‘Civilising’ the Transitional Generation: The Politics of Civic Education in Post-Communist Romania

Author(s): Mihai Stelian Rusu / Language(s): English Issue: Winter/2019

The paper examines the introduction of civic education in post-communist Romania as an educational means of civilising in a democratic ethos the children of the transition. Particularly close analytical attention is paid to a) the political context that shaped the decision to introduce civic education, b) the radical changes in both content and end purpose of civics brought about by educational policies adopted for accelerating the country’s efforts of integrating into the Euro-Atlantic structures (NATO and the European Union), and c) the actual consequences that these educational policies betting on civics have had on the civic values expressed by Romanian teenagers. The analysis rests on an extensive sample of schoolbooks and curricula of civic education, civic culture, and national history used in primary and secondary education between 1992 (when civics was first introduced) and 2007 (when Romania joined the EU). Drawing on critical discourse analysis, the paper argues that a major discursive shift had taken place between 1999 and 2006, propelled by Romania’s accelerated efforts to join the EU. Set in motion by the new National Curriculum of 1998, the content of civics textbooks went through a dramatic change from a nationalist ethos towards a Europeanist orientation. The paper identifies and explores the consequences of a substantial shift from a heroic paradigm of celebrating the nation’s identity and monumentalised past towards a reflexive post-heroic model of celebrating the country’s European vocation.

“To America!” Polish Sociologists in the United States after 1956 and the Development of Empirical Sociology in Poland

Author(s): Antoni Sułek / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2010

America was an attractive destination for European scholars and social scientists—their contacts, observations, experiences, and thoughts often became a subject of interest in itself to many other sociologists. Poles are no exception. Florian Znaniecki and William I. Thomas and their classic Polish Peasant in Europe and America, first published in 1918–20, is symbolic of contacts and influences between Polish and American sociology in the first half of the twentieth century. However, sociologists other than Znaniecki and their transatlantic journeys remain somehow in the shadows to this day. This article presents a more recent and yet less known chapter of Polish–American relations—Polish sociologists visiting American universities in the 1950s and 1960s.

„Da die Tränen der Frauen stark genug sein werden…“. Zum Bild der Frau im Erzählwerk Ina Seidels

Author(s): Nina Nowara-Matusik / Language(s): German

The literary works of Ina Seidel, the author of one of the best-selling books in the history of German literature, the novel “Das Wunschkind”, are slowly sinking into oblivion. Called „Ernst Jünger in a skirt”, the writer did not hide her sympathies for the fascist ideology, which also echoes in her works. Not surprisingly, in previous literary studies, her writings were perceived, as a rule, through the prism of criticism of ideology and situated in the context of the literature of the Nazi Germany. // However, the starting point for our dissertation is different. Shifting the research paradigm, in the theoretical part the author sums up the gender theories existing at the time of the Weimar Republic, which was also the period when most Ina Seidel’s texts were written, texts to which the main body of this dissertaion is devoted. These theories constitute a conceptual foil for the analyses conducted in its further part. The concepts discussed are founded on the model of differentiality. The author alludes to the matriarchy theory by the Swiss anthropologist Johann Jakob Bachofen, the notions of feminity and masculinity by the German sociologist Georg Simmel and views on a woman’s role in society from leading representatives of a moderate wing of the feminist movement in Germany – Helena Lange and Gertrude Bäumer. // The analytical part of the dissertation carries an argument focused on the women characters created by Seidel. They are protagonists of both the foreground and the background, representing various types of womanhood: mothers, wives, single women, femme fatales, artists, women professionals and scholars. By way of these, Ina Seidel explores some of her central topics related to being a woman: maternity, childlessness, moral mission of a woman and her role in society. The close reading of her novels leads to the conclusion that the writer applies a specific aesthetic of a „squinting look”. The German literary critic Sigrid Weigel uses this metaphor in reference to the writings of women who, accepting the traditional patriarchal models of gender and moving within the frame of these, simultaneously search for the ways to articulate their own, specifically feminine experiences. On the one hand, Ina Seidel’s narration follows the conservative model of thinking about a woman, typical of her times, in which the superior category is motherhood. On the other hand, however, it indicates that, paradoxically, it is motherhood that can become a woman’s weapon and a starting point for her emancipation.

