MOKYMO DIFERENCIJAVIMO PAGRINDAI
The aims of the education reform in Lithuania can be implemented if principles of differentiation of teaching will be realized in schools.
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The aims of the education reform in Lithuania can be implemented if principles of differentiation of teaching will be realized in schools.
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Tautinės mokyklos koncepcijoje ir koncepciją aiškinančiuose raštuose daug kalbama apie mokymo integraciją. Ši sąvoka, nors ir skamba naujai, nėra nauja. Straipsnyje apžvelgiamas J. Laužiko rankraštyje likęs veikalas „Švietimo integracijos pagrindai”, parašytas 1943 m. kaip habilitacinis darbas profesoriaus vardui gauti. Tai teorinis darbas, jaunosios kartos ugdymo problemą gvildenantis tautos, visuomenės, kultūros, taip pat ir žmogiškosios prigimties, fone. J. Laužikas su nerimu akcentavo kultūros diferenciacijos procesą, neišvengiamai palietusį ir mokyklą. Jo nuomone, diferenciacija, racionalumas, griežtos normos „mokyklą padaro savotiška prokrusto lova”, kurioje sužalojama vientisa asmenybė.
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Plutarch’s works often serve as a starting point for feminist criticism – the writer is called both a feminist who surpassed his times and a spokesperson for the traditional patriarchal society who sees women as passive and inferior to men. Others are certain that Plutarch hates women and atributes all possible character flaws to them. According to some, Plutarch despises educated women, yet others, contrarily, state that he enjoyed the company of educated women no less than that of educated men. Such a vast range of different expert opinions may be due to Plutarch’s vast literary legacy as well as the peculiarity of his way of thinking and his “generic sensibility”: the tendency to change his approach in consideration of different generic demands. Nevertheless, it is impossible to disagree that Plutarch did write the lives of men, and not of women. However, in the remaining Lives of famous Greeks and Romans, we meet plenty of women whose acts and moral principles may serve as examples not only for women, but also for men. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Plutarch, despite of sometimes relying on stereotypes, regards women according to the same ethical principles as he applies to men. Plutarch depicts women not as passive and submissive, but as autonomous and mature characters who are active not only in their private world, but in the political world too. They overstep the traditional social boundaries of the stereotype “feminine matrix.” He accentuates two of women’s social roles that, according to his judgement, are of the greatest importance: motherhood and partnership. In Plutarch’s narrative, women are associated with love – the selfless motherly love, or marital love based on the community of thoughts and feelings. Plutarch draws attention not to the physical beauty of women, which is traditionally related to feminine sexuality in masculine psychology, but to the integrity of their characters. Love between a husband and wife, based not only on eros, but on devotion and friendship, is the primary representation of erotic love in his Lives.
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In social life, the concept of "inequality" has an important position in determining the shape of both individuals' relations with each other and their interactions with different communities. In particular, factors such as prestige, fame, wealth, income, profession, talent, race, ethnicity, gender and age affect the relations and social interactions of individuals with other individuals. In today's social structures, the effects of social and economic inequality provide unequal opportunities to different individuals within the group or groups that are a part of the society. These opportunities, which lead to inequality, cause some people to take a more active position in the decision-making process, depending on their access to respect and resources in the society. This effect, which puts individuals in a more effective position in decision-making processes, will not only result in the emergence of inequality, but also that power relations and power structures will be oriented in favour of certain people in society. The aim of this study is to describe the theoretical foundations of the elite theory, which is based on the balance between the rulers in the society and the ordinary people, both sociologically and administratively. The reasons and main causes of inequality between individuals who are part of societies, organizations and groups will be discussed with an inclusive perspective. The study aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the elite theory by combining the theoretical assumptions obtained from numerous studies on management and sociology literature.
