Wielokulturowość współczesna: terminy, idee, teorie i aktorzy

Author(s): Anna Śliz,Marek S. Szczepański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2015

The contemporary debate on multiculturalism began at the beginning of the 1970s., but only on the territory of Canada and Australia. The failure of assimilation ideologies in the USA was the major cause of publication of many papers on multiculturalism, which was perceived as a panacea to any ethnic and cultural issues. In the study of Western European societies multiculturalism as the subject of a study was used in the 1980s. and 1990s. A lively debate on the world’s cultural diversity which started at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries generated in social studies a serious and reasoned discussion about global multiplicity of cultures and interference of axiologically separate and normatively social spheres.

Dimitrie Gusti și evitarea capcanei fasciste

Author(s): Antonio Momoc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2016

Similar to the intellectuals of his generation, Dimitrie Gusti has encountered the fascist trap within his life history since the 1920s when Benito Mussolini took over the power in Italy. However, Gusti avoided slipping into this trap ever in his life. Certainly, it is a well-known fact that some members of the Sociological School of Bucharest have become legionaries, while others fancied the communist or fascist movement. The fundamental feature of the Sociological School was that it allowed all the young intellectuals – legionaries, socialists, nationalists or Europeanists – to cooperate within the research teams as long as they were preoccupied by the Sociology of the Nation and the Monography of the Romanian villages.In this study I intend to demonstrate that Gusti provided the diligent young people with a scientific alternative, while they were tempted by the political extremes of that time: communism or fascism. I shall prove that Gusti has never proposed or supported a fascist model of development, even though the Romanian sociologist declared that he was impressed by Mussolini’s fascist movement. On the contrary, Gusti has permanently promoted the raise of the Romanian nation based on the model proposed by philosopher Saint Simon, according to whom the scholars have the mission to stimulate local communities, or to influence public policies.I used the method of representative biography, as well as the oral history interviews conducted by professor Zoltán Rostás with people who participated at the monographic campaigns coordinated by Gusti in 1925-1931 and during 1935-1943. The analysis reflects that Gusti’s School and the members who remained faithful to his sociological conception rather competed with the Legionary Movement. Being close to the regime of Karl II, Gusti’s School envisioned a Social Monarchy for the second part of the 1930s, being focused on uplifting the living level of the many, of the Romanian peasants.

Kilka uwag o konieczności socjologicznych badan nad niektórymi aspektami problematyki praw człowieka

Author(s): Hanna Waśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Obszar parafii jako czynnik źródłotwórczy rejestracji metrykalnej w dekanacie Kazimierz na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku

Author(s): Piotr Rachwał,Bogumił Szady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The article presents the problem of registering certificates of the congregation of the Kazimierz Deanery outside the native parish. According to the accepted hypothesis the scale of the phenomenon depended on the distance between the nearest church and the place of residence. The research has been based on many sources. In total, the author shave examined the certificates from 13 out of 15 parishes making up the deanery of Kazimierz in the 18th century and additionally a few neighbouring parishes. The collected material has been analysed with the use of the GIS instruments. The results suggest that the scale of the phenomenon was not big. In the case of baptisms, the median of the children baptised outside their native parish was at the level of 3.1. No clear correlation between the number of baptisms and the distance has been detected. On the basis of the results it is possible to conclude that the decisive role in the choice of the place of administering sacraments was the so-called parish coercion. In order to obtain more precise data it seems necessary to enlarge the research basis with certificates from other parishes of the Lublin Voivodeship and to take into consideration a bigger number of the variables that influenced the scale of registering outside the native parish in the statistical analysis.

Negalia pažymėtas išgyvenamas laikas

Author(s): Jolita Viluckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

This article examines ways in which subjects with a disability perceive the lifeworld with regard to their attitudes towards physicality and time. The strongest reflections on the time experiences are characteristic of the individuals who acquired their disability at a later stage of their life, because they underwent the changes not only in their corporeal identity, but also in their experiences of time. People with disabilities reinterpret their past events in the present according to newly formed interpretational patterns. The obvious difference in the interpretation of the past lifetime among the people with disabilities depends on the nature of their disability (congenital or acquired later) as well as on the factor of the social isolation/re-socialization. People who have disabilities from an early age perceive the history of their experiences through a rather consistent prism of the conventional biographical categories. They highlight the significant experiences associated with the disability that provide them with the meaning and sense of order in their current life situations. The individuals who acquired the disability at a later stage of their lives tend to divide the lived time in two biographical periods: before and after the disability. It indicates that for these persons their disability is the most significant event that determines the further course of their lives.