„Întâlnirea” cu cartea lui I. Ungureanu. Paradigme ale cunoaşterii societăţii (1990)

Author(s): Samira Cîrlig,Narcis Rupe,Mușat Florin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

Ion Ungureanu, Paradigme ale cunoa șterii societății, Iași, Editura Junimea, 2002

„Întâlnirea” cu cartea lui I. Ungureanu. Paradigme ale cunoașterii societății (1990)

Author(s): Radu Baltasiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Avem în rândurile ce urmează un nou instrument de cunoa ștere – jurnalul de fișă al unei cărți, jurnalul ei de lucru, o descriere a modului în care un grup de tineri înțeleg s ă deslușească, prin dezbatere, o carte de specialitate: Ion Ungureanu, Paradigme ale cunoașterii societății, Humanitas, 1990. Publicăm aici primul episod, prima întâlnire. Cititorul ne va scuza dac ă vom da de-o parte elementele de „culise”, de „bucătărie”, „intimitățile” inerente unei asemenea discuții de lucrare (discuție lucrătoare).

„Medycyna jest nauką społeczną, a polityka to nic innego, jak medycyna na szeroką skalę”. Rudolf Virchow a społeczne nauki stosowane

Author(s): Borys Cymbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

The present article discusses the influence on the development of applied sciences exerted by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) – a German physician, pathologist, anthropologist and political activist, who is considered the father of Public Health and Social Medicine. His research on medical aspects of poverty lead him to conclusion that radical solutions are needed in providing medical care, but also in education and public policies. The main stress is put on the social dimension of Virchow’s thinking and its impact on practice.

„Opustíš-li mne, zahyneš…“ Akademická dráha Otakara Machotky a dalších českých sociologů v emigraci po únoru 1948

Author(s): Zdeněk R. Nešpor / Language(s): Czech Issue: 05/2017

This article focuses on Czech sociologists who left Czechoslovakia immediately after the communist coup in February 1948 and their subsequent academic and personal fates in exile. Attention is devoted principally to Otakar Machotka (1899–1970), a prominent figure in both Czech political life and pre-Marxist Czech sociology with strong personal and methodological ties to the Chicago School; this article’s research draws on his correspondence and on other archived sources. Machotka’s special circustances worked to his favour in the United States where he was offered excellent academic positions. However, Machotka was opposed to the sociological mainstream(s) of his time and (unsuccessfully) attempted to establish his own school between sociology and social psychology. After that he accepted a tenured position at a marginal non-research university and failed to gain an audience in wider American or international academia. On a personal level, he preferred to focus on his family and social work rather than to take part in the academic game. In this he was perhaps influenced by the bleak fates of two of his colleagues in exile, František Rouček (1891–1952) and Zdeněk Ullrich (1901–1955), both of whom gave priority to their professional careers, which took them to Africa, where they both met an early death. Members of the youngest cohort of Czech post-February 1948 exiled sociologists, however, enjoyed happier fates, gaining some international academic renown, but only after graduating (anew) from western universities.

„Unutrašnji kolonijalizam“ – prilog istoriji koncepta

Author(s): Milan Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

Starting from the renewed interest into the concept of the “internal colonialism” within the contemporary “postcolonial studies”, this paper discusses the origin and the meaning of the concept in various theoretical traditions and scientific fields. The first part interprets “internal colonialism” and “internal colonization” from the perspective of historical and political-economic debates on the Russian and Soviet imperial structure, and from the sociological critique o the social development of the Stalinist epoch. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the effect and limitations of the use of the concept in interpreting the integrative (French) nationalism and interpreting the reactive, (Celtic) minority nationalisms within Great Britain. In the final part the author has interpreted the meanings that „internal colonialism“ had in sociological analysis of the states of the „capitalist periphery“ (Latin America) and in the political discourse of the “New Left” protest movements in the USA as a “capitalist metropolis”. By pointing out the close connection of the analyses of “colonialism in one country” with Marxist tradition of research into class structure of society, the author concludes that the concept of “internal colonialism” today is primarily used as a metaphor that finds a useful application within the “cultural studies”. From that point of view, the history of the concept illustrates the change of the theoretical discourse that characterises social sciences after the “cultural turn”.