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European Union gender equality policies have been increasingly interested in benchmarking and promoting higher representation of women in non-elected positions of power. While former Slovak government (2016-2020) achieved the highest proportion of women in ministerial positions as yet, according to EIGE’s Gender Equality Index, Slovakia still occupies lower tiers of the index with respect to “women in positions of power”. What is more, the available descriptive data does not answer questions concerning career trajectories and gender-based barriers, which may be experienced by women at Slovak ministries, let alone how these may be changing when the share of women in leading positions increases. The following study is inspired by the concepts of descriptive and substantial representation as it adopts the analytical approach of gender regimes in organizations to study formal and informal norms of gendered organizations. Results show that greater representation of women in leading positions moves the gender regime closer to one that favourable to women. However, the Slovak case study suggests, that even dominant or balanced representation of women in positions of power does not eliminate experiences with discrimination or gender stereotyping.
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Review of: Leslie Kern, Feminist City: Claiming Space in a Man-Made World, Verso Place, London, 2020, 225 pages. Reviewed by: Iva Lukan.
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Review of: Leslie Kern, Feminist City: Claiming Space in a Man-Made World, Verso Place, London, 2020, 225 pages. Reviewed by: Iva Lukan.
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The international university context is generating multiple dynamics of innovation. A relevant issue is the creation of inclusive campuses. This text studies keys to spatial planning on the urban and architectural scales and offers functional recommendations to create campuses that promote wellbeing and cognitive accessibility for people with intellectual disabilities. The goal is to inspire inclusive environments, promote an appropriation of the space, and reinforce a sense of belonging, emphasizing aspects such as the psychological and emotional perception of university environments. Based on this exploration, the text discusses a set of planning guidelines and architectural typologies with an inclusive scope. It begins by studying paradigms taken from the historical university legacy: the cloister and the campus. After this, the article focuses on aspects that inspire the integral planning of campuses to reinforce social inclusion: communities of learning, typologies of spatial composition, the human scale, edges, nature, the aesthetic component, and functional strategies. The text finishes by presenting a range of conclusions on how to supply those criteria and types so that campuses can be planned with higher quality with the goal of transforming them into inclusive environments, providing guidelines that can optimize them for all kinds of users.
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V mednarodnem univerzitetnem okolju se ustvarjajo različne inovacije, med drugim tudi na področju oblikovanja vključujočih kampusov. V članku avtor proučuje ključne dejavnike prostorskega načrtovanja na urbanistični in arhitekturni ravni ter predstavi funkcionalna priporočila za oblikovanje kampusov, ki podpirajo dobro počutje in omogočajo kognitivni dostop osebam z intelektualno oviranostjo. Cilj je spodbuditi razvoj vključujočih okolij in okrepiti občutek pripadnosti kraju, pri čemer je poudarek na psihološkem in čustvenem zaznavanju univerzitetnega okolja. Avtor proučuje niz vključujočih načrtovalskih smernic in arhitekturnih tipologij, pri čemer se najprej osredotoči na dve zgodovinski univerzitetni prostorski paradigmi: križni hodnik in kampus. Nato proučuje rešitve, ki so lahko zgled za celostno načrtovanje kampusov in krepitev socialne vključenosti: učne skupnosti, razne tipologije prostorske kompozicije, človeško merilo, robove, naravo, estetiko in funkcionalne strategije. Na koncu predstavi, kako se lahko zadosti opisanim merilom, na podlagi česar se lahko kampusi bolj kakovostno načrtujejo in preobrazijo v vključujoča okolja, ob tem pa ponudi napotke za njihove izboljšave in prilagoditve najrazličnejšim uporabnikom.