İbn Haldun’da Asab İyye Olgusunun İşlevleri ve Toplumsal Temelleri

Author(s): Mehmet Devrim Topses / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 79/2014

The primary reason why Ibn Khaldun is regarded as “the pioneer of the 14th Century Sociology”, is the scientific methodology he adopted so as to examine and describe social events. This methodological approach can be summarized as a combination of induction and the attempt to understand the causal relationship between social events and phenomena. For the purpose of the present study, the asabiyyah concept was chosen as the focal concern out of numerous social variables that Ibn Khaldun examined, and his sociological findings on social determiners, and results of this particular concept were discussed. The researcher used two translations of Muqaddimah as the primary sources. To conclude, the asabiyyah serves three basic social functions, namely founding a state, protecting the country, and ruling over other tribes. Moreover, Ibn Khaldun also investigates the socio-economic reality which underlies the asabiyyah.

Поглед към антропологичните и социологични идеи

Author(s): Ivan Evtimov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

The two social sciences, which are very close, are anthropology and sociology. Both sciences use the same approaches, the same methods, share the same philosophical foundations, have the same subject of research - society.While developing in parallel and seemingly independent of each other, there is a constant overflow of ideas between them, the same topics are discussed, and the same conclusions are often made.The text try to show how anthropology and sociology are based on the same approaches.

Niklas Luhmann and Posthuman Modernity

Author(s): Ádám Lovász / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In the Introduction to his magnum opus, Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, Niklas Luhmann makes the following programmatic statement: „The inquiries that follow venture this transition to a radically antihumanistic, radically anti-regional, and radically constructivist concept of society.” In my essay, I seek to unpack the ramifications of this move from an anthropocentric social paradigm to one that decenters the role of human beings in society and social theory. I propose that, in line with Luhmann’s intentions, we read his theory of society as a radically posthumanist venture. Two interpretations of Luhmann’s work stand out in particular, for both have advanced readings that seek to flesh out this dimension, namely those of Hans-Georg Moeller and Cary Wolfe. Through Moeller and Wolfe’s posthumanist commentaries on Luhmann, I also attempt to highlight what exactly we should understand under the term „posthumanism” and what a posthuman social thought might look like. Following Wolfe, I define posthumanism as a mode of thinking that follows „after” the exhaustion of human-centered ways of interpreting social phenomena. Technological changes and social differentiation necessitate the rejection of models that would imagine society as a mere aggregate of human agents, or even social rules constructed and shaped by humans. Neither can we any longer interpret society as a collection of human actions or intersubjective relations. Society is more than subjectivity, and cannot be reduced to a set of relations among humans. Society is more than the sum of intersubjective spaces. Posthumanism is a coherent strategy designed to integrate nonhuman objects, materialities, relations and systems into social theory. As a matter of fact, Luhmann actually places humans („psychic systems”) within the environment, hence ejecting them altogether from society! The radical nature of his sociology lies in his reconceptualization of modern society as an assemblage of functional systems that have grown independent of human intentions.

Proměny a stálost Garfinkelovy etnometodologie

Author(s): Jakub Mlynář / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

Transformations and Continuity of Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology. Half-century of the publication of Harold Garfinkel’s Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967) is taken as an occasion for retrospective. The main question of the text is whether we can describe the development of Garfinkel’s oeuvre in terms of continuities or rather in terms of transformations. In spite of the profound changes in Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology, related especially to the ethnomethodological studies of work, its foundation has always been the deep respect to the practical/embodied knowledge of the members in its specific situated expressions, which is for ethnomethodology the central topic of sociology. Sociológia 2018, Vol. 50 (No. 2: 172-195)

Jiří Šubrt: The Sociology of Time: A Critical Overview

Author(s): Jaroslav Horáček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Jaroslav Horáček - Jiří Šubrt: The Sociology of Time: A Critical Overview, Londýn: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021, 282 s., ISBN: 978-3-030-83288-9

Dualismul și monismul aplicabil dreptului de autor pentru operele derivate, traducerile/retroversiunile

Author(s): Rodica Anghel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Copyright is based on two fundamental premises. The author owns the exclusive rights of use and valorisation of the intellectual creative work. The use of the work confers the author the right to achieve certain patrimonial benefits. On the other hand, the society, ensuring the author the necessary conditions for the creation and exploitation of his/ her works, can interfere with regard to the published works. By analysing the general interests, the limits of copyright refer to the length of the protection and the exercise of the exclusive right of exploitation. The dual perception of copyright was adopted in Romania by the provisions of the law of press from 1862. The provisions of this law acknowledged writers, composers and creators of works of art the right to benefit from the property of their artistic work, along their entire lives, as well as their rights to reproduce, sell and yield their works. Printing, reproduction or imitation of a work of art is not possible without the author’s consent. The monist conception does not distinguish the two elements of the intellectual copyright, the private exploitation right (the patrimonial rights of the author to decide when and how to exploit the work of art) and the moral right of paternity, which are not considered separate rights. The monist theory includes the intellectual copyright either in the category of rights upon goods, or in the category of personal rights. The dualist theory of copyright, with its two subcategories, considers that the moral rights and the patrimonial rights have different characteristics from a legal perspective, patrimonial law being limited in time, while moral law of the author being perpetual. Once the work of art is published, patrimonial rights lose their condition, becoming a certainty. But after publication, moral rights remain valid, even after the matrimonial laws become obsolete.

