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Examination of Social Appearance Anxiety through Psychological Theories

Author(s): Mehtap Kızılkaya,Ahmet Salim Özkaya / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Social appearance anxiety, which is expressed as a type of social anxiety, is defined as the state of tension and anxiety experienced by people when their physical appearance is evaluated by others. In the literature, there are studies examining the factors that increase or decrease social appearance anxiety and the negative effects of social appearance anxiety. However, it is noteworthy that psychological theories are not included in the examination of social appearance anxiety, which is a common problem experienced by almost everyone at certain periods of their lives. Addressing the concept of social appearance anxiety from a theoretical perspective will contribute to the understanding of the concept, better planning of future research, and will also fill the gap in the literature. In this context, in this review study, the concept of social appearance anxiety is explained, and then the concepts related to its analysis in terms of psychological theories are discussed.

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Anxiety in Children and Adolescents in the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

Author(s): Makbule Tokur Kesgin,Hümeyra Hançer Tok / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The aim of this study was; to define the anxiety and anxiety-related factors experienced by children/adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic on a global scale. Study data were collected between 15.04.2021 and 30.04.2021 by using keywords (child, children, adolescents, adolescents, mental health, anxiety, anxiety and stress) in Turkish and English. The data sources of this study are PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar t. As a result of the evaluations, a total of n=6185 articles were reached from all databases. After the evaluation of the full texts, the study was completed with n=31 articles. Eleven of the articles evaluated in this study were published in China. The anxiety prevalence of children and adolescents varies between 1.84-45.0%. As a result of the evaluated studies; It has been observed that women, those with chronic-psychiatric diseases, those who are older, separated from family members, migrant children and adolescents are more likely to experience anxiety. Some of the anxiety symptoms of children and adolescents are nervousness, irritability, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. In conclusion, anxiety levels and anxiety-related factors of children and adolescents living in various countries of the world during the Covid-19 pandemic were determined.

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Исследование социально-профессиональной успешности личности на основе персонификации субъекта деятельности

Author(s): Vera Stepanovna Tretyakova,Anastasia Evgenievna Kaigorodova,Anton Alexandrovich Sharov,Evald Friedrichovich Zeer / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

Introduction. The article addresses the problem of ensuring the personification of the individual in the conditions of preparing for professional career. The aim of the study is to identify the main structural components of personification and to clarify their role in the transformation of the internal structure of the personality that determines the social and professional success of the actor (the subject of the activity). Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study was V. A. Petrovsky’s conception of personalization and the conception of personification by A. B. Orlov, as well as the theory of psychological science, which considers a person as an active subject capable of self-determination and self-improvement. The main approaches to the scientific analysis were the subject-activity and system ones. The research methods included theoretical and methodological analysis of scholarly literature, the author's interpretation of the basic provisions of the concepts of personalization and personification, methods of design, modeling, specification and classification, generalization and prognostics. Results. Based on the deep essence and psychological nature of personification, the authors identified three basic semantic components of this phenomenon and justified the content of each of them. It was established that the identified components of personification provide the formation of such new psychological formations as personality traits that determine full functioning of the personality and its professional and personal self-efficacy as a subject of activity. The interrelations between the components of personification and personality characteristics that ensure its full functioning were revealed. As a result of the research, a matrix of personification subject was constructed, which comprehensively reflects the integral abilities of the individual, ensuring social and professional success of the subject of activity. Conclusions. Personification as an integral characteristic of individual psychological traits of a person ensures the stability of subjectivity, individuality and identity of personality – new psychological formations that make it possible to consider this phenomenon as an internal leading activity in enhancing social maturity by fulfilling personal potential and excessive social and professional activity of the subject. In the conditions of professional preparation in a new personalized format of education, where the main driving force is the personality of the student, it is important to form such properties that will ensure the professional and personal productivity of the actor. It is the personification of the individual that is the most important predictor of the socio-professional success of the actor in the conditions of preparation for professional activity. The study showed that the personification of personality is constructive and can serve as a psychological basis for a comprehensive study of the subject of activity, their self-development and self-fulfillment.

