Дуализмът между структура и действие. Скица на една веберианска изследователска програма

Author(s): Wolfgang Schluchter / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

In my book Foundations in Sociology, I depicted Max Weber’s approach as an alternative to Marx and Durkheim on the one hand, Parsons, Mead, Habermas and Luhmann on the other. I tried to demonstrate that Weber has provided us with a viable research program which merits further elaboration. In this essay, I want to spell out the outline of such a Weberian research program. It can be regarded as a third sociology, overcoming the opposition between methodological individualism and holism. It is based on methodological relationism and on a two-sided and multi-level explanatory model, employing the notion of the duality of structure and action. Its analytical power is illustrated with reference to Weber’s study on ascetic Protestantism and on the economic ethic of the world religions.

Макс Вебер по света. Рецепцията и значението на един класик във времена на прелом

Author(s): Edith Hanke / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Max Weber (1864–1920) is one of the great classics of the German-language social and cultural sciences. His works were translated while he was still alive and are available today in nearly all world languages. The author examines the worldwide distribution under the aspect of the transfer of knowledge and culture. The first step of this transfer into another language and culture is always translation, which can be visualized by graphics and title pages. A decisive role in the transfer of Weber’s works and thoughts is played by intellectuals as translators and mediators. The central thesis of this article is that Max Weber has played a major role in profound socio-economic and political transformative processes, and continues to do so to the present. This is shown by selected examples: in Russia, Poland, and the GDR during the transformation into post-communist societies, and in China during the debates on reform in the mid-1980s.

Центрирането около пуританството в Стопанската етика на световните религии на Макс Вебер върху примера на Китай

Author(s): Rongfen Wang / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Laut Webers Bemerkung zu Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen wurden die “Einleitung” und “Konfuzianismus und Taoismus” 1913 niedergeschrieben. Bis zu dieser Zeit waren in China wichtige Reformen und Revolution in Richtung Kapitalismus vor sich gegangen, darunter die Bewegung zur Okzidentalisierung zwischen den 60er und den 90er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts, die 100 Tage Reform vom Juni–September 1898 und die Bürgerrevolution im Oktober 1911. Der Grund der fehlenden Behandlung dieser zeitgenössischen Ereignisse könnte im angesetzten Ziel der Chinastudie liegen. Es geht Weber mehr um Religionsvergleich als um Entstehung des Kapitalismus. Nach Weber fehlt dem Konfuzianismus im Vergleich zum Puritanismus das Jenseits: „jede transzendente Verankerung der Ethik, jede Spannung zwischen Geboten eines überweltlichen Gottes und einer kreatürlichen Welt, jede Ausgerichtetheit auf ein jenseitiges Ziel und jede Konzeption eines radikal Bösen“ (Weber 1986: 514). Die drei zeitgenössischen Ereignisse bezeugen gerade das Gegenteil: die führende Kraft der Okzidentalisierung waren Literaten, die der 100 Reform waren Konfuzianer, die fünf Grundethiken des Konfuzianismus sind bis heute die grundlegende Lebensführung der bereits 102 Jahre bestehenden Republik China. Eine Behandlung dieser Ereignisse hätte die Struktur der ganzen Chinastudie umstürzten können. So bleibt “Konfuzianismus und Taoismus” wie ein idealistisches Meisterwerk, wie die armlose Venus.

Zmagania metodologa z empirią. Pozytywistyczna socjologia Jakuba Karpińskiego

Author(s): Jakub Bazyli Motrenko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2015

Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) był znakomitym polskim metodologiem socjologii, prowadzącym badania z zakresu epistemologii nauk społecznych w ramach paradygmatu lwowsko-warszawskiej szkoły filozofii. Jednocześnie stał się jednym z pierwszych i najważniejszych historyków i socjologów systemu komunistycznego w Polsce. Jego socjologiczne opus magnum w badaniach nad komunizmem stanowi książka Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie projektu socjologii zrekonstruowanego na podstawie tego dzieła w wymiarze retoryki, epistemologii i ontologii. Ukazane zostają racje społeczne i kognitywne, które sprawiły, że program Karpińskiego nigdy nie stał się postępowy w sensie Imrego Lakatosa. Autor stawia pytanie o paradoks: dlaczego świetny metodolog nie stał się równie wybitnym empirykiem?Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) was an outstanding Polish methodologist, conducting research in the field of epistemology of the social sciences within the paradigm of the lvov-warsaw school of philosophy. At the same time he became one of the first historians and sociologists of the communist system in Poland. His book Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce (The Communist Regime in Poland) was his sociological opus magnum. The aim of this paper is to explore his sociology project which has been divided into three aspects: rhetoric, epistemology and ontology. It examines the social and cognitive reasons for the fact that Karpiński’s research programme never became progressive in accordance with Imre Lakatos’s seminal concept. The author raises the question: why didn’t brilliant methodologist become an equally bright empirical researcher?