THE ROLE OF THE INTELLIGENCE ANALYST IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Andreea-Alexandra Dincă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a revolutionary field of technology that has drawn the attention of the defense sector, policymakers, and international competitors. AI brings significant benefits to intelligence analysis, aiding in the rapid collection, processing, and interpretation of data, which is crucial for national security. It can analyze large volumes of data, identify threats through machine learning, automate repetitive tasks, and predict future events. Additionally, AI helps intelligence analysts develop new skills and effectively respond to cyberattacks by analyzing natural language and anticipating malware tactics. However, the use of AI in intelligence analysis can lead to errors and misinterpretations, particularly when handling sensitive national security data. There are also concerns about confidentiality and the potential for data breaches. In the military sector, AI - generated information might escalate conflicts due to misinterpretations. Moreover, AI's role in national security could potentially infringe on human rights, especially in areas of surveillance and social control.

‘Detestable Slaves of the Devil’: Religion as the ‘Third Pillar’ of the Civilizing Process

Author(s): Lucy Císař Brown / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Utilising the early modern witchcraft prosecutions as historical evidence, this article proposes a reconfiguration of Norbert Elias’ theory of The Civilizing Process to include ‘religious de-centralisation’ as a necessary ‘third pillar’ within long-term European development. It is argued that, given the significance of the medieval church and the threat to monarchical power posed by that same institution, decentralising organised religion from the functioning of the state was required in order to allow state formation to proceed. This is evidenced by the early modern recategorization of ‘magic’ as witchcraft and the resulting extension of state jurisdiction into the prosecution of witches to the disadvantage of the church courts.

Figurace – jaké možnosti a problémy jsou s tímto sociologickým konceptem spojeny

Author(s): Jiří Šubrt / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

This paper focuses on the concept of figuration, which was an innovation of Norbert Elias, from the standpoint of sociological theory. Among today’s followers of this approach to sociology, considerable emphasis is placed on the explanatory potential of this concept, reflected, among other things, in Elias’s processual approach to the investigation and explanation of social reality being referred to as “sociology of figurations” (Figurationsoziologie). The author of this contribution considers the content of the concept in a systematic way to present its strengths and weaknesses. This is done by confronting figuration with the dilemmas and antinomies that sociological thinking traditionally encounters, assessing it from the perspective of: a) positivism and antipositivism, b) statics and dynamics, c) individualism and holism, d) consensus and conflict, e) micro and macro perspectives, f) the relationship between spirit and matter, g) social masses and great historical personalities. The contribution concludes by stating the necessity to additionally think about discussions and aspects of the concept of figuration that its creator did not catch or clarify sufficiently.

Between 1939 and 1941 An Evaluation on C.H.P. Conference Series and Social Darwinism Within the Framework of Efforts to Transform Society

Author(s): Ragıp Ergün / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2025

This study attempts to analyze the “C.H.P. Conferences Series” organized by the leading academics of the period acrossthe country at a time when the codes of the Republic of Turkey were being rewritten from the perspective of Social Darwinism, one of the dominant paradigms of the period. The study focuses primarily on the intellectual currents that shaped the C.H.P. Conferences. Social Darwinism, which became a dominant paradigm in the West in the period between the two world wars, left its mark on the relevant period, although it was applied in different ways in various countries. In Hitler’s Germany, in particular, it became state policy and the whole of society was sought to be shaped by this idea. In Germany and other countries, science was used as a legitimizing basis. Eugenics, the most popular concept of Social Darwinism, sterilized people, banned interracial marriages and reduced and defined human biology. In Turkey, the newly established regime and its elites turned towards the West, saw it as a target and tried to build their society accordingly. This situation was idealized as “contemporary civilization”. In the three-year period between 1939 and 1941, a group of leading academics of the period launched a mobilization under the name “C.H.P. Conferences Series” in order to accustom society to their ideas and ideals. In these conferences, it can be seen that an attempt was made to explain all aspects of social life to the participants within the framework of the evolutionary paradigm, the scientific language of the time, and its main extension, Social Darwinism. In this study, after first presenting the various reflections of the relevant paradigm in the West, the works that were later published in twenty-four fascicles were subjected to a qualitative analysis within the concepts of social Darwinism and the relationship between them was tried to be revealed. In this way, the direction of social change in the Single Party Period is attempted to be understood.