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Based on the idea that cinema is one of the most effective ways of representation of reality and is also a cultural representation, it is possible to state that the subjects dealt with in the cinema are actually a reflection of social life. Disabled individuals constitute one of the most disadvantaged groups of society. It is seen that the concept of disability and its representations take place in a very limited number of media productions. It is known that the representations of the disabled in the media are made according to certain patterns and that these representations reinforce the prejudices in the society. Disabled individuals take place in media productions either as weak, dependent, in need of help, other, victims of violence or as superhuman others in success stories. These two forms of representation are attitudes that make them look ‘abnormal’, which reinforces the discrimination that individuals with disabilities are exposed to in daily life. This study examines how disabled characters are represented in cinema. In this context, the concept of disability and the position of disabled individuals in the social structure were examined by the method of deciphering the concept of disability and how disabled characters are represented in Miracle (2015) film selected as examples by addressing the position of disabled individuals in the social structure.
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The communication between individuals has been changed and transformed by the use and popularization of mass media. The use of social media profoundly influences the mechanics of daily life by affecting the informal interactions of individuals, as well as institutional structures and professional routines. With the widespread and increasing use of social media platforms, the effects of these platforms on individuals and society have also formed a vital research ground. The concept of context collapse can be considered one of these effects and refers to the fact that different contexts, which are an essential determinant in face-to-face social relations, collapse in virtual space. Social media platforms are open to anyone and transfer communications in different contexts in physical places into one single space. That fact causes a context collapse. Social media, where different contexts collapse on each other, remove the reference points of individuals by making their self-presentation practices more complex. This study aims to discuss the theoretical foundations of the context collapse and present a multi-disciplinary perspective by addressing social psychology and new media disciplines. For this purpose, first, the importance of context in daily life practices was emphasized within the framework of these disciplines. Afterward, theoretical debates and empirical studies on context collapse have been reviewed. Finally, the relationships between the context collapse and gender roles and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
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This article presents the phenomenon of dating game shows discussing selected examples of shows in the context of transformations taking place in different spheres of social life and characteristic of the current post-modern society. The said transformations are also affecting romantic relationships, which are marked by a growing interest of singles in alternative methods of searching for a life partner. One of these methods involves participating in dating game shows that have recently enjoyed a rising popularity. The article also presents and compares the ways of establishing romantic relationships between women and men both in the past decades and today. The aim of the article is to present dating game shows as one of the modern alternative methods of searching for love and establishing romantic relationship in the 21st century.
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Diagnostic pathogenetic model appeared insufficient to explain appropriate and adequate functioning (positive adaptation) of youth affected by various risk factors. That is the reason why in social sciences we observe increased attention towards resilience concept. After decades of concentration on resilience as an individual trait and also as a process that helps one’s deal with difficulties, a novel, socioecological concept gains importance. In this approach resilience is defined as a set of behaviors over time that reflect the interactions between individuals and their environments, in particular the opportunities for personal growth. The aim of the article is to analyze the socioecological resources of Polish youth, which are located in the closer or more distant environments where young people function, based on the “Ecological Systems Theory of Development” by Urie Bronfenbrenner. The analysis were conducted on empirical studies published by 2013 concerning socioecological resources of Polish youth such as: family environment, social support, education; employment; living conditions, parents-school relation, local labour market, political, economic and cultural conditions. Best recognized factors protecting young people are those included in the microsystem. Financial stability, family and peer group support, family rituals, build supportive educational environment. Good cooperation between parents and the school (mesosystem) promotes a greater sense of security and improves educational environment’s quality. Finally, in macro system the most important is still high level of religiosity, sense of security, access to education and good, although currently worsening situation on the labour market. A strengthening role is also played by attachment to communities and the conviction that democratic procedures are an indispensable element of the contemporary social order, and that politics is an important element in building a more just state, alleviating social inequalities.