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Relationship Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review

Author(s): Melis Mısırlı,Gamze Karadayı Kaynak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions and negatively affects the functionality of individuals. OCD symptoms with romantic relationship content have been investigated in the literature for the last 10 years. OCD symptoms with romantic relationship content are divided into two types: relationship-centered and partner-focused. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between OCD symptoms with romantic relationship content and individual and relational variables. Studies in the literature were reviewed in detail in order to evaluate the results regarding the relationship between OCD symptoms in romantic relationships and individual and relational factors. In the national and international literature, no systematic review study on this subject was found. Accordingly, studies published between 2012 and 2022 in internationally accepted electronic databases using the terms "relationship obsessive compulsive disorder", "relationship centered obsessive compulsive symptoms" and "partner focused obsessive compulsive symptoms" were reviewed. As a result of the search, according to the inclusion criteria, 12 empirical studies on the relationship between OCD in romantic relationships and individual and relational variables with full-text access and written in English were analyzed. The methodological characteristics and results of the 12 included studies are presented in this systematic review study. The results of the studies suggest that symptoms related to romantic relationships negatively affect the functioning of individuals similar to OCD. When the variables associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in romantic relationships are analyzed in individual and relational context, they are related to many factors such as psychopathologies, attachment styles, self and relationship satisfaction. In this context, there is a need for empirical studies carried out with clinical samples, exploring the effectiveness of psychotherapy and cross-cultural studies on obsessive-compulsive symptoms related to romantic relationships.

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Effect of Childhood Traumas on Eating Disorders: Systematic Review

Author(s): Evşen Örge,Eliz Volkan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the relationship between eating disorders (ED) such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), a controversial and new concept in recent years; orthorexia nervosa (ON) and childhood traumas (CT). The purpose of this review is to systematically examine whether CT (emotional-physical-sexual abuse and emotional-physical neglect) has any impact on the development of the ED (anorexia-bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa) in line with the literature. In this review, Turkish and English articles/dissertations published between 1990 and 2022 in the academic databases of Ebscohost, Proquest Dissertations, Science Direct, Google Scholar and PsycINFO were used to examine the effect of CT on the development of ED. Childhood traumas, eating disorders, aneroxia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa, childhood traumas and childhood traumas and eating disorders, childhood traumas and orthorexia nervosa were used as keywords. From the articles/dissertations reached, those who did not have an efficacy study of childhood traumas on eating disorders/orthorexia nervosa and those published before 1990 and after 2022 were not included in the review. Each selected study focused on information on the effects of childhood trauma types on eating disorders and orthorexia nervosa. In line with the determined criteria, the methods, findings and results of the studies of 21 articles/dissertations were explained. It was determined that the types of CT (emotional, physical, sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect) directly or indirectly predicted ED and were effective on the development of ED, but no effect on ON was observed. This conclusion sheds light on the need to increase studies on ON

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ELEMENTS SPECIFIC TO MELANCHOLIC

Author(s): Carmen Daniela Berințan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2022

This article traces some elements of the melancholic man who feels the passage of time and the change of nature in a special way. He knows that he is transient, feels the approach of death and he is doomed to pass. That is why he becomes melancholic. The man is attracted to nature, but also separated from it. He is an eternal wanderer and this person is constantly waiting.

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND THE HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

Author(s): Oana-Mălina Stoian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2022

Through motivation, the individual can automatically regulate his behavior, being a force in the development of his personality. Important in this regard is the dynamics of motivation, because in this way the reverse connection is made, the basis of the development of motivation for learning. Motivation can also be seen as an effect of the learning activity, not only as a condition, when the student records positive results. Therefore, we can affirm the fact that there is a "cause-effect" relationship between motivation and learning. Thus, in the specialized literature, a series of theories are identified that position motivation at a higher level or, on the contrary, classify it as being close to the biological side of the individual.

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SELF-ESTEEM AND DECISION-MAKING STYLES IN ADOLESCENTS

Author(s): Maria Pleșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2022

The article describes the characteristics of adolescent decision-making concerning the particularities of self-esteem. The results of an empirical study of the relationship between self-esteem and decision- making styles are presented. The obtained results demonstrate that most adolescents with a low level of self-esteem use-dependent and avoidant decision-making styles. Teenagers who have a medium or high level of self-esteem use the rational style, the intuitive style, and the spontaneous style. The existence of a directly proportional relationship between self-esteem and decision-making styles - rational, intuitive, spontaneous - was established, but between self-esteem and the dependent style and the avoidant style there is a strong inversely proportional relationship. Thus, it follows that teenagers with a high level of self-esteem will use more rational styles, and those with low self-esteem will use irrational styles.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCCESS MOTIVATION AND ADOLESCENT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Author(s): Maria Pleșca,Victoria Maximciuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

