Freud (1962) – A Stylistic and Theoretical Approach

Author(s): Florina Haret / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The aim of this article is to discern - guided by works such as Frank Sulloway’s Freud, Biologist of the Mind, or Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces - the main stylistic and discursive elements contouring the myth of the hero in John Huston’s 1962 film Freud. It is contended that the biographical approach constituting the most apparent layer of the film is built on a theoretical approach covering the main tenets of psychoanalysis, as well as on a mythical approach gradually unfolding the archetypal figure of the hero, shaped by aspects such as the protagonist’s isolation and originality, the presence of helping characters, the descent to the underworld, etc. However, as it is famously the case for psychoanalysis, the founder’s biography is closely linked with the fate and image of his work: specifically, in this film, Freud’s journey is doubled by the emergence of psychoanalysis as a discipline, molded by inspiration, observation, and opposition. Thus, the film follows the main events in Freud’s life over ten crucial years, from his decisive travel to Paris and his acquaintance with Charcot’s work, up to his abandoning hypnosis in favor of free association and the birth of psychoanalysis. Even if – with the hindsight that Freud’s efforts of promoting his work have proved to be more than fruitful – one might be tempted to assume that this is a flawless hero’s journey, the end of the film stays somewhat ambivalent, casting a shadow of doubt over the apparent note of triumph: both Freud’s image and that of psychoanalysis are fated to an open future.

The use of humour by therapists and clients in cognitive therapy

Author(s): Alberto Dionigi,Carla Canestrari / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate several aspects of humour in cognitive therapy. Eight first therapy sessions were examined and seven examples of humour originating from the therapists or the clients are reported: three represent examples of humour initiated by the client, while four are representative of humour initiated by the therapist. This research focuses on the use of humour in psychotherapy and provides evidence that when the clients initiated humour, the therapists responded in three different ways, namely, by aligning themselves with the client, disaligning themselves, or by using a strategy comprising both alignment and disalignment. Diversely, in cases in which the therapist initiated humour, four different forms of humour were identified (i.e. rhetorical humour, humour relating to a surrealistic meaning, role shifting and humour relating to register). In these cases, the clients always laughed, thereby signaling their support. An analysis of these cases demonstrates that humour is an easily integrated therapeutic tool which may be used to favour positive changes.

The relationship between gelotophobia, shame, and humiliation

Author(s): Judit Boda-Ujlaky,László Séra / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Gelotophobia (fear of being laughed at), when it comes to the social context, is usually investigated in the context of bullying. Other studies of gelotophobia show that it can be characterised by the emotion of shame. Shame rarely occurs as a clear, distinct emotion (Scheff 2003), i.e. it is difficult to tell whether the given intensity means shame or another emotion to a person. According to Scheff (2003) there is a shame-spectrum, at one end of which there is the feeling of embarrassment, on the other we find humiliation. In our study we investigated the relationship between self-reported gelotophobia, shame, and humiliation (PhoPhiKat-45, TOSCA-3, Humiliation Inventory). Gelotophobia showed a stronger positive correlation with shame than with cumulative humiliation or fear of humiliation (r=0.659 and r=0.332 and r=0.355). After partialling out items referring to being laughed at or ridiculed, humiliation proved to be uncorrelated with gelotophobia, whereas with shame it still shows a strong positive relationship (shame: r=0.568; cumulative humiliation: r=-0.001; fear of humiliation: r=0.156). Linear regression also confirmed the predictive effect of shame on gelotophobia, but humiliation was not predictive. To conclude, gelotophobia is connected to humiliation only when humiliation contains derision, but other types of humiliation experiences seem to be unrelated.

Fantazmatyczne instynkty. Seksualność "perwertów" w komiksach Roberta Crumba

Author(s): Filip Szałasek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2019

The comic adaptation of Richard Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia sexualis adds nothing to the original, but the change of medium to comic from text to text-enriched series of images distributes accents differently. Equal frames, like the pedantic gallery on the cover, build contrast, the second element of which is the chaos prevailing in the lives of ôpervertsö whose fate is drawn by Robert Crumb. Their deeds can entertain or shock in the short run, but the impression that steadily builds up, and thus takes root deeper in the reader, is depression. The medicine turns out to be a character also derived from fantasy, the queen of the jungle, Sheena. Sheena, the heroine of the television series, is not only the imagined companion of young Robert Crumb, but also his phantasm, she combines the role of a sex project with the role of an erotic tutor instructing him in the subject of fantasizing (somewhat like Mrs. de Warens, Rousseau's „mummy” ). Sheena's way of life, her parameters as a fantasy center, sets out paths along which the boy's erotic imagination will take place. In later episodes of the autobiographical comic cycle My Troubles with Women, Crumb will describe his fellow women as Sheena's shadows, fetishizing not only the physical conditions of their partners, but also their openness.