„Всеки от нас плаща някакъв данък на времето“, интервю на Светла Колева със Стоян Михайлов

Author(s): Svetla Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

History of Bulgarian Sociology

„Един тъй малък свят“: Международната мрежа на социолозите франкофони във времето и пространството

Author(s): Patricia Vannier / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2017

Created in 1958 by Georges Gurvitch and Henri Janne to resist the domination of the American sociology, the international association of the sociologists of French-speaking represents the third international association of sociology today. At first, this article looks back to the circumstances of its foundation and to the stake in French as working language in international congresses to try then to establish the characteristics of this French-speaking network of the sociology in the time and the space. It examines its policy of membership, the places of its congresses and its themes but also the composition of its executive offices. So, since the 1980s, the sociologists of Maghreb and Middle East, Black Africa and Eastern Europe became a little more visible but the French-speaking network remains always dominated by France and other founding countries (Belgium, Canada and Switzerland). Finally, the world of the AISLF appears as “small world” nevertheless very necessary for the sociological plurality and its dynamism.

ІСТОРИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ СУЧАСНОЇ СОЦІОЛОГІЇ ВІЙНИ

Author(s): Oleksandr Yurievich Panfilov,Olga Oleksandrivna Savchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2019

Problem setting. Humanity entered the era of globalization, which is characterized by a number of factors - national economies have melded into a single global system where the capital can easily move, new information opportunities have made the world more open, the technological revolution has led to a qualitative change in the means of production and consumption, the planetary scientific revolution has become a reality; developed industrial countries are striving to liberalization of the movement of goods and capital, the world is moving closer together on the basis of modern means of communication; new international social movements, new modes of transport, new telecommunication technologies are being implemented, education is being internationalized. However, all these innovations have not made the issue of war less burning. World society has faced the trend of increasing wars and armed conflicts in the world over the past decades and in the total number of killed and injured have grown as a result of hostilities.Recent research and publications analysis. Numerous works written on the target topic indicate that the issues of war as a specific phenomenon in the life of human society have always been and remain in the focus of attention of thinkers, scientists, researchers of the past and the present time. In particular, the thorough analysis of the essence, content, forms of war, its features and laws have been carried out in the works written by V. F. Hegel, F. Engels, C. von Clausewitz, B. Liddel-Hart, N. Machiavelli, V. Mandragel, H. von Moltke, C. Moscos, J. Friedman, F. Fukuyama, S. Huntington, R. Aron, K. Hajiyev, M. Gareev, V. Slipchenko, V. Smolyanyuk, E. Toffler, M. Trebin, I. Panarin, V. Serebryannikov and so on.Paper objective. The goal of this paper is to specify the historical background of the formation of modern sociology of war.Paper main body. The article deals with the views on the war in a historical perspective, focuses on the methodological grounds of the armed confrontation, which started after the Second World War when the most developed countries developed a powerful military-industrial complex dominating in politics and economics. Potential opponents sought to overtake each other, to shift the developed military-strategic parity pursuing own benefit. They begin to develop nuclear missile weapons, which radically changed the concept of war over a short time. Due to the increase in the power of nuclear weapons, the leading authorities in the world military sphere and subsequently the military-political leaders of the countries-members of the nuclear club gradually started to understand that one of the long-term tasks is to contain the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy.The article emphasizes that the late 1950s - early 1960s are characterized by a significant increase in attention to the theoretical problems of war and peace. This is due to the creation of the military-political blocs of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Since then many publications have appeared which focus the primacy of politics over the military sphere. Military theorists understand that the outbreak of war to solve political goals could lead to irreversible consequences. At the end of the 20th century with the beginning of globalization, many concepts arose to search for the causes of wars. The confrontation of the West with the rest of the world in the face of growing multi-polarity can become a cause of war and conflict at the beginning of the third millennium.The article also highlights the concept of mutiny war, which is seen as a new form of armed conflict, in which the future wars would be waged by small terrorist cells and special forces, gaining influence by subversion and organized revolutions rather than through traditional warfare.Conclusions of the research. Numerous theoretical and practical issues related to determining the laws of war, its essence and features as well as to transforming the goals, scope, nature and means of armed struggle and the importance of the human factor for the consequences of hostilities for a particular country and humanity as a whole should be considered on the basis of recognizing the fact that the phenomenon of war is eternal, inevitable and unavoidable. The views and concepts that were formed in the second half of the 20th century have not rejected and condemned armed violence but also approved and legitimized it, adapted to the needs of foreign policy and even have rationalized it. Political and military leaders have sought to make people consider the war in all its forms and violence as a common phenomenon that states and people can tolerate in their relations. The probability of using armed violence in the system of the modern world order can easily become a reality.