In the article, it is demonstrated that there is a direct connection between reason and emotions. A motivated person not only increases the efficiency of actions but also experiences positive emotions more often when the activity coincides with internal motivation. The presence of negative emotions indicates that the direction of activity is different from internal reasons. Thus, emotional intelligence is considered a complex of emotional and cognitive skills aimed at the socio-psychological adaptation of the individual. In this sense, motivation for success is a component of emotional intelligence, namely its intrapersonal structure. Motives for achieving success and avoiding failure have a significant impact on the educational activities of adolescents. Success-oriented adolescents develop the characteristics necessary to successfully pass exams at a higher level: scheduling, the ability to evaluate performance, the need for knowledge, self-regulation, planning, and regulation.

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THE DUPLICATION OF THE HUMAN PERSONALITY THROUGH CLOTHING – THE CARNIVAL COSTUME

Author(s): Sandra Celia Chira / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

In the process of duplicating the personality through clothing, imitating the behavior and visual image of others, individuals risk losing the originality of their individual nature. We often tend to value something that is inappropriate for us, something that comes from the outside, or something that belongs to others, rather than what honestly characterizes us. We borrow visions and ideas from others, motives and meanings, copy them and give them the quality of a model. The more a clothing suggestion or behavior comes from the outside and not from the inside, the more easily we tend to embrace it, appropriate it and give it value. Through an experiment carried out by the American sociologist Philip G. Zimbardo with the aim of determining the ways of transforming individuals' behavior depending on what they wear, the idea was argued that individuals use the means of "disguising" their authentic identity to reduce personal responsibility. Uniforms, suits, masks and all other forms of camouflage of the true appearance are an opportunity to hide feelings of insecurity and instability. According to the author, when "someone feels anonymous in a situation, as if no one knows their true identity (…), it is easier to behave in antisocial ways." We can analyze the social identity of an individual from a behavioral and clothing point of view under the fusion of two directions, the tendency towards the general and the tendency towards the individual. In certain situations, existence in society brings individuals closer to a common denominator, standardizes, erases or suppresses their personality, by imposing fashionable standards and trends, or behavioral and dress codes attributed to certain types of jobs and social statuses. At the same time, the need to differentiate from the collective uniform manifests itself precisely through the need to create a personal self-image, as a means of proclaiming and affirming individual personality, uniqueness.

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DIMENSION OF PUPILS' AFFECTIVITY - PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE MODELS

Author(s): Mariana Batog / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

This article presents some models of psychological assistance in relation to the emotionality of students in the general education system. In this context, models of the organization of school Psychological Service and methodological conceptual models aimed at psychological assistance in the educational system are analyzed and revealed. Thus, models of psychological diagnostics and intervention to reduce anxiety in adolescents are reflected; a model of psychological intervention in adolescents with post-traumatic stress; psycho-pedagogical program for the formation of a sense of gratitude to parents in adolescents; program of psychological intervention aimed at the development of empathy in adolescence; psycho-pedagogical models of the development of the emotional-volitional sphere in children with mental retardation; a model of psychological intervention in the reduction of negative emotions in adolescents, a program for the development of self-control and emotional stability in preadolescents with deviant behavior, diagnostic tools and psychological intervention regarding the affectivity of students in educational institutions are described.

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PERSONALITY AND JEALOUSY AS ATTACHMENT TRAUMA

Author(s): Gabriela LEUȚANU / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

Objectives. The main aim of this study is to identify the existing relationships between various inside and interpersonal factors and personality traits concerning to dysfunctional jealous behavior with individuals involved in romantic relationships. Material and methods. Quantitative (questionnaires, inventories and scales) and experimental data have been used to measure and test the study’s hypothesis. A sample of 180 participants has been measured on personality traits, dysfunctional attitudes, and level of resilience in front of family stressful events. Results. The findings show that jealousy, as a feature of attachment trauma, significantly correlates (p<0.001) with several personality factors, such as neuroticism (r=0.57), dependency (r=0.49), psychoticism (r=0.45), culpability (r=0.57) and ergic tension (r=0.60). Contrary to previous research, the results indicate no significant effect (F=1.69, p=0.172) of life events and stressful family life on the experience of jealousy in the later years. Conclusions. Personality traits start developing within early childhood, influenced mainly by the family environment a child is brought in. But as time goes by, individuals can become more attached to the new relationships they get involved in, displaying attitudes and behaviors guided mainly by their innermost fears and insecurities reflected in jealous behavior. Romanian individuals appear to discount the family background and hardships they come from, manifesting more loyalty to their family of origin, as seen in the findings of the quantitative data.