Komputerowa mikrosymulacja sieci krewniaczej a wzorce współmieszkania: rzecz o demograficznych uwarunkowaniach rodziny chłopskiej w okresie staropolskim

Author(s): Mikołaj Szołtysek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Resuming the threads that appeared in the book recently published Rethinking East-Central Europe: Family Systems and Co-Residence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Bern et al., Peter Lang, 2015) the author of this article presents the application of a computer micro-simulation of kin sets in the research on the demographic determinants of the structure of the residential family and the patterns of co-residence in the old-Polish era for the first time in the Polish literature. The first part of the article contains a review of the methods concerning the demographic determinants of the structure of the residential family and the patterns of co-habitation, and the essence of the experiment of demographic simulation, as well as some selected examples of its application in historical demography. For some time now this question has been widely discussed abroad (Laslett, Ruggles, Oeppen), but in the Polish literature there is no a single study dealing with that.The second part presents the source basis of the article; it is the database of the nominative censuses of 26,652 peasant households from the territories of the Crown, Lithuania and Ukraine from the end of the 18th century (CEURFAMFORM Database). The methodology of the applied micro-simulation model has also been discussed. A lot of space has been devoted to the question of the choice of outside parameters and the validation of the model, as a way to a better structuralisation of regional research on the old-Polish demography. It would be quite useful if the efforts of researchers might concentrate on fixing the necessary minimum programme for future analyses in microscale family reconstitution, so that their results would have a wider applicability in research of a higher rank (not only the one in which simulation modelling is used), and so that they would satisfy the basic requirements of comparative analysis.The third part deals with the applicability potential of the used methodology to analyse the influence of demographic factors on the co-residence patterns for old-Polish populations taken from the database CEURFAMFORM. The problem has been illustrated by presenting two current questions that are essential for historical demography of the family: the process of leaving the family house and co-habitation of various generations. The analysis shows how the combined impact of fertility, mortality and the generational overlap in their regional configurations, determining the number and category of the relatives in a given population, shaped the dominant patterns of co-habitation in the territories that have been researched. The conclusions should be treated as innovative, yet future investigations might verify that. For the time being they constitute a convenient map that indicates directions for further investigations, both quantitative and qualitative in nature.

Umieralność niemowląt w „polskich” rejencjach Prus na początku XX wieku

Author(s): Dariusz K. Chojecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The article presents the causes and spatial differences of infant mortality in eastern Prussia densely populated by the Polish, and the changes that phenomenon was subject to. The research has been carried out mainly on the numeric data juxtaposed and published by Dr Behr-Pinnow, on official statistical material (Preußische Statistik, Statistikdes Deutschen Reichs, Veröffentlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamts) and on unpublished archival material, first of all reports of Regierungsbezirk presidents. Infant mortality has been analysed at three levels of data aggregation: provinces, Regierungsbezirke, counties (Kreise). In the research the following devices have been used: coefficients, averaging of several years, (dis)similarity rates of structures (the reference standard – Regierungsbezirk Aurich), weighted linear regression, cartograms (grouping based on median absolute deviation). The article depicts the tendency for infant mortality in the ‘Polish’ Regierungsbezirke of Prussia, which deteriorated at the beginning of the 20th century, and a significant spatial diversification of the phenomenon in question, which was related to the way of farming (especially in the region of Żuławy Wiślane and the Vistula valley); however, the research has not provided any conclusive evidence of a link between a high infant mortality rate in the area in question and the socio-professional structure, the level of affluence or the infrastructure. On the other hand, thanks to linear regression models it has been proved that the intensity of infant mortality in counties depended on the ethnic composition to a significant degree (the faith did notplay any role). Parallel to an increase of the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations (those populations – it is worth mentioning – usually enjoyed lower socio-economic status compared to their German-speaking neighbours) the infant mortality rate was generally decreasing. It was at the lowest level in Greater Poland, in the counties of Kościan, Gostyn and Śmigiel (where the dominant population was Polish, Catholic and rural). All in all, it is justified to say that the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations that were less advanced in demographic transformation compared to their German-speaking neighbours, even before institutionalising social welfare, provided better care for babies and guaranteed a lower infant mortality rate, first of all thanks to the general and longer breastfeeding.