Podmiotowość, akt twórczy i kobiecy eros. Komiks "Istota" a wybrane teorie feministyczne

Author(s): Magdalena Hamer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2019

Starting from the modern interpretation of the theories: parler femme by Luce Irigaray (adopting a speaking position that will enable woman/women to articulate their own sexuality, speak with their own voice) and écriture feminine by Hélène Cixous (a text freed by writing a female desire that carries the potential of revolutionary transformations) I come to the theory of the nomadic subject by Rosi Braidotti (the central categories are movement, changeability and the endless process of shaping the subject). I ask questions about the possibilities and limitations of finding or building a female identity and subject through creativity, empowering women in the domain of images related to sexuality, and the right to talk about their desires as creating their own place in the space of culture. As an example of creative acts building subjectivity, I present an erotic comic "Being" which is the first collective work on Polish soil that is supposed to express erotic fantasies from the perspective of women.

Ideologijos išorė: tarp neomarksizmo ir psichoanalizės

Author(s): Augustas Sireikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

Employing Neo-Marxist philosophy of the XX century and Psychoanalysis, this paper discusses the problem of the external of ideology. The research invokes a dichotomy between epistemology and social ontology as two theoretical perspectives to ideology, which allows to conceptualize the problem of the external in a context where ideology is thought of as a wider phenomenon and is less associated with false consciousness. The paper discusses different concepts of ideology and introduces three options of the external: (i) science, (ii) emancipation as a local exception, (iii) emancipated society. Philosophy of Louis Althusser, Jacques Rancière, Herbert Marcuse lets us to highlight certain tendencies: the materialization of ideology and a shift from such Marxist categories as class and production towards concepts of practice, power and will. The paper also investigates the relationship between theory of ideology and the so-called overpassing of epistemology, which, on the one hand, allows us to transcend the tendency to signify social practices as either good or bad ones, yet on the other hand, poses the risk of the radical disassociation from the question of knowledge.

The Materiality of Poiesis

Author(s): Joanna Orska / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2019

This article attempts to explain the reason behind a secondary division within the Spinozian immanence principle - a principle that occurs, or is construed, within what could be seen (after Deleuze) as the level of practice, and that remains crucial to the so-called posthumanist turn. Posthumanism seems to ascribe an important role to claims and theses that are oriented towards the abolishment of all dichotomies that rupture the existing substance (dichotomies such as form- -matter, but also internal-external, subject-object, soul-body, reflection-truth/experience). Interestingly, embracing such a performative perspective - one in which philosophy or theory is something that is „performed” - is only possible when the division between the „immanence of practice” and the „poststructuralist” ideas of literariness or textuality is maintained and emphasised. The reason for this is that the latter has been strongly associated with the centrality of the human being, their language and their intellectual creations (see e.g. Braidotti, Barad). But, as I would like to point out, referring to Deleuze and Guattari themselves, this allegedly poststructuralist framework has been successfully transcended by poststructuralists themselves. Nonetheless, this did not lead them to exclude the art of language - including literature which, seen here as a type of social practice, was among the chief interests of these French philosophers.

Социально-психологические особенности религиозности представителей научной интеллигенции