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“A Part of Me.” The Value of Dogs to Homeless Owners and the Implications for Dog Welfare

Author(s): Chelsie Bailey,Jo Hockenhull,Nicola Rooney / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. issue/2023

The UK homeless population is increasing. Companion animal ownership amongst homeless people is not uncommon, but the positive and negative consequences of this association for both humans and animals are unknown. We conducted semi-structured interviews with homeless dog owners covering how their dog impacted them, and how they met the dog’s welfare needs. Twenty-one homeless dog owners were recruited via a dog welfare charity that works with homeless people and their dogs. The interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically. Dogs were reported to provide similar benefits to dogs owned in households, but additionally owner believed they helped facilitate routine, assisted them through mental health issues and provided continuous emotional support. Owners noted difficulties accessing long- and short-term accommodation, and services, such as shops, due to their dog, and generally only entrusted other individuals to look after their dog in urgent cases. All the dogs were reported to receive veterinary care as needed, were treated against parasites, and fed adequately. The main concern expressed by owners was providing somewhere adequately warm and large for their dog to sleep, but we suggest access to a safe place to avoid frightening stimuli may also be important. During the interviews owners used the dog to facilitate discussion about themselves, allowing many to open-up about the difficulties of their past, and potential future. Our findings can be used to help direct how homeless charities can best help dog owners in the future.

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Przestępstwa przeciwko zwierzętom na gruncie ustawy o ochronie zwierząt

Author(s): Anna Fijałkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2023

The article discusses regulations concerning the crimes of killing and abusing animals in the Polish legal system. The provisions of the Regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of March 22, 1928 and the Act on the Protection of Animals of August 21, 1997 are analyzed. The following topics are discussed: the history of the provisions on crimes against animals, the subject of protection of the provisions of the Act on the Protection of Animals, along with considerations regarding the subjectivity of animals. The subject-matter of crimes that fall within this category is also considered, i.e., a description of the premises which make it possible to classify a given act as a crime. The subject of prohibited acts as well as the subjective side in the form of the perpetrator’s motivation are analyzed as well.

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THE STUDY OF THE PECULIARITIES IN DECISION-MAKING IN ADOLESCENTS

Author(s): Maria Pleșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

The article deals with the problem of decision-making at the adolescents' age. The adolescent is constantly faced with such situations when it is necessary to choose which way to carry out his activity. This choice will depend on the conditions of the reality that surrounds him, on the goals set, as well as on the individual characteristics of the people who interact with him. In a situation of stress, uncertainty, or choice, it is possible to reduce the influence of emotions on the individual, his behavior, and decision-making, as well as to minimize the feeling of uncertainty only through emotional regulation. The study demonstrated that: 1. there are differences in the manifestation of personal decision-making factors depending on the study profile of adolescents: in ones with a real profile, rationality will be manifested, and in those with a sports profile, the tendency to take risks; 2. there are differences in the manifestation of personal decision-making factors depending on the study profile of adolescents: adolescents with a real profile show rationality, and those with a sports profile tend to take risks.

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AXIOLOGICAL IDEALS AND PREFERENCES. COMPARATIVE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

Author(s): Tatiana Roșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

Adolescence is the time when the ideals and set of values that guide the choices and behavior of young people are formed. Each generation constructs its own values in relation to the social and cultural context. The paper provides a picture of what today's teenagers think and answers the questions: What are the values of contemporary teenagers, according to gender and location? How do masculine and feminine values differ in today's youth? Questions that make us understand the impact of the sociocultural context on axiological choices and their influence on the attitude system of teenagers towards themselves, the world around them, as well as the possibility of predicting the direction of their behavior.

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THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON COPING MECHANISMS OF THE ELDERLY

Author(s): Monica Andreea Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

Old age is the last stage of life and with the transition from middle age comes the need for adjustments in behavior and thinking in order to maintain good physical and mental health. It is important for older people to have adequate coping strategies to minimize the emotional consequences of such stressful situations and to adapt adequately to them. It should be remembered that aging itself is a process of physical, social and psychological changes and thus it is impetuously necessary for the elderly to have adequate strategies to minimize emotional consequences such as stressful situations and to adapt to them.