Refleksyjny podmiot w świecie społecznym. O paradygmacie i założeniach socjologii interpretacyjnej

Author(s): Elżbieta Hałas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The article analyses the use of Thomas Kuhn’s concept of paradigm in sociology, presented in the 20th century as a multiparadigm science. The unity of the so-called interpretive paradigm is questioned and the transformation of the interpretive orientations in sociology under the influence of postmodernism and critical praxis theory is analysed. The problems of the subject’s reflexivity and the intersubjectivity of the life-world, which have their roots in pragmatism and phenomenology, are discussed on the backdrop of new attempts to reconstruct systematic sociology.

Naukowiec czy artysta? Polskie interpretacje poglądów Marshalla McLuhana

Author(s): Kalina Kukiełko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2013

The main aim of this article is to present interpretations of Marshall McLuhan’s views made by Polish scholars and commentators. In Poland, long‐term discussion concerning McLuhan’s hypotheses has been reduced mainly to the question of their “artistic” or “scientific” character. Among Polish polemicists, the controversial Canadian has found scrupulous critics as well as ardent followers. Both were astonished by his extraordinary erudition and practically boundless areas of interests. However, there is still no certainty as regards whether we should see McLuhan’s texts as strict scientific publications or rather as a kind of attractive artistic commentary.

Osztály és társadalomszerkezet a magyar szociológiában

Author(s): Márk Áron Éber,Ágnes Gagyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 21/2014

The article looks at research on social structure in Hungarian sociology from the perspective of class analysis. It follows the paradigms and institutional context of Hungarian sociology, as they have been formed by Hungary’s double dependence from Soviet and Western cores throughout the second part of the 20th century, and demonstrates that, as a result of those changes, the concept of class has gone absent from social research from the early 1970’s on. While thinking towards a possible reconstruction of 20th century Hungarian social formation in a class sensitive perspective embedded in the dynamics of the capitalist world system, we point at a typical effect of global hierarchies upon the description of local social structure: the tendency to identify a „double structure” in local society. „Doubling” places various characteristics of local society on two different onthological levels – Western vs. Eastern, future vs. past. We argue that in order to conceive local social formation as inherent part of an integrated, synchronic global history, this internalized effect of global hierarchies needs to be transcended.

Finspongský rukopis Jana Ámose Komenského – kontroverze a protichůdnosti kolem jeho tvorby

Author(s): Lubomír Hampl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

The Author of the present paper introduces a Polish reader to an anonymous manuscript discovered in a Swedish library in Norrköping. Author (originally, the matter was connected with Ludwik de Geer's private book collections from the library in his castle in Finspong). After a graphology analysis had been done by Arild Jägerskogh, it turned out that the described Finspongish manuscript, actually, has its author, the famous „teacher of the nations”, Jan Amos Komenský. It was the manuscript of the seventeenth century which is entitled De Rerum humanarum Emendatione CONSULTATIO CATHOLICA ad Genus Humanum. Ante alios vero Ad Eruditos Europae, consisting of an introduction Europae lumina – in Czech Světlům Evropy – (of 18 pages) and the so called, in Czech, Dedikace Nejmocnější trojici severských království v Evropě (of 2 pages). The manuscript was found by Blanka Karlsson, a Czech researcher of Komenský's works, at the end of the XXth century.

