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From the Great Wall to the Great Firewall: A Historical Analysis of Surveillance

Author(s): Birol AKDUMAN / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2023

This article delves into the historical development of surveillance practices in China, tracing their roots from the construction of the Great Wall to the contemporary cyber surveillance system known as the Great Firewall. The study explores the strategic importance of the Great Wall as an early warning system and its significance in shaping China's modern national security strategies. Additionally, the article examines the evolution of surveillance techniques throughout China's dynastic history, the impact of Western influences, and the emergence of a modern surveillance state under the People's Republic of China. The analysis then shifts its focus to the development, implementation, and objectives of the Great Firewall, highlighting its role in both domestic control and international cyber warfare. Lastly, the article addresses the ethical debates surrounding surveillance and privacy in China, along with the future implications of emerging technologies and trends in the country's national security strategy. Through this historical lens, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of China's long-standing relationship with surveillance and its crucial role in national security, while also shedding light on potential future developments and global implications.

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From the Great Wall to the Great Firewall: A Historical Analysis of Surveillance

Author(s): Birol AKDUMAN / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2023

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Social Responsibility as a Basis for Implementing the Goals of Sustainable Development in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Denys Svyrydenko,Nataliia Krokhmal,Lesya M. Chervona / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2023

Social responsibility as an awareness of the responsible attitude of the subjects (person, group, community, organization, state, society) to themselves and other subjects of this phenomenon and process is the basis for implementing Sustainable Development Goals. It permeates the entire structure of society both vertically (society – communities – person; state – region – citizen; economy – organization/enterprise (employer) – employee) and horizontally (society – states – economy; communities – regions – organizations/enterprises (employers); person – citizen – employee). The formation of social responsibility is necessary for implementing Sustainable Development Goals and, at the same time, is its basis. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the formation and development of the phenomenon of social responsibility as a basis for the implementation of the goals of sustainable development, encouraging new actors of this phenomenon to act, creating conditions for the public (planetary) association to fight COVID-19; changed approaches to the economy, ecology, social sphere, education, etc. These changes can no longer be reversed, and society can only use them as a basis for further implementation of sustainable development goals.

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The Phenomenon of Active Citizenship: the Dialectics of Global and National Discourses

Author(s): Shishi Xu / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2023

The article attempts to re-think active citizenship both from the point of view of social practice and scientific perspective and from the standpoint of modern social philosophy. It is shown that globalization is one of the most used terms of modern socio-humanitarian discourse but simultaneously one of the most difficult to define. Any research related to the global is also related to the national because the reception of global influences is different in different cultures. From the perspective of 2022, the research shows a globalization crisis in the classical sense of the word. It is about the crisis of real and nominal political power, which are often incompatible with each other. In many countries, the desire for “strong statehood” is even stronger. It has been proven that the impact of globalization on society is actively mediated by civil society. In a philosophical sense, a developed civil society as a completed form of morally determined life is almost an ideal product of the history of civilization. The first trend of active citizenship transformation is economic liberalization. The second feature that determines changes in active citizenship is political pluralism. Active citizens control the basis of the activity of the modern state. In these conditions, the control function of the institution of citizenship becomes extremely important for the stable existence of political regimes and for achieving political stability. Another trend in the transformation of active citizenship is the growing role of the state in global processes. It was possible to distinguish two levels of transformation of active citizenship in the era of globalization. The first is interiorization, and the second is exteriorization. It has been proven that active citizenship is not only a social connection of people but also a way of existence characteristic of any civilized human community.

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Socjalizacja i wychowanie. W poszukiwaniu genezy wychowania (perspektywa ewolucyjna)

Author(s): Heliodor Muszyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The author deals with the problem of differences in meaning between the concepts of socialization and education. In social sciences, and especially in educational sciences, there is no agreement as to the relationship between the scopes of these two fundamental concepts. The article attempts to overcome these semantic difficulties by adopting an evolutionary perspective in line with the assumption that education emerged as a specific type of socialization in human prehistory. The search of its essential properties (and thus differences), was guided by the cognitive directive of Aristotle, according to which “the best understanding of things is achieved by those who study them at their inception”. The article uses the method of data analysis established in numerous studies on social and cultural human development, starting from the earliest stages of life in primitive groups. Socialization appeared in these groups as a way of transmitting collective experience, and thus culture, necessary for their survival. The continuation of the analysis leads to investigating what factors made this culturation take a different form, namely that of education. As it turns out, this difference is difficult to discern in the intentionality of cultural influences. It appears only when the group becomes aware of the need to adapt adolescents to fulfill various social roles. This already requires going beyond socialization, which is always a spontaneous process including widespread participation of group members in the transmission of an experience that is also common. In order to provide selected group members with selected elements of the experience linked to their social role, the group must appoint competent members for the transfer of the experience selected to perform specific social roles. These activities constitute one more role distinguished in the group – the role of the educator. And the activities that make up their performance are education.