Author(s): Inna Nikolaevna Kuleshova,Vadim Konstantinovich Minnikov,Elena Vladimirovna Skryabina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article presents the results of a socio-psychological study of the relationship between the religiosity of representatives of the scientific intelligentsia and their psychological characteristics, such as the level of anxiety, aggressiveness, conflict, the level of empathy, altruism, conscientiousness, Machiavellianism, value structure (terminal and instrumental values). The article considers religiosity as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, taking into account its social role and influence on various personal characteristics of intellectuals. As a result of the analysis of data from a sample survey of 150 researchers of the Central Federal District universities (Ivanovo, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl regions), aimed at identifying the objective and subjective attitude of representatives of the scientific intelligentsia to religious faith and processing information obtained from testing respondents on the Spielberger situational anxiety scale, which diagnoses the level of reactive and personal anxiety, it was found that under the influence of religious beliefs, representatives of the intelligentsia undergo personal changes. The nature of the origin of religious feeling is rooted in the unconscious sphere of the individual. The formation and development of religiosity is connected with the social existence of a person and occurs through the interiorization of religious ideas. Taking into account that religion as a socio-psychological phenomenon performs many functions both in the life of an individual and in the life of society as a whole, it is determined that religion is able to form the social consciousness of each particular individual representing the intelligentsia. As a phenomenon of social life, religion takes part in the formation of society, social norms, morals and values. At the same time, religious beliefs are an integral part of every person's personality. The paper shows that the strength of religious beliefs is closely related and depends on the personal characteristics of a person: emotional, communicative, value, and others, and such personal characteristics as conformity, subordination, externality, and a tendency to loneliness increase the degree and strength of interiorization of religious beliefs, which lead to a decrease in anxiety, Machiavellianism, conflict, aggression, and increased empathy, altruism, and conscientiousness.

The Problem of the Intermediary: On the Compatibility of Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion

Author(s): M.G. Piety / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Psychoanalytic theory appears to suggest that neurotic individuals need the assistance of a psychoanalyst to achieve psychological wholeness. Religion also posits the necessity of an external force if the individual is to achieve psychological wholeness. According to religion, however, this force is God. Attempts to make psychoanalytic theory compatible with religion appear to suggest that the psychoanalyst serves as a kind of intermediary between the patient, or analysand, and God. According to Kierkegaard, however, this would amount to making one human being “a god in relation to another human being.” But this, on his view, is precisely what religion denies. No human being can be a god in relation to another human being. This essay argues that the apparent opposition between the fundamental assumptions of psychoanalytic theory and religion is merely that: apparent. Psychoanalysis, properly understood, I argue, does not claim god-like significance for the psychoanalyst, and religion, properly understood, allows individuals to play significant roles in helping one another to achieve psychological wholeness.

The Indestructible Repetition of Desire – Kierkegaard near Lacan

Author(s): Flaviu-Victor Câmpean / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This essay explores the narratives of desire in Kierkegaard, in the psychoanalytic approach of Jacques Lacan’s formulation of the object a, cause of desire. The indestructible desire, as Freud put it, forms the core of the uniqueness of the subject and its constitution. Consequently, the repetition of desire in existence becomes itself indestructible and, furthermore, pertains to the impossibility of satisfaction. In psychoanalysis, the symbolic phallus as a significant of lack mediates the relation between the subject and its lack, which is a lack of the Other. In Kierkegaard, desire deploys itself existentially in seduction, in accordance with his sacramental relation to Regine and also to the dialectic of his literary characters, especially with respect to the erotic stages. The paper closely follows Kierkegaard’s own psychoanalytic intuitions, ranging from the repetition of lack and the psychoanalytic relevance of the erotic stages to a desire of repeating the new and an ultimate desire that goes beyond the limits of a desiring subject.

Fictional Menageries: Writing Animals in the Early Twenty-First Century. A Review of Timothy C. Baker, "Writing Animals: Language, Suffering, and Animality in Twenty-First-Century Fiction." Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, 242 pages

Author(s): Antonis Balasopoulos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Върху догмата за „неразривната връзка“ между лечение и изследване в психоанализата в светлината на едно завръщане към Зигмунд Фройд

Author(s): Valentin Kalinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2021

The paper intends to outline the parameters of a conceptual analysis on the so-called “dogma of the inseparable bond” (das Junktim dogma), which is said to exist between the processes of cure and research in the psychoanalytic interaction. Using Michel Foucault’s strategy of “returning to the origin”, which, according to the French thinker, marks the status of discourses, whose very possibility figures like Freud and Marx articulate, we argue that each analysis has its obligation to produce specific psychoanalytical knowledge about the unconscious and its functioning. It follows that the analyst–apart from their primary role in the course of treatment–is charged, by the very fact of their being an analyst, with the absolute responsibility of broadening the horizons of analytical knowledge.