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(Kovách Imre [szerk.]: Mobilitás és integráció a magyar társadalomban. Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont Argumentum Kiadó, Budapest, 2020, 376 oldal)
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This research was conducted to compare two situations that seem to be independent from each other. In this context, the opinions and images of middle school 6th grade students towards scientists and the scientists profile in the Science, Technology and Society unit of the social studies textbooks (4th, 5th and 6th grades) that the students have been exposed to so far were compared. For this reason, the research was carried out according to the document analysis and holistic single case study method. The study group of the research consisted of 27 (female=14, 52%; male=13, 48%) students aged 11-12, determined according to the criterion-case sampling method; in addition, social studies textbooks (4th, 5th and 6th grades) created a Science, Technology and Society unit. Datas were collected through open-ended questionnaire, drawing and scientist identification forms. Documentary and descriptive analyzes were made on the obtained datas. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the opinions and images of the students towards the scientist and the profile of the scientist in the Science, Technology and Society unit largely overlapped. In line with these results, Social Studies textbooks should include scientists study in the area of social science as well as scientists study in the area of science, mathematics / medicine in the learning area of “Science, Technology and Society”.
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In one of her essay Linda Nochlin argued that “Why have there have been no great women artist?” And the answer is in her essay, “There are no great women artists because women are incapable of greatness”. According to this idea, the role of women in the design society, especially in the graphic design world, which is the author's area of expertise, can also be questioned. Similar to the question Linda Nochlin asked, “Why aren't there great female graphic designers?” Are there no female designers, why have their names not been heard or announced? The questions constitute the problem of this research. While the names of Jan Tchichold, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy and Herbert Bayer, who are among the male designers of the famous German design school Bauhaus, are frequently heard, the name of graphic designer Söre Popitz, who studied at the same school, is not heard much. The names of great female graphic designers who have found their way in the history of graphic design like this are either unknown or not featured much. This article aims to examine the situation of female designers in the field of graphic design.
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Patriarchal society gives legal rights and economic power to men so that women are subject to men and imprisoned in private sphere. When women who are given the role of a wife and mother begin to demand freedom and legal rights, the basis of feminism appears. This study applies liberal feminist approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper (1892) in order to analyse the gender roles in terms of patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. After giving birth to a baby, the narrator who is the main character at the same time is diagnosed with hysteria by her husband John who is a physician. She is also prescribed a ‘rest cure’ for three months in the attic of an isolated house. The ‘rest cure’ causes her obsession with the yellow wallpaper and slowly drives her mad due to the limitation of thinking and of raising the consciousness of female in private sphere. To be imprisoned in a room may have enormous risks of disappointment, madness, and suicide. In order to limit a woman’s participation in the intellectual and public sphere, masculine science of nineteenth century’s patriarchal society converts ‘an angel in the house’ into ‘the madwoman in the attic’ under the name of ‘rest cure’. Gilman suggests that a woman can free herself if her financial conditions are radically changed through finally installing a dialectical movement between private sphere and public sphere.
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Sustainable development of enterprises requires a balanced approach to creating and using capitals. Discrimination, which is prohibited by law, can have a destructive impact on the use of human capital and therefore, the effectiveness of ventures undertaken. Although there are many different studies on organisational pathologies, there is an obvious need to analyse the phenomenon of discrimination as a type of corporate pathology from a normative perspective. The study allows determining the undertakings that should be implemented in the organisation to prevent discrimination effectively. Besides, this study allowed to identify the research problem that needs to be solved during further in-depth scientific research: to what extent the phenomena of discrimination and public ethnocentrism are the same.
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For centuries, women have been marginalised in politics, in the area of pay, in taking up positions in companies. It was no better in the household either, and what is it like now? Is a woman contributing income to the household treated better or is she still discriminated against? This article presents the problem of discrimination against women in households.
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Over time, when in crises, the partners in a marital couple have tried to solve their problems in an extramarital frame, the unfaithful relationships being the constant cause of couples’ dissolution, no matter the age or durability of the marriage. Unfaithfulness has been the way married people chose to express themselves against narrow, traditional patterns, and a dull private life. Therefore, the adulterous relationships have meant, to some extent, the attempt to compensate for the dissatisfactions of the married life, thus sweetening the banality of the conventional and the bitterness of having an unwanted partner.
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