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The inverted logic as a source of carnival familiarity

Author(s): Kamil Lipiński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In breaking away from the dominant rituals, the sanctioned church holidays, and traditional rules of behavior, the article analyzes the placement of carnival culture on the margins of official culture, the inversion of social principles introduced into a reality devoid of constitutive norms in normal life, eliminating any social division by reversing values and destroying the existing order. A historical perspective raises important questions about the unparalleled features of the carnival, including the combination of people, regardless of their social and intellectual differences. In line with the adoption of the culture of laughter and its tools, the dynamics of carnival managed to assume a reversal, degradation, grotesque, bottom-up logic in order to bring people together and facilitate their interpersonal relationships.

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Écrasez Foucault?

Author(s): Krešimir Petković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/2023

Review of: Écrasez Foucault? David Šporer, Konformizam radikalne misli: Kritički historijat metodoloških i političkih pozicija Michela Foucaulta, Disput, Zagreb, 2023., 356 str.

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From King Hyegong to Suh Dongjin: the evolution of LGBT and homosexual rights in the Korean community, according to historiographical texts

Author(s): Aleksandra Müller / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Even though homosexuality and other sexual minorities have never been considered illegal by the Korean government, people identifying as non-heteronormative were and are still vastly ostracised. Furthermore, the LGBT community was and is still facing social stigmatism. What cultural conditions influenced the way non-heteronormative minorities are perceived by most South Korean society? How has the LGBT minority developed over the centuries? When did the attitudes of South Koreans change for the better? The following article covers the answers to the above-stated questions based on a particular query of texts related to the topic based on historiographic records. In the first section, the influence of the Confucian ideas of Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues (三綱五倫, 삼강오륜 [samgangoryun]) on the image of 'correct relationship' and the Taoist division of gender roles based on energy adversity (yin (陰, 음 [eum]) and yang (陽, 양 [yang])) will be explained. This will serve as a basis for understanding cultural opposition to same-sex relationships. The following subchapter consists of a chronological overview of the most important historical records regarding same-sex relationships. The third subchapter presents the sexual minority groups formed in the 1990s, such as Chodong Society (초동회 [chodonghoe]), Between Friends (친구사이 [chingu sai]) and Maeum 001 (마음001 [maeum gongongil]), which had the most significant impact on the development of the contemporary LGBT movement in South Korea. The last section presents current changes and problems that the South Korean LGBT society faces.

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Antropoceniczne życie po życiu – żywe maszyny, syntetyczna biologia i koniec natury

Author(s): Michał Witek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The postulated arrival of the “Anthropocene era” and the “end of nature” widely discussed in humanities, as well as theoretical approaches such as nature-culture and techno-nature associated with this concept, open the door to redefining concepts such as “life”, “machine” or “biology”. This is visible both in the field of natural sciences, and transdisciplinary approaches such as synthetic biology as well as in experimental art. The purpose of this text is to look at the complex problem of “living machines” and “synthetic life” in the context of the speculative and critical potential of art and the postulated Anthropocene era in the works of Alexandra D. Ginsberg. The main problem is reflection on the vision of the role of “live machines” and “synthetic life” in the era of uncertainty and uncontrolled changes in the environment.

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Territories of Fire: Indigenous Communities, Land, and Anarchy among a Highland People in Mindoro

Author(s): Christian Rosales / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article challenges the assumption that land tenure is contingent on acquiring a land title. It argues that for Indigenous peoples a land may be delineated, occupied, utilised, and collectively owned through the concept of territoriality. Through a combined ‘anarchist anthropology’ and political ecology the article provides ethnographic evidence from among the Tau-Buhid as a case in point to show that through their everyday relationship with fire and ignition practices territoriality is reinforced among their communities as a basis of land tenure. Thus, despite efforts of the Philippine state to phase out all kinds of fire practice on theirland, a portion of which is a declared protected area, ignition continues as a way of orchestrating territorial autonomy against state sovereignty in the highlands. Ultimately, through such practices Indigenous lands have metaphorically transformed into ‘territories of fire’, a frontier where the state is irrelevant to Indigenouslife and where state-control apparatuses are inoperable.