The Death Instinct and Spiritual Culture

Author(s): Milanko Ј. Govedarica / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2021

This paper primarily elucidates various connotations of Freud‘s idea of the death instinct: striving to restore the inorganic condition, repetition compulsion, (self-) destructive behavior and morality rigor. It further presents Scheler‘s critique of psychoanalysis and, in this context, it also explains the purpose of his definition of human‘s essence as an ascetic being and a bearer of spirituality. It notes certain similarities between Freud and Scheler, but it also expresses the position that it is not justifiable to reduce spiritual culture merely to psychoanalytical dynamics of the death instinct, it is not justifiable either to reduce it to a combination of self-destruction and erotic instincts. Theoretical and practical advantages of the presented position of this German philosopher are illustrated by an example of Frankl‘s logotherapy, by which it was influenced. Finally, it sheds light on the crucial point of Scheler‘s sociology of knowledge.

Pamięć, mnemonic turn, literatura. Uwagi wstępne

Author(s): Ewa Komisaruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 171/2020

The article is an attempt of synthetic look about the most important problems raised as part of the so-called memory studies, the author highlights those topics and presents lectures that are used in literary studies that are present in the framework of memory turn.

Cazul Sandu: Romanele lui Anton Holban din perspectiva tulburărilor de personalitate

Author(s): Justyna Teodorowicz / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

In the present article we propose an interdisciplinary analysis of Anton Holban’s novels. Being an example of modern Romanian fiction, focused on inner experiences, Holban’s work has a pronounced psychological character and, thus, can become an object of study for psychology and psychiatry. We propose an interpretation of the writer’s novels from the point of view of personality disorders. In our opinion, the protagonist has some characteristics described as symptoms of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), also referred to as obsessional personality or anankastic personality. We discuss several categories of these characteristics, such as uncertainty and lack of self-confidence, excessive vulnerability, self-analysis, control, excessive attention to details and judging everyone with one’s high moral standards. We focus on those aspects of the narrator’s personality which are the expression of his relation to himself and to other people, as we consider it extremely important. Our point is not to make a psychiatric diagnosis of Holban’s protagonist, but rather to suggest the possibility of using some data offered by psychology, psychopathology and psychiatry to interprete the writer’s work. This could shed some light on behavioral mechanisms that can be observed in both fictional character and Anton Holban himself, regarding the autobiographical aspect of his prose. On the other hand, we believe that literature can be a source of inspiration for science and, as such, help us on our way to understanding the human being.

İklim Değişikliği Kaygı Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Author(s): Serpil Özbay,Bülent Alcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2021

The aim of this research is to adapt the Climate Change Worry Scale developed by Alan Stewart (2021) into Turkish. The original language of the one-dimensional scale is English. Three field experts translated the scale into Turkish for the linguistic equivalence study. The scale, which was translated into Turkish, was examined by a commission of experts and turned into a common Turkish form. The prepared Turkish form was sent to three different experts from the field of English Language and Literature, and the experts were provided to translate the form back into English. The English form, which was created by consensus, was sent to an expert whose mother tongue was English and knew Turkish very well, and he was asked to examine the form. In order to make the linguistic equivalence of the scale, the Turkish form and the English form, which were finalized, were administered to 63 university students with an interval of 15 days. The Turkish form with linguistic equivalence was applied to a different study group, 308 university students. Then, within the scope of validity and reliability studies, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed. According to the results of the factor analysis, it was revealed that the scale adapted to Turkish is a valid one-dimensional scale. The reliability of the scale was calculated with the Cronbach Alpha coefficient and the result was 0.98. Along with the adaptation studies, it has been revealed that the Climate Change Anxiety Scale is a valid and reliable scale to measure the climate change anxiety of university students in Turkey.

Oryantalist Bakış Yeniden: Djam (Aman Doktor) Filminde İstanbul

Author(s): Özge Güven Akdoğan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2021

This study explores the movie Djam (Aman Doktor, Tony Gatlif, 2017) focusing on orientalism studies that examine the power position in the discourses that the West produces about places and cultures outside of itself. Istanbul has an important place in examining the representations of the West’s artistic, scientific and academic texts about the East, as it is seen as the entry point of exotic lands in the journeys between Europe and the East. In the study, while focusing on the images of Istanbul in the movie Aman Doktor, Eastern fantasies that find their place in the orientalist theory are used. In the film, the hero’s journey to look for the missing / missing object, the connecting rod, raises the question of how the traveler uses differences. This missing object, which cannot be found in Greece located in the east of the European continent, is also analyzed in the Lacanian sense. Accordingly, in the film, it is emphasized that Istanbul as the object of desire originates from the fantasy of the inaccessible. As a result, it is said that the film contains orientalist marginalizing features produced for the East.