СОЦИОЛОГИЈА ВИЗУЕЛНОГ – МОГУЋИ ПРАВЦИ БУДУЋЕГ РАЗВОЈА СОЦИОЛОГИЈЕ У СРБИЈИ

Author(s): Nemanja Zvijer / Language(s): Serbian Issue: Sp. Iss/2012

The aim of this work is to draw attention to a specific sociological (sub)discipline, visual sociology, and try to position it on domestic sociological map. The visual sociology approach to social reality seems appropriate given the fact that the current Serbian society (as indeed also global) is occupied and saturated with visual contents, which therefore creates the need to introduce more specific sociological approaches.

Социологија и историја у Косићевом делу: осам деценија касније

Author(s): Ivan Jovanović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2018

This work is focused on examining the relationship between two sciences-namely sociology and history. Although the latter can be treated in various ways, it is perceived through the lenses of the sociological work of Mirko M. Kosić. This view is outlined with the analogy of the work of the above named sociologist with his contemporaries, with the work of present day sociologists, namely, with the pen of the authorities from the field of sociology, history and historical sociology. His view of the relationship between two sciences is beyond dispute, intrinsically understandable, although there were authors that were adherents of diametrically different viewpoint short period after his agency. The main finding of this rethinking is that our first learned sociologist is one of the founders of historical sociology in Serbia, but nonetheless he is neither the only nor the most important. Nevertheless, what is valid for the opus of our sociologist in general, and that is a reasonable degree of neglect, deflection, applies to this question as well. This is, however, marked in bold and accentuated as the result of the conclusion. Finally, this piece of writing in itself is doing away with certain conjectures that exist in our sociological avant-garde.

Социология на наказателните стратегии: противозаконни практики, властови йерархии и ефикасност на наказанията в демократичното общество (М. Канушев, Наказателните стратегии в демократичното общество, НБУ, 2020)

Author(s): Pepka Boyadzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

СОЦИОЛОШКА ДЕОНИЦА НА МИСАОНОМ ПУТУ МИХАИЛА ЂУРИЋА

Author(s): Danilo N. Basta / Language(s): Serbian Issue: Sp. Iss/2012

The contribution deals with that period of Mihailo Đurić's (1925–2011) creation when he worked on sociological problems, during which he collaborated with Radomir Lukić, Vojin Milić and Veljko Korać. This phase resulted in two important books for the development of Serbian sociology: Problems of Sociological Method and The Sociology of Max Weber, where Djurić presented his original theoretical-philosophical approach.

Стопански измерения на трудовата миграционна политика на Народна Република България спрямо гражданите на Социалистическа Република Виетнам и Република Никарагуа

Author(s): Petar Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2019

Over the last few years, migratory processes have been tangible to the demographic and economic development of the European Union and Bulgaria in particular. The main problems faced by the country are the integration of migrants into the economy. The text presents two cases from the recent past of the relations of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria with labor migrants from Vietnam and Nicaragua.

Учебно-познавателните задачи по химия и опазване на околната среда за формиране на рефлексивни умения

Author(s): Magdalena Shekerliyska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Reflexive skills are part of students’ scientific literacy and competence.Educational and cognitive skills are an essential means of the teaching process in Chemistry and Environmental Protection and are part of the processing method that models and develops different skills. Using these tasks in educational and cognitive activities students are initiated to actively participate in the teaching process and their reflexive skills are formed. The article offers several options of applying educational and cognitive tasks in modeling, mental experiment and reflection.