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“The Beach Is Closed, but Not to Us”: Pandemic Experience and Social Boundaries in Rural Okinawa

Author(s): Jamila Rodrigues / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article offers an anthropological and ethnographic perspective on how the COVID-19 pandemic affected and shaped rural community social behaviour in Kayo village during Japan’s first official state of emergency, April 7th to May 6th, 2020. It draws from observations and informal conversations with villagers during this period. First, it discusses the researcher’s experience of living in a rural village in northern Okinawa during the state of emergency and addresses the position of the ethnographer during the pandemic. It explores the Japanese concept of uchi/soto (inside/outside), to discuss the insider/outsider dynamics that characteriseeveryday social life in Okinawa. Secondly, it engages with Marshall Sahlins's (2013) idea of kinship as 'social mutuality' to consider how the pandemic invites us to rethink interpersonal relationships, space negotiation, and social boundaries, and how the latter are reconstructed and negotiated according to the new situation (emergency state). The example of Okinawa rural communities shows how rural populations can reconceptualise their environment and practices during the pandemic. It allows us to understand how notions of space, accessibility and kinship are reshaped into subtle boundaries between locals and outsiders in order toregulate access.

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Jednostki — postawy — struktura społeczna (na przykładzie wybranych bohaterów dystopijnych powieści Margaret Atwood)

Author(s): Maria Banaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2022

This article presents a sociological analysis of the literary dystopias of Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood: the MaddAddam trilogy and The Handmaid’s Tale and its 2020 sequel Testaments. Maria Anna Banaś regards as key issues and contexts those that clearly and unambiguously build Atwood’s image of the social world, and which Banaś reads through the prism of the sociology of literature. The basic question is, What is the structure of the social world in Atwood’s works? Banaś seeks answers by referring, among other ideas, to Robert K. Merton’s types of adaptation of individuals to the changing social structure.

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National education – challenges in the modern world

Šljukić, S., & Vladušić, S. (eds.) Nation and education, thematic collection. Novi Sad: Matica srpska, 2021, 377 pp.

Author(s): Nikola R. Pavlović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2023

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STORYTELLING IN THE DIGITAL ERA: PERSPECTIVES ON AGE AND GENDER

Author(s): Besmir Shishko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Storytelling constitutes the use of narrative and facts in order to express a topic of interest or concern to an audience. To produce and share stories with the appropriate audience, digital storytelling uses information technology. The position of underrepresented people and groups, such as women and African-Americans, is influenced significantly by storytelling. Storytelling, also known as narratives, has a long history in African-American culture, with African-Americans using narratives to share their life stories and folktales as a form of entertainment. The purpose of this essay is to examine several aspects of storytelling in the context of digitalization, with a focus on age and gender. The study responded to research questions regarding narratives and storytelling and by this storytelling aided in restoring identity among traditionally disadvantaged and marginalized communities and groups. In using digital storytelling, people were taught how to utilize digital media tools to create video narratives about themselves and their experiences.

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EXPLORING PARENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON ONLINE SEXUAL RISKS AND HARM

Author(s): Simone Eelmaa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Parents have a central role in mediating and teaching children about different risks. Parental awareness and beliefs significantly influence their prevention efforts. While the existing literature demonstrates that parents tend to be less aware of the different online risks children encounter, there is a considerable gap in understanding the intricacies of parental perception of both risks and harm. This study explores parental perspectives on online sexual risks and harm. Data were collected from 22 parents during focus group interviews (n=6) combined with activity-oriented questions. The findings suggest that parents perceive (the presence of) risk as something related to either parenting or specific child-related characteristics. Also, the level of harm was related to the presence of the child’s (sexual) agency. According to parents, children with a sexual agency are less likely to be harmed than those without sexual agency. The study provides new considerations to inform policy responses and education program design.

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SPECULATIVE FICTION AND POSTHUMANISM

Author(s): Lucian-Vasile Szabo / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2019

The contemporary studies dedicated to poshumanism offer, despite some exaggerations they put forward, an opportunity to reflect upon the human condition. The theme is both a philosophical one and one of practical use. The human body transforms and is submitted to changes because of environmental factors, but especially because of what individuals wish for themselves. One can discuss posthumanism on a planetary level, albeit at such level changes are incontrollable or depend on human will only to a small extent. Thus the posthmanist complex can be found in various scientific studies (in the fields of psychology, sociology, biology and so forth) and in artistic creations.Speculative fiction (summing up counterfeit histories, political fiction, fantasy, science fiction, gothic, horror, utopian and mythical narratives) represents an adequate framework to discuss the (apparently non-existent!) limits of posthuman evolution.