The Emotional Appeal of Science Fiction Cinema: In Awe of Interstellar

Author(s): Mehmet Sarı / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2021

Science fiction has almost become a modern-day mythology, and it is a genre that reaches the masses in the field of cinema, in a way that its literature counterpart cannot. The ‘sublime,’ identified as one of the attractive aspects of science fiction literature, is a philosophical and aesthetic concept with a wide semantic application associated with greatness, power, and limitlessness. The expression of the sublime in cinema creates an emotion of ‘awe.’ Awe as a complex emotion has been increasingly explored in theoretical and empirical studies in recent years. In this study, the emotion of awe is examined with the example of Interstellar (Christopher Nolan, 2014). The film has distinctive depictions of the sublime and it suggests two distinguishing features of awe (i.e., vastness and a need for accommodation) through various aspects of science fiction themes and certain affective qualities. It has been concluded that awe as a cinematic emotion is the emotional core of Interstellar. The film embodies the operational structure of awe.

İnanmak mı, Bilmek mi? Yedinci Mühür Filminde Birey-Tanrı İlişki Biçimleri

Author(s): Murat Küçükhemek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss./2021

The passion to search for truth is a basic human instinct. The existentialist point of view, leaves room for ideas and certain questions about the individual’s understanding of its own existence. This, in turn, may trigger a pursuit for the individual who wants to understand the existence. The areas preferred for this pursuit are usually religion, philosophy, art and science. The possibilities of religious belief or disbelief accompanying this pursuit are, in theory, infinite. Twentieth century’s existentialist art and philosophy reveals the anxiety of inanity and the courage to express suspicions about the sacred, a religious phenomenon. Ingmar Bergman is a director who transforms his own personal destiny into humanity’s own shared destiny by using archetypical image. He expresses his thoughts through his camera which he uses like a powerful pen. Bergman exposes the thematic motives which form the underlying idea of his films, mostly by asking existential question. One of those motives is the relationships between individual and God which is reflected often in Bergman’s film. Det Sjunde Inseglet/The Seventh Seal (Yedinci Mühür, Ingmar Bergman, 1957), one of the masterpieces of cinema, focuses on the concept of God which is usually left in a secondary position when belief devoid of consciousness is the point in question. In The Seventh Seal, the main plot is built upon the confrontation of a Knight who has just returned from the Crusades with his faith all torn apart, both with the terrifying figure of Death all covered in blacks and also with religion. Within this context the main two themes of The Seventh Seal are confrontation with death and relationship between individual and God. This study aims to reveal Bergman’s ideas on relationships between individual and God which he deals with in The Seventh Seal movie. As a result of the study, it is seen that the Church which represents religious authority is ironically far from individual’s existentialist problems and contributing to individual’s need to know God.

Reha Erdem’in Beş Vakit Filminde Simgesel Düzen ve Büyük Öteki

Author(s): Berna Sitera Değirmen,Zeynep Çetin Erus / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss./2021

There is an increase in the films addressing the issue of the relation between father and their children after 2000 in Turkey. Addressing these issues is interesting from the perspective of the relation between unconscious processes involved in individual’s and society’s life. When we consider the cinema as a reflection of society’s unconscious desires, psychoanalysis emerges as the proper way for analysing the films. In this context, the purpose of this study is to discuss Reha Erdem’s Beş Vakit as an example of films addressing father-child relations using the concepts of Lacan’s symbolic order and related concepts such as “phallus”, “the name of the father”, “Other” and “real”. Lacan’s approach considering fatherhood concept in a symbolic dimension with “the name of the father” enables us both to discuss biological fatherhood and to extend discussion beyond it as the symbolic order. The tension of the concept of the Lacanian symbolic and real is felt throughout the film through the inconsistent and oppressive law created by parents while they reflect their desires to children through language/discourse. The main objective of this study is to discuss the appearances of the symbolic and real and the impossibility of the phallus as a signifier by tracing paternal law in Beş Vakit. Finally, we can say that the film does not address the possibility of a change, although there are many elements in the film that will open the floodgates to criticism of the paternal law.