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Where Educators Can Benefit From the Wisdom of Clowns

Author(s): Sean McCusker / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

There is much discourse around the need for learners to be allowed to make mistakes. This is embedded in established aphorisms such as “It’s OK to make mistakes” or “There is no such thing as a silly question”. Yet, educators themselves are often reluctant to make mistakes or appear uninformed or ‘stupid’ themselves. Conventional forms of teacher education which try to instil these values and practices, are largely unsuccessful, not least because Education is increasingly constructed as a mechanistic operation with clear measurable outcomes (Nørgård, Toft-Nielsen and Whitton, 2017) and any pedagogy which deviates from this, creates risk of failure. Into this space Design Thinking is introduced, underpinned by creative and innovative, human-centred and empathetic approaches which encourage the abandonment of preconceptions, promote improvisation and experimentation, challenge assumptions and reframe the issues at hand. The less conventional approach proposed here suggests that teachers can become more able to accept their fallibility and be familiar with risk and failure, through observing and identifying with, a profession whose success is predicated on failure, that of the clown. This article proposes that many of the principles of Design Thinking are second nature to clowns. Through inspection of the principles and practices of clowns, their applicability in the pedagogical domain is emphasised, allowing the recommendation to be made that educators should observe the performances of professional clowns and through this, learn to embody a little of the ‘clown spirit’ allowing them to be more amenable to failure, fallibility and not-knowing.

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AGGRESSIVENESS AND FACTORS FOR ITS MANIFESTATION AMONG GIRLS IN SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIALPSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Author(s): Ekaterina Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Globally, various authors have found that the number of girls involved in serious aggressive acts is increasing and is beginning to form a significant social problem (e.g. Moretti et al., 2004; Orecchia, 2009; Dytham, 2018). The studies dedicated to aggression, violence and bullying at school in Bulgaria mainly examine gender and age differences between girls and boys, in a comparative plan, with regard to their aggressive manifestations. It is usually found that boys use mainly physical aggression, and girls use verbal and indirect aggression (e.g. Kalchev, 2005; Shumkova, 2010; Bakalova et al., 2021). It’s often held that girls don’t bully like boys do, or that their actions are on a smaller scale and “not that bad.” (Dytham, 2018:2). However, often insurmountable conflicts arise among girls, which develop into pressure aimed at exclusion from the group, chronic aggressive acts, beatings, vandalism, destructive behavior, etc. Informal, hierarchical social groups are also formed in the school environment that are composed only of dominant girls - the so-called gender groups (Reay, 2010). They use manipulation, bullying, intimidation, and ridicule to control others and keep their positions and reputations unchallenged, helping them maintain the hierarchy, boundaries, and image of their own group. Among the considerable number of Bulgarian studies of aggression in school environment, no in-depth theoretical analysis or scientific research can be found that is based on the factors that give rise to interpersonal and/or intergroup aggression among girls. In this article, basic theoretical propositions are presented in this direction and a structured model of basic factors directly related to the manifestations of aggression among girls in school environment is derived.

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YOUNG PEOPLE IN BULGARIA NARRATING ABOUT THEIR PAST AND FUTURE: LIFE PLANNING AND ITS RELATIONS WITH OTHER CONSTRUCTS

Author(s): Ilina Nacheva,Viktoriya Nedeva-Atanasova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The pace of modern life places the topic of life planning among the most challenging issues of the social sciences. The article summarizes findings from a qualitative study of young people (aged 18-35 years), focused on how they approach important decisions pertaining to different areas of life. Content analysis of 45 semi-structured calendar interviews outlines different models of planning in basic life trajectories such as choosing a place of residence (including migration plans), education and career development, decisions concerning intimate partnerships, parenting, and financial/ material achievements. On the basis of the analysis, the authors propose a 24-item Dominant Model of Life Planning Inventory extracted from the actual narratives of respondents. Data from a pilot and a nationally representative survey of Bulgarians aged 18-35 years (N=1200) is reported. Structured Dominant Model relates to optimistic expectations and has a negative correlation to risk propensity. The findings provide new perspective on the way young people approach their future and important life decision, and have implications both for psychological theory and practice.

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