8 subcategorii specializate (Lathtinen, 2008). În acest articol ne vom referi la o asemenea subcategorie specifică.

BOJA JAKO ELEMENT GRAMATYKI POLSKIEGO JĘZYKA MIGOWEGO: WSTĘPNY PRZEGLĄD DANYCH KORPUSOWYCH

Author(s): Weronika Szymańska-Gątarek,Paweł Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 03/2022

This paper is an introduction to the issue of buoys, i.e. signs normally produced with the non-dominant hand to ensure a spatial reference point for signs produced with the dominant hand. Simultaneous constructions of this type have been noticed in numerous sign languages, yet their equivalents have not been described in any detail for Polish Sign Language (PJM). The paper presents what can be said about the use of buoys in PJM on the basis of an analysis of a collection of empirical data extracted from the Corpus of Polish Sign Language (KPJM). The research confirms that certain buoy types (fragment and depicting buoys) are frequent in PJM and can be found in recurring contexts, which speaks for considering them as a part of grammar of this language.

Book review

Knospe, Sebastian, Onysko, Alexander & Goth, Maik (eds.). (2016). Crossing Languages to Play with Words: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.

Author(s): Marianthi Georgalidou / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Book review

Book review

Manuel Jobert & Sandrine Sorline (eds.) 2018. The Pragmatics of Irony and Banter. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Author(s): Aleksandar Takovski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Book review

Chłopicki, Władysław & Dorota Brzozowska (eds.) (2017). Humorous Discourse. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter.

Author(s): Christian F. Hempelmann / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

BREAKING THE HOOK OF METAPHOR: TOOLS OF PRODUCING INDICATIONS IN MAḤMŪD DARWĪŠ’S POETRY

Author(s): Rawiya Burbara / Language(s): English,Arabic / Issue: 20/2020

This study deals with the absent-relationships between the words of the poem, which create a meaning from the symbol that they carry and the indications that hide behind the words. The study also tries to prove that the language is the most important elements of the poem and that the sounds of the words and their formation create the rhythm of the poem. Besides, it shows that the rhythm of the poem is different from its meter. Rhythm gives the poem its musical tone, and that is achieved by the words. ‘Language’ here does not mean ‘rhetoric’ and ‘figures of speech’, but simple words that constitute deviations in their indications through the relationships that grow between them, which require an alert reader who, by his analysis and exploration of those relationships, becomes a partner in producing the text. The study chooses samples of Maḥmūd Darwīš’s poetry to illustrate these relationships that include his attitude about the Arabic prose-poem and how he expressed his opinions by the meta-poetry and the absent-relationships between the words.

Budismi semiootika I - Tartu-Moskva koolkonna panus: Pjatigorski ja Mäll

Author(s): Andres Herkel / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 17/2020

The article examines Buddhist studies within the Tartu–Moscow school of semiotics. At the beginning of Tartu semiotics there was a pleiad of orientalists and indologists using the semiotic approach for Buddhist studies. Alexander Piatigorsky and Linnart Mäll were important contributors. Piatigorsky and Mäll refrained from using theories and terminology from Western philosophy to interpret Buddhism. However, they used semiotic tools to describe such basic problems as: the hierarchies of thestates of mind; personological classifications; the difference between psyche and consciousness; Buddhist metalanguage and terminology; the term dharma; the impact of texts on the mind; the mechanisms of the production of new texts; zero and infinity as symbols for texts and sates of mind, etc. Their several articles in Tartu semiotics have timeless value for Buddhist studies. With the help of semiotics they were able to successfully deal with texts corresponding simultaneously to different states of consciousness and different levels of interpretation.