THE PATH FROM ROMANIA TO THE ITALIAN DOMESTIC CARE SECTOR: THE FIRST STAGE OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ON LABOUR MIGRATION

Author(s): Irina-Miruna Harabagiu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This paper aims to propose a multi-stage model for the decision-making process on labour migration that takes into account both individual agency and structural dimensions along political-institutional, economic, and social factors. While it is focused on the case of Romanian women’s migration to the Italian domestic care sector, it can be applied for the analysis of other types of labour migration too. From a historical perspective, Romania underwent major political, economic, cultural, and social transformations after 1989 and throughout the years of EU integration and membership, that influenced transnational labour migration. With the help of relevant population statistics and qualitative interviews with Romanian women working in Italy, I illustrate how the three structural dimensions contribute to the start of the individuals' decision-making process on migration. The political-institutional dimension both enables a culture of labour migration and conditions or disinhibits the possibility of migrating abroad for work. Through a series of disruptions, the economic dimension creates distress, which brings certain individuals in a state of needing alternative solutions to ensure their livelihood. As they search for solutions, these people will be exposed to the option of labour migration. This exposure, however, takes place in the social dimension, which represents the aggregate of individuals' social relationships. Finally, by assuming the roles of mentors and/or migration facilitators, social actors influence individuals to become aspiring migrants and to follow a migratory destination. Considering working abroad as an option (available, needed and possible) represents the first stage of a decision-making process that the individuals go through. At the end of it, the actors will become from aspiring migrants- novice labour migrants.

Interdyscyplinarność a zagrożenia strukturalne dla socjologii krytycznej. Artykuł dyskusyjny

Author(s): Tomasz Zarycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2025

The text presents a view on the threats posed to sociology – especially critical sociology – by the structural changes in social sciences, which are legitimized by the growing importance of interdisciplinarity. As pointed out, it can be linked to the growing external pressures on social sciences as well as the associated competition between the various disciplines, which is currently increasing and in which sociology appears to be in a rather dominated position. The text pays particular attention to the dangers that sociology faces from the expansion of influences of social psychology. The processes under discussion heavily rely on the slogans of interdisciplinarity, as is the expansion of so-called ‘areas studies’ or ‘migration studies’ and other ‘studies’ that limit sociology’s autonomy and thus deepen its crisis.

Transklasės samprata prancūzų sociologijoje: fenomenologinė socialinio mobilumo interpretacija

Author(s): Kęstutis Šapoka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 54(01)/2024

This article examines a subfield of French sociology that explores and provide phenomenological interpretation of the experience of social transclass—specifically, the transition from one social class to another. It begins by outlining the core conceptual principles of this sociological approach and then examines the internal discussions surrounding transclass discourse, along with the differing perspectives on the very concept of transclass. One of the central issues within this discourse is the relationship between this sociological approach and French literature. The article aims to clarify what sociologists studying transclass seek in certain literary works and how sociological studies of transclass experiences provide meaning and an existential background for literary writing. The analysis of transclass discourse concludes with an examination of its feminist perspective and the ideological dilemmas inherent in this field of sociology.

About them for us: contributions to the history of Serbian sociology

Author(s): Zorica S. Kuburić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2025

Dragoljub B. Đorđević, About them for us: contributions to the history of Serbian sociology. Novi Sad: Prometej & Niš: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of University of Niš, 2024, 189 pp.

Republika sociologů mezi analýzou a angažovaností: Ferdinand Peroutka jako veřejný sociolog?

Author(s): Rostislav Gramskopf / Language(s): Czech Issue: 27/2025

This article examines how Ferdinand Peroutka’s texts reflect the tension between analytical detachment and engagement and to what extent his reflection on post-war changes can be interpreted as public sociology (Burawoy 2005). Within the framework of the Republic of Sociologists (Nešpor 2011), the study analyzes Peroutka’s journalistic work from 1945–1947 and his distinctive approach to democratic values and societal transformations. Through a qualitative content analysis of selected texts from Tak nebo tak (Peroutka 1947), the article illustrates how Peroutka oscillated between the factual analysis of structural changes and active participation in public debate. The study also reflects on the limitations of this interpretation – notably the omission of the institutional and cultural context (Kosatík 2011) – and opens perspectives for further research, particularly an exploration of the spiritual aspects of Peroutka’s reflexivity and a comparison of his approach with that of other public intellectuals of the time. This article thus contributes to the broader discussion on the role of intellectuals in the public sphere and the boundaries of (public) sociology.