Парародителската грижа във фокуса на един социалнопедагогически анализ

Author(s): Trajan Popkochev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2018

Мултиекипност и синергизъм при работата на учителя с деца и младежи със специфични потребности

Author(s): Monika Bogdanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The author argues that there is need for professional development of teachers working with children and youth with specific needs, not only because of the peculiarities of the work, but also because of the multidisciplinary field. The emphasis is put on the importance of supervision, personal experience and self-reflection, participation in professional groups and professional guilds.

Апориите на "простия" конструктивизъм: в търсене на един по-рефлексивен конструктивизъм

Author(s): Cyril Lemieux / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

From Common Meal via Acéphale to Unsacrificeable

Author(s): Bernard Harbaš / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2018

In this article, the author introduces several approaches to the concept of sacrifice. It begins with the classic sociological approach of Émile Durkheim who in sacrifice remarks forming, strengthening and maintaining of a community. In his anthropological conception, Georges Bataille demonstrates that the production and accumulation of wealth are wrong moral principles and suggests a new moral practice of giving oneself without asking anything in return, which represents the only way to realize a society of equals. Such a society, in which there would be no leader or a singular sovereignty, he calls Acéphale. For Jean-Luc Nancy, sacrifice is impossible. Starting from a standpoint that the Being is nothing and that there is nothing except this worldly plurality, Nancy considers sacrifice impossible since there is no higher principle for which the sacrifice would be performed. Beside the standpoints of the above-mentioned theoreticians, this article also offers a theory of discipline and sacrifice for achieving a socially expected perfect appearance. In all the mentioned theories, non-classic dimension of sacrifice is demonstrated. In them sacrifice is performed as activity for achieving social unity, greater equality, socially expected appearance and it is also presented as something impossible.

Учебно-познавателните задачи по химия и опазване на околната среда за формиране на рефлексивни умения

Author(s): Magdalena Shekerliyska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Reflexive skills are part of students’ scientific literacy and competence.Educational and cognitive skills are an essential means of the teaching process in Chemistry and Environmental Protection and are part of the processing method that models and develops different skills. Using these tasks in educational and cognitive activities students are initiated to actively participate in the teaching process and their reflexive skills are formed. The article offers several options of applying educational and cognitive tasks in modeling, mental experiment and reflection.

SMELLING THE GHETTO

Author(s): Victoria Nizan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article deals with allusions to smells and odours in Ruben Ben Shem's diary, an extensive journal that was written in the Warsaw ghetto from November 1940 until April 1943. The paper attempts to define the nature of the gap between allusions to smells related to by the diary writer in contrast to our understanding of the information acquired through reading the diary. The difficulty of the attempt relates to elusiveness of odours which causes them to be difficult to imagine, especially if one wasn't exposed to them beforehand. (Katz 1997: 4)

Sandu Frunza, Fundamentalismul religios și noul conflict al ideologiilor, [Religious Fundamentalism and the New Conflict of Ideologies], the Second Edition, revised and enlarged, Cluj-Napoca, Școala Ardeleană Publishing, 2015, 429p

Author(s): Marcela Salagean / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

С. ЖИЖЕК О БЕССОЗНАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКАХ ИДЕОЛОГИИ

Author(s): Boris Dmitrievich Golovanov,Olga Volodymyrivna Frolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