ФРАНЦУСКА РЕВОЛУЦИЈА И НАСТАНАК СОЦИОЛОГИЈЕ

Author(s): Mirjana Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/1989

Sociology is in the most complete sense of the term an expression of spiritual and socio-historiical development of the new — capitalist society. It took place on the very soil of the French Revolution which has shaken the foundations of the civilized world and disturbed traditional values represented by the Catholic Church. Thus, sociology has at the same time been a result of the progress and regress in development of social thinking. It was a progress because finally philosophical and social thinking has acquired the character of scientific theory, and lit was a regress since its contents had at the beginning stage a conservative character. Confrontation between the two governing expressions of the times — Rationalism and Enlightenment, at the one hand, and between post- -revolutionary philosophy and conservativism, at the other, has marked also the character of a new social science. In such a way sociology has affirmed in the scientific cognitive sense the idea of positivism, while maintaining, in the wider, spiritual and social sense, its conservative character. The author of sociology— August Conte, and to a degree Saint- -Simon, his teacher, too, have emphasized without doubts the influence of conservative ideas of French traditionalists, but also the positivist approach of the new branch. Since the very beginnings, Conte's sociology sets two contradicting aims, namely: impartial, value-wise neutral recognition and knowledge of society, of social rules and laws, while at the same time also the instrumentalization of knowledge contained within sociology, in order to preserve the existing order of things, Bolshevik Revolution, too, (has set the same direct aims to social science — as the second great world revolution. Conte Inmself did not conceal his admiration for conservative ideas of French philosophers De Mestre and De Bonale, but he also emphasized that the French Revolution has been an epochal event in the transformation from the „metaphysical phase” into the „positive scientific phase" of development of society, namely, the phase where sociology assumes its from as a positive scientific discipline. However, establishing a stable society and checking the destructive power of revolution is but a social meaning of sociology. Genuine founding father of the French and world sociology — Emil Durkhem, although totally different in. his ideas of ideals and achievements of the French Revolution, in essence only analyzes more deeply the existing paradigm of sociology taken as a scientific branch. Durkhem's developed and systematized sociological theory, numerous research projects and neopositivist approach to the phenomenon of society have also an entirely pragmatic meaning, namely, establishing a stable state, political and legal order on the foundations of revoluti, onary achievements. The inheritance of the creator of sociology thus becomes a „dogma" of contemporary sociology, or a sociology of the „order” and sociology of „advancement”.

Центрирането около пуританството в Стопанската етика на световните религии на Макс Вебер върху примера на Китай

Author(s): Rongfen Wang / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Laut Webers Bemerkung zu Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen wurden die “Einleitung” und “Konfuzianismus und Taoismus” 1913 niedergeschrieben. Bis zu dieser Zeit waren in China wichtige Reformen und Revolution in Richtung Kapitalismus vor sich gegangen, darunter die Bewegung zur Okzidentalisierung zwischen den 60er und den 90er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts, die 100 Tage Reform vom Juni–September 1898 und die Bürgerrevolution im Oktober 1911. Der Grund der fehlenden Behandlung dieser zeitgenössischen Ereignisse könnte im angesetzten Ziel der Chinastudie liegen. Es geht Weber mehr um Religionsvergleich als um Entstehung des Kapitalismus. Nach Weber fehlt dem Konfuzianismus im Vergleich zum Puritanismus das Jenseits: „jede transzendente Verankerung der Ethik, jede Spannung zwischen Geboten eines überweltlichen Gottes und einer kreatürlichen Welt, jede Ausgerichtetheit auf ein jenseitiges Ziel und jede Konzeption eines radikal Bösen“ (Weber 1986: 514). Die drei zeitgenössischen Ereignisse bezeugen gerade das Gegenteil: die führende Kraft der Okzidentalisierung waren Literaten, die der 100 Reform waren Konfuzianer, die fünf Grundethiken des Konfuzianismus sind bis heute die grundlegende Lebensführung der bereits 102 Jahre bestehenden Republik China. Eine Behandlung dieser Ereignisse hätte die Struktur der ganzen Chinastudie umstürzten können. So bleibt “Konfuzianismus und Taoismus” wie ein idealistisches Meisterwerk, wie die armlose Venus.

ШТА ЈЕ ТО АНАЛИТИЧКА СОЦИОЛОГИЈА? КА СОЦИОЛОГИЈИ КАО ‘НОРМАЛНОЈ НАУЦИ’

Author(s): Milovan Dekić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2013

In this paper I analyze the basics of analytical sociology, relatively new and in our scientific community little known intellectual movement. In the introductory part I try to identify the general causes of its occurrence. In the second partI provide its preliminary definition. In the third part I reconstruct its prehistory. In the fourth and main part I discuss the basis of its scientific program. In the final part I try to establish implications of the adoption of this program as a guide for the sociological enterprise in the future.