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კონტექსტის ცნება ფოლკლორისტიკაში

Author(s): Elguja Makaradze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 3/2021

The understanding of context has existed since ancient times, and its content has changed in the wake of historical epochs. The actualization of the term is related to the famous anthropologist B. Malinowski, in his famous work “The Problem of Significance in Primitive Languages”, singled out two types of context: situational context and cultural context. Among the folklorists who first paid attention Malinowski's idea was coined by the American scientist William Bescom, though it later emerged as the leader of the contextual school D. Ben-Amos. His work "Defining Folklore in Context" became a kind of manifesto of conceptualists and led to a real "contextual revolution" in American folklore (Stiven Jones). According to Ben-Amos, in its cultural context, folklore is not a set of subjects, but a communicative process, not the texts of a fairy tale or song stored in archives or published in various collections, but the narration of a fairy tale and the performance of a song. Consequently, considered secondary "social context" or "situational context" was declared the main subject of study of folklore by Ben-Amos and his followers. Clearly, such an approach was considered useless not only by the work done by many generations of collectors, but also by the science of folklore itself, which relied on recorded texts. Contextualist ideas, on the other hand, despite their radicalism, have played a major role in overcoming the "literary centrism" that prevails in traditional folklore, drawing a sharp line between literary and folklore texts. Like the American contextualists, they are not distinguished by radicalism, but the followers of another method or school of folklore research, "experimental folklore", folklore as a study of performance, and structural-semiological method, recognize the great importance of contextual research. Collective and research practice in Georgian folklore precedes theoretical reflections on the concept of context. Moreover, the term is rarely used here, and is replaced by the terms "ethnographic connections" and "performing environment".

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Law and Justice and its allies: Clientelistic links in Poland after 2015

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Law and Justice and its allies: Clientelistic links in Poland after 2015

Author(s): Piotr Sula,Kamil Błaszczyński,Małgorzata Madej / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Linkages between political parties and society have been considered weak from the very beginning of the political transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, including in Poland. One result has been the employment of clientelistic strategies by political parties across the region. Clientelism in Polish politics has been present for three decades, however, the way it manifests itself today varies significantly from how it appeared in the past in terms of its scale but also because it has “thickened” by incorporating Catholic, national, and patriotic symbols. Furthermore, the number of contracting parties is not limited to the patron (PiS) and their clients (voters); a crucial role seems to be played by the organisations supported financially by the PiS government whose task may be to entice citizens to vote for the party. It can be argued that the financial standing of these organisations was built with support from the state budget and that their operations are highly dependent on these resources. We conclude that PiS has created a clientelistic machine formed by populist, nationalist, and religious ideological discourses.

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DİJİTAL PAZARLAMA SOSYAL MEDYA FENOMENLERİNDE SPONSORLUĞUN DURUMU

Author(s): Murat Başal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2023

Today, technology has succeeded in accelerating human life as well as facilitating it. The transformation of an electronic device into an area where consumers meet their demands and needs by using the internet has revealed digital marketing. Social media platforms, which are the areas where individuals interact by interacting and producing content, have produced phenomena in themselves. The internet has given scientists and their followers a significant influence in certain areas, and as a result, some business owners choose to become sponsors in order to promote their products and services. Businesses that have made their promotions as a result of donations in kind or in cash now put their sponsorship activities among their marketing preferences. The aim of this study is to investigate the attitudes and behaviors of social media users towards sponsored content, as well as their perceptions of transparency and reliabilty in social media sponsorships. In order to achieve this aim, data was tried to be obtained by applying the created questionnaire form face to face and Google form. The statistical software SPSS was used to analyze the data using t-tests and Anova tests. The study's hypotheses were evaluated and tested. Therefore, valuable information has been obtained about businesses that want to use social media sponsorships as a part of their digital marketing strategies and the marketing methods they use. The study's conclusion suggests that sponsorship can provide advantages in utilizing the actions of influencers and content creators for marketing, while emphasizing the significance of transparency and credibility in content.

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Two Schools of Thought on the Holocaust: Snyder v Bauman

Author(s): Katarzyna Chmielewska / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

This article describes two approaches to the Holocaust, identified with the names of Zygmunt Bauman and Timothy Snyder. In this dyad, Bauman stands for the culturalist, sociological approach focussed on identifying the social conditions in which otherness is produced and tracing the significance of modernity and bureaucracy for the Shoah. In contrast, Snyder puts aside the notion that anti-Semitism and modern statehood played a crucial part in the Holocaust. The author also identifies contemporary adherents of the two interpretations in Poland.

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