Problem setting: The meaning of ideology in modern society does not need any validation, but the question of its forming remains extremely relevant. XXI century realia pushes to find new interpretations in traditional approaches. Views of S. Zizek unconscious preconditions of ideology are worthy of special analysis.Recent achievents and publications analisys. The problem of correlation between conscious and unconscious in symbolic activity has been repeatedly brought up in the works of authors who chose postmodernism as a methodological paradigm in their research. Many of them had continually undertook attempts to deconstruct the ideology phenomenon. The originality of S. Zizek research is in the use of Lacan’s version of psychoanalysis as an instrument for his research.Paper objective. Main objective of the following paper is to uncover the possibilities of uncounscious in phenomenon of ideology realization.Paper main body. In the following paper the establishing and functioning of ideology in the perspective critical to Marxism ideology is examined. The use of psychoanalytical approach as a methodological guide becomes extremely popular in many fields of knowledge. The works of S. Zizek make readers see the problem of ideology from different viewpoint, constructively criticize the established approaches, and detect heuristic possibilities of psychoanalysis use in this field.As opposed to methodological orientation of postmodernism, Zizek in his analysis ensures consistency with Marxism and German classical philosophy; he even states the necessity to rehabilitate Hegel and his dialectics. He believes that psychoanalytical interpretation of ideology reestablishes the concept of thinking to be a real process, without concentration on the world of subjective individual. He sees Marxism as a teaching to study and explains fetishistic forms of consciousness, categorizing ideology as its intellectual variation. Ideology is something bigger than a false reflection of reality. In the case of ideology, reality distortion is possible only because human individuals in their practical work unconsciously create and cultivate this kind of distortion. The mere existence of social reality is based on the fact, that individuals to reproduce this reality are not fully aware of the content and consequences of their actions.Psychoanalytical interpretation of ideology studies social practices and socially sustained beliefs as something derivative from subjective inner appetence of an individual. The most important objective of psychoanalytical criticism of ideology is to bring the ideological consciousness to the point where it can distinguish distorted products of projective activity in its own life. Psychoanalytical criticism of ideology should answer the question of what the symbolic order should be. It should be social reality constituting to save body and spirit health of individuals creating this reality.Conclusions of the research. The psychoanalytic interpretation of the phenomenon of ideology reveals that the connection between the values postulated by a particular ideology and the scientific argumentation used to substantiate these values is purely formal and optional. Scientific constructions, which are used by ideology, only «hide the excess pleasure inherent in any ideological form». The ideological construction is intended to hide behind rational arguments a thought that is destructive for the entire social system, that the goal of ideology is ideology itself, that the purpose of authority is authority itself. All rationalizations are only a by-product of the ideology’s desire for self-sufficiency. The conclusion is absolutely obvious: it is senseless to approach the analysis of any ideology from the side of its content. There will always be a gap between the declared values and the nature of the ideological form, which cannot be overcome by any rational analysis.

SOCIOLOŠKA I FILOZOFSKA TEMELJENJA ETNOGRAFSKOG ISTRAŽIVANJA

Author(s): Renata Relja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2-3/2009

The basic aim of this paper is to provide insight into the sociological and philosophical bases of contemporary ethnographic research. Accordingly, we start from a discussion of the appropriateness and inappropriateness of qualitative and quantitative approaches.The paper provides a discussion of naturalism and sociological positivism, which argues for the idea of the unity of the natural and social sciences. The application of relativism is recorded, which reflects the influence of the phenomenology of the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. The anti-realist “rebirth” has also made a significant impact on ethnography, and its consequences are contained in the process of the acceptance of constructivist perspectives within the research process. This paper also examines the traditions of creative and interpretive sociology, whereas in the context of the relationship between poststructuralism and ethnography emphasis is placed on an individual interpretation of social reality and an individual position in the social world. The influence of phenomenology can be read within an emphasis on full participation in certain social or cultural groups with the aim of discovering its key ideas. Interactionist ethnography derives directly from organized assumptions of symbolic interactionism, whereas the contact point of ethnomethodology and ethnography is summarized in their overlapping perspectives which are aimed at interpretative traditions based on the life-world, which have similar views on the role of social actors and which avoid the typical quantitative theoretical approach to reality.

Przychylność rzeźnika. Wizja ładu stowarzyszeniowego Edwarda Abramowskiego

Author(s): Andrzej Waśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

This article presents Edward Abramowski’s vision of an order based on associations such as cooperative businesses and self-help friendship unions. Abramowski imagined the new, grassroots-derived order to be the answer to the permanent disorder produced by capitalism and state coercion. Cooperatives are necessarily guided by the aim of economic profit, but that profit is divided equally among the cooperative members; friendship unions are guided by empathy and rely on reciprocity. Voluntary associations can provide nearly everything society needs in order to function. They can thus replace the state, including the socialist state, in which the institution of coercion – even if democratic – is inscribed. Abramowski thought that partitioned Poland could be reborn in this form, even while the nation remained formally under the sovereignty of the Russian tsar. The author of the article describes Abramowski’s vision of a reborn Republic as part of the current of “a-capitalist” utopias which derive from the Aristotelian concept of utility-based friendship. In the form of the sharing economy this current reappeared after the economic crisis of 2008.